Viruses are tiny infectious agents that can only replicate inside host cells. They have either DNA or RNA genomes protected by protein capsids and some have an outer envelope. Viruses are classified based on their genome type, capsid structure, and replication method. The Baltimore classification system categorizes viruses based on how they synthesize mRNA. Viral replication follows seven stages: adsorption, entry, uncoating, transcription, synthesis of components, assembly, and release. Replication can occur via the lytic cycle which destroys the host cell, or the lysogenic cycle which the virus genome remains dormant in the host.
Viruses are infectious intracellular obligate parasites with subcellular level of organisation and without protoplasm, cell, cell organells and the molecular machineries for energy metabolism and protein synthesis,Grouped on the basis of size and shape, chemical composition and structure of the genome and mode of replication
most viruses have a specific shape that is determined by the capsomeres or the envelope.
Capsid symmetry - Three types
(1) HELICAL CAPSID
(2) ICOSAHEDRALCAPSID
(3) COMPLEX CAPSID
Capsid - large macromolecular structures.
Made up of proteins called capsomers.
Chemical unit of capsomers are polypeptide chain.
Capsid - surrounded by lipoprotein layer called envelop
Envelop is made up of proteins and glycoproteins
Presence of lipid -envelope seems flexible and loose.
Envelope is composed of both the host viral components.
projections on the envelope known as spikes/peplomers which are arranged into distinct units.
Viruses are infectious intracellular obligate parasites with subcellular level of organisation and without protoplasm, cell, cell organells and the molecular machineries for energy metabolism and protein synthesis,Grouped on the basis of size and shape, chemical composition and structure of the genome and mode of replication
most viruses have a specific shape that is determined by the capsomeres or the envelope.
Capsid symmetry - Three types
(1) HELICAL CAPSID
(2) ICOSAHEDRALCAPSID
(3) COMPLEX CAPSID
Capsid - large macromolecular structures.
Made up of proteins called capsomers.
Chemical unit of capsomers are polypeptide chain.
Capsid - surrounded by lipoprotein layer called envelop
Envelop is made up of proteins and glycoproteins
Presence of lipid -envelope seems flexible and loose.
Envelope is composed of both the host viral components.
projections on the envelope known as spikes/peplomers which are arranged into distinct units.
Detailed description about viroid, virusoid and prions are described in a simple and detailed manner, will be very to understand about different plant pathogens
Animal viruses are self replicating, intracellular parasites that completely rely on host animal cell for reproduction. They use the host's cellular components to replicate, then leaves the host cell to infect other cells.
Replication of virus is very complicated process.
Virus never reproduce by division.
They are replicated by a process in which all components of virus are produced separately and are assembled into intact virion.
For replication of virus host is necessary.
Virus are host specific.
Host may be bacteria, plant ,animal.
Concept of virology
Viruses
Types of viruses
Viral characteristics
Virion
Size and Shape
Structure
Replication
Viral Variation
Classification
Presentation
BEST OF LUCK
General Characters and Classification of Viruses. Includes ICTV classification and Baltimore classification of viruses. A brief explanation of the Viral structure and Lifecycle.
On the basis of need of specific content of any topic, i prepared a slides of plasmid for needy students. I'm also a student that's why i know how useful a proper presentation for us.
In this presentation, i try to cover some basic knowledge regarding to plasmid. If you like this ppt than please let me know, it gives me a motivation. If you need other topics ppt then write a topic name on comment section. THANK YOU
Detailed description about viroid, virusoid and prions are described in a simple and detailed manner, will be very to understand about different plant pathogens
Animal viruses are self replicating, intracellular parasites that completely rely on host animal cell for reproduction. They use the host's cellular components to replicate, then leaves the host cell to infect other cells.
Replication of virus is very complicated process.
Virus never reproduce by division.
They are replicated by a process in which all components of virus are produced separately and are assembled into intact virion.
For replication of virus host is necessary.
Virus are host specific.
Host may be bacteria, plant ,animal.
Concept of virology
Viruses
Types of viruses
Viral characteristics
Virion
Size and Shape
Structure
Replication
Viral Variation
Classification
Presentation
BEST OF LUCK
General Characters and Classification of Viruses. Includes ICTV classification and Baltimore classification of viruses. A brief explanation of the Viral structure and Lifecycle.
On the basis of need of specific content of any topic, i prepared a slides of plasmid for needy students. I'm also a student that's why i know how useful a proper presentation for us.
In this presentation, i try to cover some basic knowledge regarding to plasmid. If you like this ppt than please let me know, it gives me a motivation. If you need other topics ppt then write a topic name on comment section. THANK YOU
Morphology, Classification, Cultivation and Replication of VirusKrutika Pardeshi
This presentation is Useful for B. Pharmacy SEM III Students to study the Topic Fungi According to PCI Syllabus.
It Consist of Morpholoy of Fungi, Cultivation , Replication and Classification of Virud
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
3. Virus
• Definition:
• an infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid
molecule in a protein coat, is too small to be seen by light
microscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living
cells of a host.
5. Virus
• Size Comparison
• Their effects can be
observed
• Cytopathic effects
• Enlarged nuclei in tissues
6. Structure
• Genome or core—DNA or RNA
• Capsid– protects genome
• Also have virally encoded proteins that help in replication
• Some virus have envelopes on outer Virion surface that interact with
surface of cell
7.
8.
9. Viral Genomes
• RNA or DNA; SS or DS (strands); linear or circular
• Used to classify viruses
• DNA viruses replicate in host nucleus, share a common patterns as
host cells
• RNA viruses must have specific enzymes that are not in cells so can
make RNA for new viruses
• Viral and Cellular proteins are not similar
• Virus encodes enzymes and proteins that modify the cells in which
virus replicate
10. Viral capsids
• Complex
• Many identical subunits of viral proteins
• 1 subunit == 1 capsomer
• Protects viral genome in 2 stable shapes for a particle of nucleic acid
and protein- nucleoprotein
• Helix --capsomer associates with helical genome
• Icosahedron – regular, solid shape that enfolds viral genome
11. Capsids have symmetry
• Capsids around genome is unique for each type of virus
• They have symmetry which is criteria for classification
• Capsid structure is defined by X-ray Crystallography
• Capsids have various complexity of structures based on viral genomes
12.
13. Viral membrane envelopes
• Some viruses have a lipid envelope that surrounds the capsid
• Lipid bilayer is from the cell in which the virus has previously
replicated
• This virally encoded proteins are also used to characterize the viruses
• Usually is amorphous because shape is defined by the capsid
15. Classification scheme
• Based on basic properties of virus and specific features of replication
cycle
What type of genome
RNA/DNA, SS/DS, linear/circular
How is capsid arranged
Symmetry and dimension
What other components?
Envelope
Proteins in virion responsible for infection
16. Baltimore Scheme
• Used mainly for RNA viruses and based on how mRNA is synthesized
Limited by type of genome
+ Sense RNA virus—RNA serves as mRNA template
- Sense RNA virus—RNA serves as complimentary sense of mRNA
Retrovirus-- +Sense RNA but use DNA in replication cycle
17. Baltimore Classification System
• Class 1: Double-stranded DNA viruses
• Class 2: Single-stranded DNA viruses
• Class 3: Double-stranded RNA viruses
• Classes 4 & 5: Single-stranded RNA viruses
• Class 4: Single-stranded RNA viruses - positive-sense
• Class 5: Single-stranded RNA viruses - negative-sense
• Class 6: Positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that replicate through a
DNA intermediate
• Class 7: Double-stranded DNA viruses that replicate through a single-
stranded RNA intermediate
