Overuse of antibiotics in both human medicine and agriculture has contributed to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. In medicine, antibiotics are often prescribed unnecessarily due to pressure on doctors to treat potential infections and patient demand. Patients also frequently fail to complete antibiotic treatment courses. Agricultural use of antibiotics for growth promotion and disease prevention in healthy animals allows antibiotic resistant bacteria to spread to humans. Poor infection control and lack of rapid diagnostic tests have also facilitated the spread of resistant pathogens in healthcare settings. Addressing these factors through improved prescribing practices, public education, infection control, and testing can help slow the development of antibiotic resistance.
Factors behind emergence of resistancekatefranklyn
Overuse of antibiotics in human medicine, agriculture, and livestock has contributed to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Inappropriate use stems from over-prescription by doctors, patients not completing treatment courses, and mass administration to farm animals. Lack of public knowledge about antibiotic use and resistance also drives unnecessary consumption. Weak infection control in hospitals and limited diagnostic testing further enable the spread of resistant bacteria. Addressing these interconnected factors through improved prescribing practices, public education, infection prevention, and testing is needed to curb the global rise of antibiotic resistance.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection rates are a growing problem in both developed and developing countries. While traditionally seen as a problem mostly in developing nations, the United States and United Kingdom now have among the highest MRSA prevalence rates globally. The spread of antibiotic resistant strains is facilitated by factors such as international travel and trade, poor sanitation and hygiene, and overuse of antibiotics in healthcare and agriculture. This has contributed to increased healthcare costs and mortality in both developing and developed countries from difficult-to-treat infections. While some areas have seen decreases in certain resistant strains, many developing countries continue to face a high burden without adequate treatment options or infection control.
1. Prions are proteins that can cause diseases in animals and humans.
2. Diseases caused by prions include Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and fatal familial insomnia.
3. Prion diseases attack the brain and are difficult to treat.
Current State of Evidence: Vitamin D and Immunity During the COVID-19 PandemicUN SPHS
Vitamin D and immunity were discussed in the context of COVID-19. There is emerging evidence that vitamin D status may be associated with COVID-19 incidence and severity, however available studies have limitations and cannot prove causation. Maintaining adequate vitamin D through diet and sunlight is recommended for the general population, while more research is still needed, including randomized controlled trials, to fully understand any relationship between vitamin D supplementation and COVID-19 prevention or treatment. In the meantime, identifying and treating vitamin D deficiency is suggested, regardless of links to respiratory infection.
Are Vitamin D Levels Associated with COVID 19 Prevalence and Outcomesijtsrd
Since December 2019, coronavirus infection disease 2019 COVID 19 due to a new coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome type 2 SARS CoV2 infection, occurred mainly in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, and spread worldwide throughout a short period of time. The COVID 19 pandemic is shaking the world. To date, the route of infection, treatment methods, and the process since infection have not been clarified. Therefore, various researches and studies are being carried out at a rapid pace in research institutions around the world to clarify the novel coronavirus. Vitamin D helps to balance calcium and helps maintain bone health. Vitamin D is considered to be physiologically effective for enhancing immunity, cancer, diabetes, autism, and making the body easy to conceive. Recent studies have reported an association between the amount of vitamin D in the body and the severity of COVID 19. In this review, we provide a compact, comprehensive description of the relationship between vitamin D and COVID 19. Takuma Hayashi | Ikuo Konishi "Are Vitamin D Levels Associated with COVID-19 Prevalence and Outcomes?" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31433.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/31433/are-vitamin-d-levels-associated-with-covid19-prevalence-and-outcomes/takuma-hayashi
Vitamin D Part 1- Covid19 and Vitamin DHANISH BABU
Covid19 and Vitamin D is part 1 of 3 of the Webinar series on Vitamin D in Health and Disease by Dr Hanish Babu. 2 Major Text Books, more than 250 Journal references and reference from dozens of Videos on Vitamin D from experts world over and 4 months of intensive research has gone into the preparation of these talks.
As a service to the public health, these presentations are free to use for educational purposes, with proper acknowledgements.
Dr Hanish Babu, MD, 2020
Overuse of antibiotics in both human medicine and agriculture has contributed to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. In medicine, antibiotics are often prescribed unnecessarily due to pressure on doctors to treat potential infections and patient demand. Patients also frequently fail to complete antibiotic treatment courses. Agricultural use of antibiotics for growth promotion and disease prevention in healthy animals allows antibiotic resistant bacteria to spread to humans. Poor infection control and lack of rapid diagnostic tests have also facilitated the spread of resistant pathogens in healthcare settings. Addressing these factors through improved prescribing practices, public education, infection control, and testing can help slow the development of antibiotic resistance.
