The document discusses water-soluble vitamins, specifically focusing on B and C vitamins, highlighting their chemical properties, biological functions, and dietary importance. It provides detailed information about the functions and deficiencies of each vitamin, including their roles in metabolism, collagen formation, and neurological health. Additionally, it addresses deficiency symptoms and consequences related to inadequate vitamin intake.

1. WATER – SOLUBLE
VITAMINS
P R E E T H I . S
AS S I S TAN T P R O F E S S O R
N U T R I T I O N AN D D I E T E T I C S
B I S H O P H E B E R C O L L E G E , T R I C H Y.

2. WATER SOLUBLEVITAMINS
– B & C

3. VITAMINS
“Vitamins are defined as
organic compounds
required in the diet in
small amounts to perfom
specific biological
functions for normal
maintenance of optimum
growth and health of the
organism".

4. CLASSIFICATION
Based on the nature of solubility vitamins were classified
into two groups.

5.  They are heterogeneous group of compounds -
differ chemically.
 Common character – solubility in water.
 Easily absorbed.
 Not stored in the body except forVitamin B12.
 Readily excreted in urine.
 Form coenzymes – biochemical reactions.
WATER-SOLUBLEVITAMINS

6. VITAMIN-C (ASCORBIC ACID)
 The isolation of vitamin C - Zilva (1917-1927).
He obtained - highly potent substance &
reducing properties
 In 1928, Szent-Gyorgi isolated an acid with
strong reducing properties from cabbages,
adrenal glands and oranges – “Hexuronic acid"
 In 1933, Waugh and King isolated vitamin C in
crystalline form - lemon juice
 In 1933, Vitamin C as ascorbic acid owing its
anti-scorbutic properties

8. 45mg/ day 60-80 mg / day
35– 40 mg/ day

9. Most important function of vitamin C is its property
to undergo reversible oxidation
 Vitamin C plays an important role in
collagen formation
 Acting as a coenzyme
 Thereby facilitating cross linkage of
collagen fibers & increases its strength

10. Helps in bone formation
 Plays a role in iron and hemoglobin
metabolism
Takes part in the metabolic reactions of
tryptophan, tyrosine, folic acid & cholesterol
 Enhances the synthesis of Immunoglobulins
and increases their phagocytic action
 Also acts as a strong biological anti-oxidant.

11.  Scurvy - spongy & sore gums, loose teeth, swollen joints,
anemia, fragile blood vessels, delayed wound healing,
hemorrhage, osteoporosis etc.,
 Defective collagen synthesis
 “Cork screw” hair pattern with tiny bleeding points around
the orifice of a hair follicle
 “Woody legs” with large spontaneous bruises in lower
extremities
 “Tummer field zone” is the classic histological picture of
bone in scurvy.

12. SCURVY
WOODY
LEGS
CORK
SCREW
TUMMERFIELD ZONE

13. ORAL
MANIFESTATIONS
 Swollen & spongy gums – inter-dental
papillae producing the appearance of
scurvy buds
 In severe cases - hemorrhages to
periodontal membranes followed by
loss of bone & loosening of teeth occurs

14.  Ascorbic acid – non-toxic
 Oxalates - formation of kidney
stones
 Mega doses of vitaminC -
common cold, wound healing
trauma etc. (Anti-oxidant)

15.  B-complex group of vitamins - large
number of water soluble vitamins :
nutritional essentials for all forms of life,
from the lowest form of yeast & bacteria
to the highest form, the man
 Not only nutritionally, also form essential
co enzymes to certain important
intracellular enzyme systems
There are about individual components,
most of them are synthesized by the
microbial flora

16. COMPONENTS OF VITAMIN B
COMPLEX
1.Thiamine –Vit B1
2.Riboflavin –Vit B2
3. Niacin –Vit B3
4.Pantothenic acid –Vit B5
5.Pyridoxine –Vit B6
6.Biotin –Vit B7
7.Folic acid group
8.Cyanocobalamin –Vit B12

17. THIAMINE (VITAMIN B1, ANTI
BERIBERI,ANTI-NEURITICVITAMIN)
 Free thiamin - basic & heat stable
 Specific coenzyme, thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) -
carbohydrate metabolism
 Readily soluble in water
 Stable in acid medium
 Destroyed – autoclaved at 120°C for 30min
 Destroyed even @ room temperature in alkaline medium

19. Male :1.2-1.5mg/day
Females :1.0-1.1mg/day
Infants : 0.3-0.5 mg / day
Children : 0.7-1.2mg/day
Pregnancy & Lactation
1.3-1.5 mg / day

20. BIOCHEMICAL
FUNCTIONS
The enzyme TPP / co carboxylase - energy releasing reactions in CHO
metabolism
TPP - transmission of nerve impulse
 Acetylcholine synthesis & ion translocation of neural tissue.

