Tropic = shape response. [from Middle English tropik, Old French tropique, Latin tropicus, Greek tropikos, turn]
Viral tropism = the way the virus responds to external stimulus in order to attach to and infect cells
This presentation contains 53 power point slides. These slides have description between virus and host cell interactions including concept of permissive and non-permissive infection, latent infection and host immune response to viral infection. Slides are designed for medical students, nurses, academicians who are teaching virology and microbiology in medical universities, schools or college.
Viral replication is the formation of biological viruses during the infection process in the target host cells. Viruses must first get into the cell before viral replication can occur. From the perspective of the virus, the purpose of viral replication is to allow production and survival of its kind. By generating abundant copies of its genome and packaging these copies into viruses, the virus is able to continue infecting new hosts. Replication between viruses is greatly varied and depends on the type of genes involved in them. Most DNA viruses assemble in the nucleus while most RNA viruses develop solely in cytoplasm
This presentation contains 53 power point slides. These slides have description between virus and host cell interactions including concept of permissive and non-permissive infection, latent infection and host immune response to viral infection. Slides are designed for medical students, nurses, academicians who are teaching virology and microbiology in medical universities, schools or college.
Viral replication is the formation of biological viruses during the infection process in the target host cells. Viruses must first get into the cell before viral replication can occur. From the perspective of the virus, the purpose of viral replication is to allow production and survival of its kind. By generating abundant copies of its genome and packaging these copies into viruses, the virus is able to continue infecting new hosts. Replication between viruses is greatly varied and depends on the type of genes involved in them. Most DNA viruses assemble in the nucleus while most RNA viruses develop solely in cytoplasm
Viral classification and Types of Replication in virus Rakshith K, DVM
Precise presentation on Viral classification and Types of replication in Virus.
Entry of virus
Spread of virus
General steps in a virus replication cycle
Attachment, Penetration, Uncoating, Multiplication
Multiplication of Single-Stranded RNA (ss RNA) Viruses
Multiplication of Double-Stranded RNA (ds RNA) Viruses
Multiplication of Single-Stranded DNA (ss DNA) Viruses
Multiplication of Double-Stranded DNA (ds DNA) Viruses
Release of new virions
Common viral diseases of Bovines
Largest viruses that infect vertebrates
Can be seen under light microscope
Poxvirus diseases are characterized by skin lesions – localized or generalized
Important diseases caused by poxviruses are-
Smallpox
Monkeypox
Cowpox
Tanapox
Molluscum contagiosum
InterTech is a Russian construction company in CyprusMaxim Gavrik
InterTech is a Russian construction company in Cyprus, which provides a full range of services for design, construction, installation, commissioning and start-up of the MEP systems in the buildings and structures under industrial, commercial and civil construction.
Viral classification and Types of Replication in virus Rakshith K, DVM
Precise presentation on Viral classification and Types of replication in Virus.
Entry of virus
Spread of virus
General steps in a virus replication cycle
Attachment, Penetration, Uncoating, Multiplication
Multiplication of Single-Stranded RNA (ss RNA) Viruses
Multiplication of Double-Stranded RNA (ds RNA) Viruses
Multiplication of Single-Stranded DNA (ss DNA) Viruses
Multiplication of Double-Stranded DNA (ds DNA) Viruses
Release of new virions
Common viral diseases of Bovines
Largest viruses that infect vertebrates
Can be seen under light microscope
Poxvirus diseases are characterized by skin lesions – localized or generalized
Important diseases caused by poxviruses are-
Smallpox
Monkeypox
Cowpox
Tanapox
Molluscum contagiosum
InterTech is a Russian construction company in CyprusMaxim Gavrik
InterTech is a Russian construction company in Cyprus, which provides a full range of services for design, construction, installation, commissioning and start-up of the MEP systems in the buildings and structures under industrial, commercial and civil construction.
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This book on mnemonics has been writen in view of problems
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Students are also encouraged to point out the mistakes in
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One lucky student will also get to avail free discussion and
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Readers are also advised to give their valuable opinions and
suggestions which will be appreciated and acknowledged.
Arun Kumar
A detailed description of HIV covering virology, morphology, pathogenesis, clinical stages and manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, and diagnostic strategy, and therapeutic options and prevention.