Factors behind emergence of resistancekatefranklyn
Overuse of antibiotics in human medicine, agriculture, and livestock has contributed to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Inappropriate use stems from over-prescription by doctors, patients not completing treatment courses, and mass administration to farm animals. Lack of public knowledge about antibiotic use and resistance also drives unnecessary consumption. Weak infection control in hospitals and limited diagnostic testing further enable the spread of resistant bacteria. Addressing these interconnected factors through improved prescribing practices, public education, infection prevention, and testing is needed to curb the global rise of antibiotic resistance.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection rates are a growing problem in both developed and developing countries. While traditionally seen as a problem mostly in developing nations, the United States and United Kingdom now have among the highest MRSA prevalence rates globally. The spread of antibiotic resistant strains is facilitated by factors such as international travel and trade, poor sanitation and hygiene, and overuse of antibiotics in healthcare and agriculture. This has contributed to increased healthcare costs and mortality in both developing and developed countries from difficult-to-treat infections. While some areas have seen decreases in certain resistant strains, many developing countries continue to face a high burden without adequate treatment options or infection control.
1. Prions are proteins that can cause diseases in animals and humans.
2. Diseases caused by prions include Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and fatal familial insomnia.
3. Prion diseases attack the brain and are difficult to treat.
Current State of Evidence: Vitamin D and Immunity During the COVID-19 PandemicUN SPHS
Vitamin D and immunity were discussed in the context of COVID-19. There is emerging evidence that vitamin D status may be associated with COVID-19 incidence and severity, however available studies have limitations and cannot prove causation. Maintaining adequate vitamin D through diet and sunlight is recommended for the general population, while more research is still needed, including randomized controlled trials, to fully understand any relationship between vitamin D supplementation and COVID-19 prevention or treatment. In the meantime, identifying and treating vitamin D deficiency is suggested, regardless of links to respiratory infection.
Are Vitamin D Levels Associated with COVID 19 Prevalence and Outcomesijtsrd
Since December 2019, coronavirus infection disease 2019 COVID 19 due to a new coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome type 2 SARS CoV2 infection, occurred mainly in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, and spread worldwide throughout a short period of time. The COVID 19 pandemic is shaking the world. To date, the route of infection, treatment methods, and the process since infection have not been clarified. Therefore, various researches and studies are being carried out at a rapid pace in research institutions around the world to clarify the novel coronavirus. Vitamin D helps to balance calcium and helps maintain bone health. Vitamin D is considered to be physiologically effective for enhancing immunity, cancer, diabetes, autism, and making the body easy to conceive. Recent studies have reported an association between the amount of vitamin D in the body and the severity of COVID 19. In this review, we provide a compact, comprehensive description of the relationship between vitamin D and COVID 19. Takuma Hayashi | Ikuo Konishi "Are Vitamin D Levels Associated with COVID-19 Prevalence and Outcomes?" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31433.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/31433/are-vitamin-d-levels-associated-with-covid19-prevalence-and-outcomes/takuma-hayashi
Vitamin D Part 1- Covid19 and Vitamin DHANISH BABU
Covid19 and Vitamin D is part 1 of 3 of the Webinar series on Vitamin D in Health and Disease by Dr Hanish Babu. 2 Major Text Books, more than 250 Journal references and reference from dozens of Videos on Vitamin D from experts world over and 4 months of intensive research has gone into the preparation of these talks.
As a service to the public health, these presentations are free to use for educational purposes, with proper acknowledgements.
Dr Hanish Babu, MD, 2020
Dr. Robert Tauxe - Human Health Viewpoint and Setting the Tone for the Antibi...John Blue
Human Health Viewpoint and Setting the Tone for the Antibiotic Symposium - Dr. Robert Tauxe, Deputy Director, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), from the 2015 NIAA Antibiotic Symposium - Stewardship: From Metrics to Management, November 3-5, 2015, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
More presentations at http://swinecast.com/2015-niaa-symposium-antibiotics-stewardship-from-metrics-to-management
Journal Reading Stem Cell dengan HIV (sharon) soroylardo1
1) Studies in murine and macaque models show that genetically modifying CD4+ T-cells to disrupt CCR5, the main HIV coreceptor, provides a selective advantage over non-modified cells and significantly reduces plasma viremia. However, a source of residual viral reservoir remains.
2) Two HIV patients who underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation from CCR5-negative donors have remained virus-free for nearly 4 years after transplantation while kept on antiretroviral therapy (ART), suggesting genetic modification may not be necessary if ART is completely suppressive.
3) Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation remains a promising curative approach for HIV, but the timing of ART interruption
The presence of a large bulky pancreatic tumour in a young female should raise suspicions of the diagnosis of solid-pseduopapillary tumour of the pancreas.
Solid pseudopapillary neoplasms of the pancreas are uncommon, accounting for only 1-2% of all pancreatic neoplasms. These tumors are being detected at an increased rate, probably due to the increased awareness and the liberal use of imaging.
