- Vitamin C deficiency, also known as scurvy, was historically common among sailors until James Lind discovered that oranges and lemons could cure scurvy in 1757.
- Studies in India have found vitamin C deficiency rates between 1-59% depending on the population, with those living in poverty or with digestive disorders at highest risk.
- Symptoms of scurvy include bleeding gums, bruising, and bone pain. It is diagnosed through blood tests and treated with vitamin C supplementation.
Vitamin D Deficiency is linked to bone disorders. However, there is insufficient data for establishing guidelines for "adequate levels". Its been close to a century since it was first discovered. But how much do we actually know about it?
Vitamin D Deficiency is linked to bone disorders. However, there is insufficient data for establishing guidelines for "adequate levels". Its been close to a century since it was first discovered. But how much do we actually know about it?
Introduction, Functions of Vitamin A,
Sources of Vitamin A,
Recommended Dietary Allowance,
Clinical manifestation of Vitamin A deficiency,
Assessment of Vitamin A deficiency
Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation in PregnancySujoy Dasgupta
lectured delivered by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta in the CME on "High Risk Pregnancy" organized by the BOGS (Bengal Obettric snd Gynaecological Society) and Wanburry Pharma
Introduction, Functions of Vitamin A,
Sources of Vitamin A,
Recommended Dietary Allowance,
Clinical manifestation of Vitamin A deficiency,
Assessment of Vitamin A deficiency
Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation in PregnancySujoy Dasgupta
lectured delivered by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta in the CME on "High Risk Pregnancy" organized by the BOGS (Bengal Obettric snd Gynaecological Society) and Wanburry Pharma
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Idk if you are you doing tomorrow morning yet to be treated as I'm sure you are not picking up my room and hospital near Pali road kudi tu hi tu hi hai ki yai kashmiri mirch masala is tinu abong tar ammur hubby is abong tar ammur hubby and I will you be interested please contact the person who are you not replying sooner or later version you doing tomorrow and then you will you go now please send me your address and phone numbers of supreme personality is tinu abong tar chehara I am not yet to be treated as such as I'm unable open to the Prostho department rn you are not picking call in the group about this one also good looking for the students of Bangladesh in my AICTE you doing today also sleeping on it rn Shukla and we have to get up to other room and hospital jodhpur rajasthan me to come to there house and hospital jodhpur rajasthan high court can you please send the link to other room and hospital near Pali Rajasthan State dental council which one is better than the intended recipient please notify us immediately and hospital near Pali Rajasthan State
1 Running head NUTRITION FINAL RESEARCH PAPER HCG D.docxkarisariddell
1
Running head: NUTRITION FINAL RESEARCH PAPER
HCG Diet and Cystic Fibrosis
West Coast University
Orange County
Your Name Here
NURS 225: Nutrition in Health and Disease
2017
2
NUTRITION FINAL RESEARCH PAPER
Topic # 1: HCG Diet
Part I, Criteria # 1: Identification of Nutrients
According to the Dudek (2016), the RDAs represent the average daily-recommended
intake to meet the nutrient requirements of 97% to 98% of healthy individuals by life stage and
gender. When estimating the nutritional needs of people with health disorders, health
professionals use the RDA’s as a starting point and adjust them according to the individual’s
need (Dudek, 2013). Even though HCG is a hormone injection program, there are extremely
strict and limited food choice to their diet plan such as: 500 calories limit per day, no cosmetic
products that contain fat in them, 2 small apples are not an expectable exchange for 1 apple.
Table 1 below lists some foods that patients are allowed to choose from for daily intake
(Simeons, 2016).
Table 1 The Original HCG Diet Protocol by Dr. Simeons
3
NUTRITION FINAL RESEARCH PAPER
Due to such strict rules and limitation on food selection, patients would end up with deficiency in
two important macronutrients such as carbohydrate and fat. As we can see, if we plug in some
foods from Table 1 above into MyFitnessPal website we would end up with 509 calories, which
is very close to what the HCG program requires (Lose weight with MyFitnessPal. Retrieved
from http://www.myfitnesspal.com/). However, if we look at the amount of carbohydrate
remaining, it is obvious that patients only consume 50% of their daily-recommended calories.
Carbohydrate is a macronutrient that is important in providing energy for the daily living.
Clearly, patients using HCG program are very limited on fat consumption. According to
example below, if we follow The Original HCG Diet Protocol by Dr. Simeons, we would end up
with only 5 grams from fat when the daily-recommended intake is 40 grams. Fats come in
multiple different forms. While some are bad and should be limited, some are essential for the
body; therefore, limiting the amount of fat consumption to almost completely nothing is not a
good diet plan. On the other side, this program provides a very sufficient amount of protein to
the patients. As we can see from Table 2 below, patient fulfilled the amount of daily-
recommended requirement, 60 grams, with the additional 4 grams. This might be also the key
element to the program that claims that by injecting HCG, patients will not feel hungry. It might
be because the high amount of protein patients consume that make them feel less hungry.