HIV infection
Mode of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, prevention, prognosis, scope of AIDS vaccine.
Abbott Diagnostics
Hematology
Educational Services
Intended Audience
This Learning Guide is intended to serve the basic educational needs of health care
professionals who are involved in the fields of laboratory medicine. Anyone associated with
the testing of the formed elements of the blood will find this monograph of special interest.
The monograph features basic information necessary to understand and appreciate the
importance of hematology testing in the laboratory and is intended for those who use
the hematology laboratory services, including, but not limited to, laboratory technicians,
laboratory technologists, supervisors and managers, nurses, suppliers, and other
physician office and laboratory support personnel.
Blood diseases cover a wide spectrum of illnesses, ranging from the anaemias, leukaemias and congenital coagulation disorders.
Haematological change may occur as a consequence of disease affecting any system and measurement of haematological parameters is an important part of routine clinical assessment.
A myeloprolifrative stem cell disorder resulting in
Proliferation of all haematopoietic lineages but
manifestation Predominantly in the granulocytic series.
The disease occurs chiefly between 30 and 80 years, with
A peak incidence at the 55 years.
*accounts for 20% of all leukaemis.
*found in all races.
*the aetiology is unknown.
Systematic (non-random) error that results in an incorrect estimate of the association between exposure and risk of disease.
Can occur in all stages of a study
Not affected by study sample size
Difficult to adjust for afterwards, but can be reduced by adequate study design.
•Can never be totally avoided, but we must be aware of it and interpret our results accordingly
Medical college of wasit
Department of medicine
Case sheet history
Thing to remember :-
1) Stand on the right side of the patient with good confidence .
2) Introduce yourself as a medical student not as a doctor . ( you may face difficult question ).
3) Talk the patient gently with clear comprehensible words .
4) Remember don’t hurt the patient in your speak & touch .
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
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students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. Viral tropism
Tropic = shape response. [from Middle English
tropik, Old French tropique, Latin tropicus,
Greek tropikos, turn]
Viral tropism = the way the virus responds to
external stimulus in order to attach to and
infect cells
5. Viral tropism
Scientists studying HIV-1 discovered by the
1990s that different forms of HIV use different
coreceptors to attach to cells.
6. Viral tropism
The most commonly-transmitted strains of HIV
use the CCR5 coreceptor - strains that develop
in (contribute to?) late-stage infection often use
CXCR4
7. Viral tropism
R5 = HIV strains which use the CCR5
coreceptor
X4 = HIV strains which use the CXCR4
coreceptor
8. Viral tropism
During the early stages of infection HIV
mainly targets macrophages using the
CCR5 coreceptor (called M-tropic)
9. Viral tropism
During later stages of infection HIV
isolates are T-cell tropic and use the
CXCR4 coreceptor (T-tropic)
12. Viral tropism
Viral tropism is important for a new class
of drugs called CCR5 agonists. These are
a kind of entry inhibitor (like T-20) and
stop HIV binding to cells by blocking the
CCR5 coreceptor.
13. Viral tropism
Viral tropism can be tested for.
The tropism test that you need to take before
using a CCR5 inhibitor only works if your viral
load is over 500 copies/mL.
1 routine test – more in development
19. Viral tropism
HIV virus connects with a CD4+ marker sticking
out of a cell and a coreceptor - like two pieces of
jigsaw joining together
Once HIV attaches to a cell in this way it can
merge with the cell.
20. Viral tropism
There are other types of cell which carry CD4 on
their surface besides T-cells eg macrophages
21. Viral tropism
CD4 is part of the immunolgobulin superfamily
immnoglobulin = general term for antibodies
which bind onto invading organisms
23. Viral tropism
HIV will not successfully complete the
binding/fusion stages unless a coreceptor is
present on the cell surface in addition to the
CD4 immunoglobulin marker.
27. Viral tropism
Syncytia formation
When an infected cell starts producing HIV
proteins, the HIV env proteins migrate to the cell
membrane and (maybe) poke out of the cell -
this means that the infected cell can now bind to
other cells with the CD4 protein on their
surface...
