Vitamins are nutrients that our body does not produce and must be obtained through our diet or supplements. They are divided into fat-soluble and water-soluble categories. The document outlines the major vitamins - A, B complex, C, D, E, and K - describing their functions, sources, dosages, deficiencies, and in some cases side effects. The presentation provides a comprehensive overview of vitamins and their importance for health.

2. Presented by:-
Dr. POOJA KUMARI
BDS

3. WHAT ARE VITAMINS ?
 Nutrients that our body does not make on its
own. Thus we must obtain them from the foods
we eat, or via vitamin supplements.
 They are essential for providing good health and are
necessary for many life functions.

4. SUPPLEMENTS..?
 Defn: synthetic or natural substances which can be
purchased as pills, tablets, capsules, wafers,
powders, or liquids.

5. FAT-SOLUBLE & WATER – SOLUBLE
VITAMINS
 Fat-soluble are stored in the liver and fatty tissues.
These are not readily excreted from the body.
 Water-soluble vitamins travel in the blood and are
stored in limited amounts. These are readily excreted
from the body through urine.

6. TYPES OF VITAMINS
 VITAMIN A
 VITAMIN B
 VITAMIN C
 VITAMIN D
 VITAMIN E
 VITAMIN K

7. VITAMIN

8. WHAT IS VITAMIN A ?
 Fat-soluble
 Retinol
 One of the most active, usable forms
 Found in animal and plant sources

9. PHYSIOLOGIC FUNCTIONS
 Vision
 Generates pigments for the retina
 Maintains surface lining of eyes
 Bone growth
 Reproduction
 Cell division and differentiation
 Healthy Skin
 Regulate Immune System

10. SOURCES
ANIMAL SOURCES PLANT SOURCES
 Eggs
 Meat
 Cheese
 Milk
 Liver
 Kidney
 Halibut fish oil
• Carrots
• Sweet Potatoes
• Cantaloupe
• Pink Grapefruit
• Apricots
• Broccoli
• Spinach
• Pumpkin

11. DOSAGE DEFICIENCY
 Children
2000 – 3500 I.U.
 Men
5000 I.U.
 Women
4000 I.U
 Night blindness
 Decreased resistance
to infections
 Extremely dry skin,
hair or nails

12. SIDE EFFECTS
 Severe birth defects
 Women of child-bearing age should not consume more than
8000 IU per day
 Retin-A (acne cream) or Accutane can cause birth defects
 Retinol is most dangerous form because the body will not
convert as much beta-carotene to vitamin A unless needed
but it can still be harmful
 Skin can take on a yellow/orange glow
 Most cases of vitamin A overdose occur from supplements
but can occur from diet
 RDA is considering establishing an Upper Limit

13. VITAMIN
B1, B2, B3, B6, B12

14. VITAMIN B-1 THIAMINE
 Important in-
 Producing energy from carbohydrates
 Proper nerve function
 Stabilising the apetite
 Atp production
 Promoting growth and muscle tone

15. SOURCES DOSAGE
 Pork
 Fish
 Liver
 Legumes
 Nuts
 Whole grain or enriched
breads and cereals
 Men – 4+ age
1.2 mg day
 Women -14-18 AGE
1.0 mg day
 Women – 19+ AGE
1.1 mg day

16. DEFICIENCY
 Loss of appetite
 Weakness & Feeling tired
 Insomnia
 Loss of weight
 Depression
 Heart & Gastrointestinal problems

17. B-2 Riboflavin
 Important in:
 energy production
 carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism
 formation of antibodies and red blood cells
 cell respiration
 maintenance of good vision, skin, nails, and hair
 alleviating eye fatigue

18. SOURCES DOSAGE
 Large amounts in
 dairy
 eggs
 meats
 Small amounts in
 leafy green
vegetables
 enriched grains
 Men 14-70
1.3 mg/day
 Women 14-70
1.0 mg/day
 71+
Larger doses

19. DEFICIENCY
 Itching and burning eyes
 Cracks and sores in mouth and lips
 Bloodshot eyes
 Dermatitis
 Oily skin
 Digestive disturbances

20. B-3 Niacinamide & Niacin
 Important in:
 energy production
 maintenance of skin and tongue
 improves circulation
 maintenance of nervous system
 health of the digestive track
SOURCES
Peanut butter, cereals, rice

21. DOSAGE DEFICIENCY
 Men 14+
16 mg/day
 Women 14+
14 mg/day
 Pellegra
 gastrointestinal
disturbance, loss of
appetite
 headache, insomnia,
mental depression
 fatigue, aches, and
pains
 nervousness,
irritability

22. B-6 Pyridoxine
 Important in:
 Production of red blood cells
 conversion of tryptophan to niacin (B-3)
 immunity
 nervous system functions
 reducing muscle spasms, cramps, and numbness
 maintaining proper balance of sodium and
phosphorous in the body

23. DOSAGE DEFICIENCY
 Men 14-50
1.3 mg/day
 Men 50+
1.7 mg/day
 Women 14-18
1.2 mg/day
 Women 19-50
1.3 mg/day
 Women 50+
1.5 mg/day
 nervousness, insomnia
 loss of muscle control,
muscle weakness
 arm and leg cramps
 water retention
 skin lesions