21. DEFICIENCY
MANIFESTATIONS
 B1 deficiency - consuming polished rice as staple
food
 Deficiency of vitamin B1 – beriberi
 The early symptoms - loss of appetite (anorexia),
weakness, constipation, nausea, mental
depression, peripheral neuropathy, irritability etc.
Beri beri
Wet beri beri Dry beri beri
Infantile beri
beri

22. Beri beri
Wet beri
beri
Dry beri
beri
Infantile
beri beri

23. RIBOFLAVIN (VITAMIN B2)
 Riboflavin - coenzymes Flavin
mononucleotide (FMN) & Flavin
adenine dinucleotide (FAD) :
cellular oxidation-reduction
reactions
 Metabolism - carbohydrate,
lipid, protein & purine
 Enzymes using flavin coenzymes
– flavoproteins contain metal atoms
– “metalloflavoproteins"

25. Male : 1.5-1.8 mg /day
Females : 1.1-1.4mg /day
Infants : 0.4-0.6 mg / day
Children : 0.8-1.2 mg/day
Pregnancy :1.4-1.7mg / day
Lactation : 1.6-1.9mg / day

26. DEFICIENCY
•
 Uncommon, seen along with other vitamin deficiencies
 Chronic alcoholics - susceptible to vitamin B2 deficiency
Nasal seborrhea
Scrotal dermatitis
Corneal
vascularization

27. NIACIN (VITAMIN B3, NICOTINIC ACID)
 Pellagra preventive factor of
Goldberg
 Coenzymes - synthesized by
EssentialAmino Acid,
tryptophan
 Coenzymes - NAD+and NADP+
: oxidation-reduction
reactions
 Tryptophan - precursor for
synthesis of nicotinamide
coenzymes.

29. Male : 1.5-1.8 mg /day
Females : 1.1-1.4mg /day
Infants : 0.4-0.6 mg / day
Children : 0.8-1.2 mg/day
Pregnancy :1.4-1.7mg / day
Lactation : 1.6-1.9mg / day

30. DEFICIENCY
 Niacin deficiency – pellagra
The disease of pellagra - skin, GIT & CNS
 Symptoms – 3 D’s. : Dermatitis, Diarrhea,
Dementia & Rarely - Death (4th D)
 Symptoms - anxiety, irritability, poor memory,
insomnia etc.

31. ORAL MANIFESTATIONS
 Raw beefy tongue -The mucosa becomes fiery
red and painful, Salivation - profuse

32. PANTOTHENIC ACID (VITAMIN B5)
 Pantothenic acid – also
known as chick anti-
dermatitis factor/filtrate
factor
 Functions - exerted
through coenzymeA/CoA
 CoA - central molecule in
metabolisms (carbohydrate,
lipid and protein), as the
carrier of activated acetyl/acyl
groups

34. Male : 1.5-1.8 mg /day
Females : 1.1-1.4mg /day
Infants : 0.4-0.6 mg / day
Children : 0.8-1.2 mg/day
Pregnancy :1.4-1.7mg / day
Lactation : 1.6-1.9mg / day

35. DEFICIENCY
MANIFESTATIONS
Burning feet syndrome – pain and numbness
in toes, sleeplessness & fatigue
Grierson - Gopalan
Syndrome

36. PYRIDOXINE (VITAMIN B6)
 3 compounds -
pyridoxine, pyridoxal &
pyridoxamine.
 The active form - coenzyme
pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)
 PLP - metabolism of amino
acids
 Synthesis - serotonin,
histamine, niacin coenzymes
from amino acids dependent
on pyridoxine.
 PLP - transamination,
decarboxylation,
deamination,
transsulfuration,
condensation etc.

38. Male & Female:
1.6 - 2 mg /day
Infants : 0.3 mg / day
Children : 0.6-1.2 mg/day
Pregnancy & Lactation :
2.5 mg/ day

39. DEFICIENCY
 Decrease synthesis of
biogenic amines -
serotonin, nor-
epinephrine &
epinephrine
 Demyelination of
neurons
 Decrease in
hemoglobin levels, with
hypochromic
microcytic anemia

40. DEFICIENCY
Peripheral
Neuropathy
Convulsion
Neurological
symptoms

41. BIOTIN (VITAMIN B7)
 Anti-egg white
injury factor
Vitamin
B7/vitamin H, is a
sulfur containing B-
complex vitamin
 Biotin - carrier of
CO2in carboxylation
reactions

42. Adult
100 - 300 mg /day
Other source:
Adequate from
Intestinal bacteria

43. DEFICIENCY
Loss of
Appetite
Anaemia
Dermatitis
Nausea
Glossitis

44. FOLICACID
 Folic acid/folacin – GLV
Important - one carbon
metabolism & synthesis
of amino acids, purines &
pyrimidine-thymine
Tetrahydrofolate (THF
or FH4),the coenzyme of
folic acid is active -
carbon metabolism
THF - acceptor/donor of
carbon units in a variety
of reactions involving
amino acid & nucleotide
metabolism

46. Male & Female:
400 µg /day
Infants : 50µg / day
Children : 100-300µg /day
Pregnancy & Lactation :
600 - 800µg / day

47. DEFICIENCY
 Decreased production
of purines & dTMP -
impairs DNA synthesis
 Block in DNA synthesis,
the maturation of
erythrocytes is slowed
down - macrocytic RBC
 Aminopetrin &
methotrexate - structural
analogues of folic acid -
cancer like leukemia

48. CYANOCOBALAMINE (VITAMIN B12)
Vitamin B12 / anti-pernicious anemia vitamin &
extrinsic factor ofCastle
 Derived - cobalamine & cyanocobalamine due to
cobalt & cyanide groups
Vit B12 - formation of labile methyl groups, for the
synthesis of thymine, nucleic - normal hemopoisis
 Synthesis of methionine from homocysteine
 Isomerization of methymalonylCoA to succinyl
CoA

50. Male & Female:
3.0µg /day
Infants : 0.3µg / day
Children : 1-2µg /day
Pregnancy & Lactation :
4.0µg / day

51. DEFICIENCY
Demyelination of nerves
Peripheral neuropathy

52. ORAL MANIFESTATIONS
 Raw beefy tongue -The mucosa becomes fiery
red and painful, Salivation - profuse

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