This document provides an overview of vitamins, including their definitions, classifications, and roles in metabolism. It discusses both water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins. Water-soluble vitamins include vitamin C, the B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, pyridoxine, folate, cobalamin), which are excreted in urine and have a lower risk of toxicity. Fat-soluble vitamins include vitamins A, D, E, and K, which are stored in body fat and have a higher risk of toxicity. Each vitamin is described in terms of its active forms, functions, deficiency symptoms, and major food sources

1. Vitamins
Keep
Calm
and take
Vitamins
Medical Chemistry 2 April 21, 2022

2. Objectives
2 Vitamins VS Biomolecules
1 Definition
Medical Chemistry 2
3 Classification
4 Vitamins in metabolism

3. What are vitamins ?
A vitamin is an essential
organic nutrient that functions
as a coenzyme in vital
enzymatic reactions.

4. Organic
Macronutrients.
provide calories.
Food contain
large amounts.
( grams )
Organic
Micronutrients.
No calorie.
Food contain
small amounts.
( micro/
milligram)
Vitamins VS Biomolcules
Carbs, fats and proteins
Vitamins

5. CLASSIFICATION
Water- Soluble Vitamins
Fat- Soluble Vitamins
Excess stored in the body.
Decreased risk of deficiency.
Increased risk of toxicity.
Vitamins K, E, D, A .
Excess excreted through urine.
Increased risk of deficiency.
Decreased risk of toxicity.
B- Vitamins, C.
Release Energy: 1,2,3,5,7.
Hematopoietic: 9,12.
Other: B6

6. KEEP
GOING
Fat-soluble

7. Active forms: Retinol, retinal and retinoic
acid.
Other forms: Beta-Carotene
Functions: Vision in dim light, antioxidant, has
anticancer activity, formation of mucus
membrane and important for normal growth.
Deficiency: Night blindness, impaired vision,
inability to see in dim light and susceptibility
to infection.
Sources:
Vit A = only in animal product ( liver, butter )
Beta carotene = carrots, sweet potato,
pumpkin, spinach.
Vitamin A

8. Active form: 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
( Calcitriol - D3 )
Functions: Absorption of Ca+ and P in the gut
and bones.
Deficiency:
- Children ( Rickets ) weak & deformed bones.
- Adults ( Osteoporosis ) loss of Ca+.
Sources:
- Synthesis under skin in sun light.
- Animal & milk products ( fish, eggs, vit D
fortified milk, cheese, yogurt)
RDA:
Women/men = 5μg
Over 50= 10μg Over 70 = 15μg
Vitamin D

9. Active forms: α-tocopherol
Functions: Antioxidant against peroxidation
of polyunsaturated FA in phospholipids of
cellular and sub-cellular. The first defensive
mechanism. (Enhanced by selenium).
Deficiency: Neurologic disorders, hemolytic
anemia.
Sources: oils, fats, whole grains, wheat germ
leafy green vegetables, tomatoes, eggs,
nuts and seed.
RDA: Women/Men = 15mg
Vitamin E

10. Active form: K1- Phylloquinone,
K2- Menaquinone, K3- synthetic
Functions: important for blood clotting and
aid in Ca+ Corporation in bones.
Deficiency: Bleeding and bruises
Sources:
- Half Synthesis in the gut by bacteria.
- Green leafy vegetables, grain products.
RDA:
Women = 90μg. Men = 120μg.
Vitamin k

11. KEEP
GOING
Water-soluble

12. Vitamin C ( Ascorbic Acid )
Functions:
Collagen
Cholesterol ( synth of steroids & bile acids )
no Casts ( bone formation )
no Cuts ( wound healing )
no Cough ( immune function- Antioxidant)
hemoChromatosis ( iron absorption ).
Deficiency: Scurvy, bleeding, poor wound healing.
Sources: Fruits (citrus, kiwi, mango, papaya)
Vegetables (broccoli, green & red pepper,
parsley, sweet potato).
RDA:
Women = 75mg. Men = 90mg. Smokers = 200mg