4
NUTRITION FINAL RESEARCH PAPER
Table 2 Patient Food Diary from MyFitnessPal Showing Daily Intake Goals versus RDAs.
Part I, Criteria # 2: RDA Approval Analysis
As mentioned previously, Recommended Dietary Allowa.
1 Running head NUTRITION FINAL RESEARCH PAPER HCG D.docxjeremylockett77
1
Running head: NUTRITION FINAL RESEARCH PAPER
HCG Diet and Cystic Fibrosis
West Coast University
Orange County
Your Name Here
NURS 225: Nutrition in Health and Disease
2017
2
NUTRITION FINAL RESEARCH PAPER
Topic # 1: HCG Diet
Part I, Criteria # 1: Identification of Nutrients
According to the Dudek (2016), the RDAs represent the average daily-recommended
intake to meet the nutrient requirements of 97% to 98% of healthy individuals by life stage and
gender. When estimating the nutritional needs of people with health disorders, health
professionals use the RDA’s as a starting point and adjust them according to the individual’s
need (Dudek, 2013). Even though HCG is a hormone injection program, there are extremely
strict and limited food choice to their diet plan such as: 500 calories limit per day, no cosmetic
products that contain fat in them, 2 small apples are not an expectable exchange for 1 apple.
Table 1 below lists some foods that patients are allowed to choose from for daily intake
(Simeons, 2016).
Table 1 The Original HCG Diet Protocol by Dr. Simeons
3
NUTRITION FINAL RESEARCH PAPER
Due to such strict rules and limitation on food selection, patients would end up with deficiency in
two important macronutrients such as carbohydrate and fat. As we can see, if we plug in some
foods from Table 1 above into MyFitnessPal website we would end up with 509 calories, which
is very close to what the HCG program requires (Lose weight with MyFitnessPal. Retrieved
from http://www.myfitnesspal.com/). However, if we look at the amount of carbohydrate
remaining, it is obvious that patients only consume 50% of their daily-recommended calories.
Carbohydrate is a macronutrient that is important in providing energy for the daily living.
Clearly, patients using HCG program are very limited on fat consumption. According to
example below, if we follow The Original HCG Diet Protocol by Dr. Simeons, we would end up
with only 5 grams from fat when the daily-recommended intake is 40 grams. Fats come in
multiple different forms. While some are bad and should be limited, some are essential for the
body; therefore, limiting the amount of fat consumption to almost completely nothing is not a
good diet plan. On the other side, this program provides a very sufficient amount of protein to
the patients. As we can see from Table 2 below, patient fulfilled the amount of daily-
recommended requirement, 60 grams, with the additional 4 grams. This might be also the key
element to the program that claims that by injecting HCG, patients will not feel hungry. It might
be because the high amount of protein patients consume that make them feel less hungry.
4
NUTRITION FINAL RESEARCH PAPER
Table 2 Patient Food Diary from MyFitnessPal Showing Daily Intake Goals versus RDAs.
Part I, Criteria # 2: RDA Approval Analysis
As mentioned previously, Recommended Dietary Allowa ...
Deficiency of Vitamin A in body.
Vitamin A deficiency is most common in Africa and Southeast Asia.
Vitamin A deficiency can cause blindness.
It can also increase the risk of serious, sometimes fatal, infections. Symptoms include night blindness, dry skin and frequent infections.
GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS: “What” and “How” of Insulin administration in the susceptible pregnant population
Prepared for the departmental seminar.
Viswabharathi Medical College, Kurnool.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
2. OVERVIEW
● In 1747, James Lind conducted a trial of
six different treatments for 12 sailors
with scurvy: only oranges and lemons
were effective in treating scurvy.
● In 1928, Albert Szent-Györgyi isolated a
substance from adrenal glands that he
called 'hexuronic acid'. Four years later,
Charles Glen King isolated vitamin C in
his laboratory and concluded that it was
the same as 'hexuronic acid'.
● Many animals, unlike humans, can
synthesize their own vitamin C.
3. BURDEN OF SCURVY
IN INDIA
Sporadic studies in the country have
indicated the prevalence of vitamin C
deficiency varying widely between 1.1%
among malnourished children. A study
carried out in children 6-16 years in
Hyderabad indicated 59.6% had poor
vitamin C status (<30 µmol/L).
Prevalence of vitamin C deficiency (<2
µg/mL) was reported to be highest
among Indians and people of South
Asian origin compared to other races,
except the Mexican population.
4. RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCE OF Vit.C
LIFE STAGE UPPER LIMIT
Birth to 12 months Not established
Children 1–3 years 400 mg
Children 4–8 years 650 mg
Children 9–13 years 1,200 mg
Teens 14–18 years 1,800 mg
Adults 2,000 mg
6. ROLES OF VITAMIN C IN HOMEOSTASIS
There are several functions of Vitamin
C. Some of them are as follows:
● Boosting immune system
● Maintenance of epithelium
● Maintenance of capillaries
● Maintenance of bones and
cartilages
● Wound healing
And so on
7. RISK FACTORS FOR VITAMIN C DEFICIENCY
Risk factors for Vitamin C deficiency include:
● Babies only fed cow's milk
● Poor people who are not able to afford fruits and vegetables
● Individuals with eating disorders
● Type 1 diabetes who have high vitamin C requirements
● Individuals with disorders of the GI tract like inflammatory bowel disease.
● Individuals with iron overload which leads to wasting of vitamin C by the
kidneys
● Individuals with restrictive diets, food allergies
9. DIAGNOSIS OF SCURVY
Scurvy is mainly diagnosed by the following methods:
● Clear and meticulous history taking from the mother.
● Thorough clinical examination, which usually reveals four H: Hemorrhagic signs,
Hyperkeratosis, Hematological abnormalities and Hypochondriasis.
● A low plasma level of vitamin C (plasma ascorbate concentration of <0.2 mg/dl usually is
considered deficient) is specific in scurvy.
● Leukocyte concentrations of less than or equal to 10 μg/108 WBCs are considered
deficient and indicate latent scurvy
● Another indicator of vitamin C body stores is its measure of urinary excretion after
parenteral ascorbic acid infusion. After 100 mg of an intravenous dose of vitamin C, 80%
should be excreted within 5 h if the body stores are not deficient
10. MANAGEMENT OF SCURVY
Infants and children are usually treated with vitamin C 100–300 mg daily and adults 500–1000 mg daily for
1 month or until full recovery of clinical signs and symptoms occurs. Spontaneous bleeding as well as oral
and constitutional symptoms are the foremost to recover (in days) while bone abnormalities and ecchymoses
resolution take longer (in weeks). Along with vitamin C therapy, symptomatic treatment should also be given
in the form of analgesics and rest to the part through splintage. There is no role of antibiotics in the
management of such patients.
Separation of the epiphysis from the metaphysis is always through the zone of provisional calcification, the
weak zone. With occurrence of this fracture, periosteum stripping occurs with collection of subperiosteal
hematoma. Following nutritional supplementation vitamin C, this subperiosteal hematoma quickly calcifies.
Two phenomenon occur: new bone is laid beneath the elevated periosteal sleeve and the underlying
protruding shaft undergoes rapid resorption and get aligned with long axis of bone. After subperiosteal bone
formation, the epiphysis becomes centered on the widened metaphyses. Separation of the epiphysis in scurvy
is best treated conservatively by splintage and vitamin C supplementation and a closed or open surgical
reduction of the displaced epiphysis is rarely required. Complete remodeling follows in a child and residual
deformity or growth disturbance are seldom reported.
12. HYPERVITAMINOSIS C
For adults, the recommended daily amount
for vitamin C is 65 to 90 milligrams (mg) a
day, and the upper limit is 2,000 mg a day.
Although too much dietary vitamin C is
unlikely to be harmful, megadoses of
vitamin C supplements might cause:
● Diarrhea
● Nausea
● Vomiting
● Heartburn
● Abdominal cramps
● Headache
● Insomnia
13. RECOMMENDATIONS FROM LEADING
INSTITUTES OF INDIA
National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) suggests that:
Rich fruits like gooseberries (Amla), guava and citrus should be encouraged to consume.
Infants fed animal milk should receive supplements of iron and vitamin C
Vitamin C rich foods must be consumed daily to improve iron absorption.
The committee has evaluated all the available evidence on this subject and estimated the EAR
and RDA based on replacement levels of body pool saturation of 900 mg, for a metabolic loss of
2.9% per day, compensated for the urinary loss (25% per day), taking absorption efficiency in
Indian foods also into consideration. The EAR was set at 65 mg per day and RDA at 80 mg per
day for adult males. Due importance of ascorbic acid in a meal to improve iron absorption
among Indians on a vegetarian diet is also emphasized while making the recommendations.
14. THANK YOU
References:
1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK4
93187/
2. https://www.indianpediatrics.net/nov2014/n
ov-932-933.htm
3. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-
6643/12/7/2008
4. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-
and-minerals/vitamin-c/
5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3
25548001_Vitamin_C_Should_we_supple
ment
6. https://www.nin.res.in/nutrition2020/RDA_
short_report.pdf
7. https://www.ijpd.in/article.asp?issn=2319-
7250;year=2021;volume=22;issue=2;spage
=118;epage=122;aulast=Kaur
8. Scurvy in pediatric age group - A disease
often forgotten? :
https://europepmc.org/article/pmc/44113
44