28. Viral tropism
Syncytia formation
...so an infected CD4+ cell can join with a
healthy CD4+ cell and merge. The membranes
fuse and become one. This repeats, and
eventually you have one large HIV-infected
CD4+ cell with many nuclei - as many as 500.
30. Viral tropism
Syncytia = clinical undesirable (inevitable?) =
advanced disease
Autopsies have often found syncytia in the
brains of HIV-positive people who had serious
neurological complications
32. Viral tropism
Studies
Harrigan - retrospective evaluation of samples
and records from 806 participants in a cohort of
treatment naive-adults in British Columbia
Moyle – evaluation of data and coreceptor
phenotype in a collection of 169 stored samples
from treatment-naive individuals
33. Viral tropism
Studies
Harrigan
Detection of R5/X4 or X4 phenotype increased
from 6% in people with CD4 counts above 500
cells/mm
3
to over 50% in those with CD4 counts
below 25 cells/mm
3
. One exclusively X4
phenotype sample in the cohort.
34. Viral tropism
Studies
Harrigan
Odds of having X4-using virus increased by
about 1.5-fold in people with CD4 counts
between 200 and 500 compared to those above
500
35. Viral tropism
Studies
Harrigan PR, et al. Prevalence, predictors and
clinical impact of baseline HIV co-receptor
usage in a large cohort of antiretroviral naive
individuals starting HAART.
Abstract MoPeB3117. 2004 IAC, Bangkok
36. Viral tropism
Studies
Moyle
Detection of the R5/X4 phenotype ranged from
about 7% in samples with CD4 counts above
300 to 46% in those with CD4 counts below 100.
No exclusively X4 phenotype. Mean CD4 count
for R5 samples was 307 versus 117 for R5/X4.
37. Viral tropism
Studies
Moyle GJ, et al. Prevalence and predictive
factors for CCR5 and CXCR4 co-receptor usage
in a large cohort of HIV-1 positive individuals.
Abstract WePeB5725. 2004 IAC, Bangkok
38. Viral tropism
Studies
In neither study was viral load a significant
predictor of co-receptor usage phenotype
Harrigan - injection drug use was not correlated
with having R5 or X4 HIV
Moyle - no difference between B and non-B HIV
subtypes
40. Viral tropism
CCR5 and resistance - articles
Mutations Outside V3 Loop May Further Resistance to CCR5 Drugs
http://www.natap.org/2007/ResisWksp/ResisWksp_15.htm
Treatment failure and tropism changes in maraviroc trial related to
previously undetected CXCR4, rather than a mutational shift from
CCR5
http://www.i-base.info/htb/v8/htb8-6-7/Treatment.html
Mechanisms of failure to CCR5 inhibitors is not explained by mutation
in the V3 loop, cross-resistance between CCR5 inhibitors is likely
http://www.i-base.info/htb/v8/htb8-6-7/Mechanisms.html
41. Viral tropism
Viral tropism and treatment - articles
HIV resistance mutations common but CXCR4 rare among untreated
US gay men
http://www.aidsmap.com/en/news/
821F9F52-A44A-4D7F-B6D8-9A281D4B4CCC.asp
CXCR4, dual or mixed tropic HIV does not reduce response to HAART
http://www.aidsmap.com/en/news/
5FFD235B-6D39-42A7-88D6-731BE5B7E24F.asp
HIV may use different coreceptors in blood and brain
http://www.i-base.info/htb/v7/htb7-10/hiv.html
42. Viral tropism
Viral tropism and treatment – articles
Maraviroc results in R5/X4 mixed/dual tropic patients: unexpected
safety data shows possible immunological effect
http://www.i-base.info/htb/v7/htb7-9/Maraviroc.html
Patients treated with maraviroc with X4-tropic virus had increases in
CD4 cell count consistent with the overall maraviroc-treated population
at treatment failure
Mayer H, van der Ryst E, Saag M et al. Safety and efficacy of
maraviroc, a novel CCR5 antagonist, when used in combination with
optimised background therapy for the treatment of antiretroviral-
experienced subjects infected with dual/mixed-tropic HIV-1: 24-week
results of a phase 2b exploratory trial. IAS Toronto, 2006. Abstract late
breaker THLB0215