13. CVS - heart irregularity, heart failure.
Nervous - nerve disorders, mental
confusion.
Functions: maintain nerves and muscles,
coenzyme thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP).
Deficiency: Beri Beri
Sources: Grain products, meat, liver, beans,
seeds, nuts, milk & cheese (LOW).
RDA:
Women = 1.1mg. Men = 1.2mg
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
Ber1 Ber1

14. Functions: Coenzyme flavin mononucleotide
(FMN) & flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
for oxidoreductase involve in oxidation of
glucose, FA, amino acid & alpha keto acids
Deficiency: Riboflavinosis, skin rash,
dermatitis.
- Cheilosis is fissure at the corner of mouth.
- Glossitis is tongue smooth & purple.
Sources: Leafy vegetables (MAJOR) and yeast,
cauliflowe, liver, eggs and milk.
RDA:
1.2-1.7 mg/day
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
2 coenzymes — 2 lips — RDA 1.2

15. Coenzyme = nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide (NAD), + phosphate (NADP).
maintain normal nervous system.
vasodilator.
lower blood lipids (Hypolipidemic).
Functions:
Deficiency:
Pellagra:
4Ds (Dermatitis, dementia, diarrhoea, death)
indigestion.
Sources: same as for B1, tryptophan is a
precursor for B3. (60mg Trp = 1mg B3)
RDA:
Women = 14 mg. Men = 16mg.
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

16. Functions: Coenzyme (Co A or Co A-SH) acts
as acyl carrier involved in energy metabolism.
Deficiency: Uncommon.
Sources: yeast, legumes, whole grain cereal,
beans, liver, meat, egg, milk.
RDA:
5-10mg/day
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic)

17. Infant & children = 0.5-1.5 mg/day.
Adults = 2 mg/day.
pregnant & lactating women 2.5 mg/day.
Active form: Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP , Pyr.P).
other forms: Pyridoxine, pyridoxal,
pyridoxamine.
Functions: Coenzyme (PLP or Pyr.P) in amino
acids metabolism.
Deficiency: Neurological diseases.
Sources: mackerel, liver, meat, egg, royal jelly
of bees.
RDA:
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

18. CoA carboxylase in FA synthesis.
Pyruvate carboxylase in gluconeogenesis.
Propionyl-CoA carboxylase.
Functions: Energy metabolism,
carboxylation reaction (CO2 carrier)
Coenzymes:
Deficiency: Avidin - protein in raw egg white
that bind to B7 & prevent its absorption.
Dermatitis, glositis and nausea.
Sources: widely distributed + synthesise in
intestinal flora.
RDA: 150-300 μg
Vitamin B7 (Biotin)

19. Growth failure.
increased risk of heart disease & strok.
Megaloblastic anemia (due to inhibition of
DNA synthesis).
Forms: Dihydrofolate or tetrahydrofolate.
Functions: Coenzymes Tetrahydrofolate (THF),
formation of new cell (cell division) and RBCs.
Deficiency:
Sources: leafy veggies, Fruits, milk, liver, dried
beans, bread and enriched cereal.
RDA:
- Women/Men = 400 μg
- Pregnant women = 800 μg
Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid)

20. Pernicious Anemia (Autoimmune).
Neurological disorder.
Functions: maintain nerve tissue, normal
RBCs development with folate.
Deficiency:
( nervousness, tingling, brain degeneration).
Sources: eggs,liver, shrimp, meat, chicken and
milk. (NOT FOUND IN PLANT FOODS )
RDA:
- Women/Men = 2.4 μg
- Pregnant & lactating women = 6 μg
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
Destroyed parietal cells
No intrinsic factor
No Vit B12 absorption
Pernicious Anemia

23. Fat-Soluble vitamins sources

25. Water-Soluble vitamins sources

26. References
Devlin, T. M. (2014). Textbook of biochemistry with clinical correlations. Wiley.
Makkieh, P. (2016). The Water Soluble Vitamins (Chapter 10). Retrieved April 6, 2022, from
https://youtu.be/KB_IXQr7Q1w.
Lecture 12: Vitamins, Medical Chemistry course, Taif University.
http://player.slideplayer.com/download/19/5901045/QJJGhV8AL2NMhYfk0tURdg/164997
9211/5901045.ppt
https://youtu.be/yadAyuOvlkc (How vitamins are involved in metabolism)

27. Thank you!
Happy
weekend!