24. VITAMIN

25. B-12 Cobalamin
 Important in:
 proper nerve function
 production of red blood cells
 metabolizing fats and proteins
 prevention of anemia
 DNA reproduction
 energy production

26. DOSAGE
AGE DOSE
 Men and Women 14+ 2-3 mcg/day
 SOURCES:-
 1 chicken breast
 1 hard boiled egg
 1 cup plain low fat yogurt
 1 cup milk
 1 cup raisin bran

27. B12 DEFICIENCY
 anemia
 nerve damage
 hypersensitive skin

28. VITAMIN

29. DESCRIPTION
 Fat soluble
 Antioxidant
 Reduce the energy of the free radical
 Stop the free radical from forming in the first
place
 Interrupt an oxidizing chain reaction to minimize
the damage of free radicals

30. PHYSIOLOGIC FUNCTIONS
 Protects cell membranes and other fat-soluble parts
of the body (LDL cholesterol) from oxidation
 May reduce the risk of heart disease
 May also discourage development of some types of
cancer
 Promotes normal growth and development
 Promotes normal red blood cell formation
 Acts as anti-blood clotting agent
 Plays some role in the body’s ability to process glucose
 Also been known to aid the process of wound healing

31. SOURCES
 wheat germ oil
 vegetable oils
 nuts and seeds
 whole grains
 egg yolk
 leafy green vegetables

32. DOSAGE
Children
0-12 months 3-4 mg 9-12 IU
1-7 years 6-7 mg 15-21 IU
11-18 8 mg 24 IU
Males
18+ 10 mg 30 IU
Females
18+ 8 mg 24 IU
pregnant 12 mg
lactating 11 mg

33. ADR
 Lack of vitality
 Lethargy
 Apathy
 Inability to concentrate
 Muscle weakness

34. DEFICIENCY
 Neuromuscular problems
 Neurological problems
 Anaemia
 Retinopathy
 Impairment of the immune response

35. VITAMIN

36. DESCRIPTION
 Ascorbic acid (Toxic to viruses,bacteria, and some
malignant tumor cells)
 Antioxidant
 water-soluble

37. PHYSIOLOGIC FUNCTIONS
 Protects our body from free radicals
 helps form connective tissue that hold our bones,
muscles, and tissues together (collagen)
 aids in the healing of wounds
 aids the body in absorbing iron from plant sources
 helps to keep your gums healthy
 helps our body to fight infections
 aids in the prevention of heart disease
 helps prevent some forms of cancer

38. ADR DOSAGE
 Diarrhea
 gastrointestinal
discomfort
 rebound Scurvy
 Avoid chewable tablets
(may cause damage to
teeth)
 Men: 60 mg/day
 Women: 60 mg/day
 Pregnant women: 95
mg/day
 Children: 45 mg/day

39. SOURCES
 Citrus fruits
 Black currants
 Tomato
 Potato
 Green chillies
 Cabbage

40. DEFICIENCY
 Weight loss
 fatigue and joint pain
 scurvy (bruising easily, bleeding gums, and tendency
for bones to fracture)
 reduced resistance to colds and infections
 slow healing of wounds and fractured bones

41. VITAMIN

42. DESCRIPTION
 Group of sterol
 Commonly found in animals
 Two types of active form:-
 D2 – ergosterol / ergocalciferol
 D3 – 7 - dehydroxycholesterol

43. SOURCE
 Fish liver oil
 Egg yolk
 Butter
 Milk
 Sun light ( the cheapest source)

44. PHYSIOLOGIC FUNCTIONS
 Increases the absorption of Ca & P
 Increases the calcification of bones in children &
adult. So it is essential for the development of
bones & normal growth of body.
 Increases the excretion of phosphate by kidney &
helps in lowering of serum phosphate
concentration.
 Increases the citrate levels of blood, bone,
kidney, & heart tissues.
 Decreases the Ph in the lower intestinal tract.

45. DOSAGE DEFICIENCY
 Infants & children
- 400 IU
 Adult
- 200 IU
 Pregnant & lactating
women
- 400 IU
 Rickets
 Osteomalacia

46. ADR
 Cough
 Difficulty in swallowing
 Dizziness
 Fast heartbeat
 Itching
 Swelling of the eyes
 Skin rash
 Tightness in the chest
 Weakness

47. VITAMIN

48. DESCRIPTION
 Fat soluble
 Two types of vitamin K :-
 Vit K1 – isolated originally from alfa – alfa
 Vit K2 – isolated from putrid fish meal

49. SOURCES
 Green leafy vegetables – alfa – alfa, spinach,
cabbage
 Cauliflower
 Soyabean
 Wheat germ
 Carrots
 Potatoes
 Milk
 Meat
 Fish

50. PHYSIOLOGIC FUNCTIONS
 Vit K catalyzes the synthesis of prothrombin by
the liver.
 Reduces prothrombin time
 Regulates the synthesis of plasma clotting factors
 Involves in the maintenance of normal level of
blood clotting factors II, VII, IX, & X
 Act as cofactor of carboxylase
 Required for absorption of fat.

51. DEFICIENCY
 Leads to lowering of prothrombin level & increased
clotting time of blood.
 May cause hemorrhagic diseases of new born
 May lead to fat malabsorption
 ADR
 Diabetes
 Kidney disease
 Liver disease
 Reduced bile secretion