1) The study investigates whether vitamin D deficiency is linked to more severe cases of COVID-19 by analyzing mortality rates across countries and prior research on vitamin D's role in regulating the immune system and suppressing cytokine storms.
2) The analysis found a potential relationship between vitamin D status and COVID-19 mortality rates in the US, UK, and France.
3) Based on previous links between vitamin D deficiency, high C-reactive protein levels, and more severe COVID-19 cases, the study estimates that patients with severe vitamin D deficiency have a 17.3% risk of severe COVID-19, compared to 14.6% for those with normal vitamin D levels, a potential 15.6%
The misunderstood epidemiological determinants of covid 19, problems and solu...Bhoj Raj Singh
The document discusses several misunderstood determinants of COVID-19 that have been claimed but lack epidemiological evidence. It questions correlations that have been proposed between COVID-19 outcomes and factors like median age, BCG vaccination rates, religion, and disease burdens. While some correlations appear convincing based on statistics alone, the document argues they ignore important context and exceptions. There have been very few rigorous epidemiological studies of COVID-19 to determine true disease modulators and spread, and many studies have misused non-epidemiological data.
This document lists professional presentations, posters, and publications from 2015 to 2014 related to syndromic surveillance and public health. It includes 9 poster or breakout sessions presented at annual conferences for organizations like the American Public Health Association and the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. The topics covered syndromic surveillance onboarding, assessing morbidity/mortality from various health issues, and using syndromic data and record linkage to evaluate health outcomes. One publication from August 2014 on syndromic surveillance in Utah is also listed.
West Nile Virus and Other Domestic Nationally Notifiable Arboviral Diseases —...IPN
The document summarizes surveillance data reported to the CDC in 2018 on domestically acquired arboviral diseases in the United States. It reports that a total of 2,813 cases of arboviral disease were reported, with the majority (2,647 cases, 94%) being West Nile virus. Of the West Nile virus cases, 1,658 (63%) were classified as neuroinvasive disease. The national incidence of West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease was 0.51 cases per 100,000 population. States reporting the highest incidences of West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease included North Dakota, Nebraska, South Dakota, Montana, and Iowa.
New WHO Phases: Issues Related to the Pandemic of a Novel A(H1N1) VirusOmar Ha-Redeye
This document discusses several key issues related to the novel A(H1N1) influenza virus pandemic:
1) It proposes new WHO phases for classifying the pandemic that focus on sustained human-to-human transmission.
2) Early detection of community outbreaks will require decisions around rapid containment measures and potentially changing the WHO phase.
3) Community interventions like isolation, quarantine, and social distancing may be recommended depending on the assessed pandemic severity.
This document discusses "superbugs", which are bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics known as Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). Two deaths at a California medical center were linked to CRE after patients were exposed via contaminated medical instruments. CRE infections cause thousands of cases and deaths annually in the US. They are difficult to treat as the bacteria have become resistant to most available antibiotics. Prevention through hygienic practices by healthcare workers and attention to sterilizing instruments is important to avoid CRE becoming a widespread epidemic.
The Prevalence of Cytomegalovirus among Eligible Blood Donors in Keffi, NigeriaConferenceproceedings
8th International Scientific Conference on Applied
Sciences and Engineering
2-3 April, 2016
Hotel Istana Kuala Lumpur City Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
This document discusses strategies for disease prevention and control. It outlines key aspects of understanding disease epidemiology like magnitude, distribution, and transmission dynamics. Control measures depend on knowledge of the causing agent, reservoir, transmission route, and susceptible hosts. The choice of control methods considers factors like available tools, cost-effectiveness, community participation, and coordination. Key strategies include controlling reservoirs through early diagnosis, notification, investigation, isolation, and treatment. Protecting susceptible hosts involves active immunization, passive immunization, chemoprophylaxis, non-specific measures, and surveillance. Improving communal hygiene through measures like clean water and nutrition can also help control disease.
This document discusses the challenges of developing an effective vaccine for dengue fever. It provides background on dengue fever and explains the immunopathology of the disease. Major challenges in clinical development include the four circulating serotypes, lack of animal models, and difficulties conducting efficacy studies. The document then describes the development of the first licensed dengue vaccine (Sanofi Pasteur's Tetravalent Vaccine) which went through phases I-III clinical trials and was found to provide protection against severe dengue, though efficacy was lower against serotype 2. While an improvement, further work is still needed to improve the vaccine's efficacy against all four serotypes.
This document summarizes a cost-utility analysis comparing the standard therapy of ribavirin and pegylated interferon to newer sofosbuvir-based therapies for the treatment of hepatitis C genotype 1 and 3 patients in Portugal. For genotype 1 patients, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of sofosbuvir-based therapy was calculated to be 38,455€ per quality-adjusted life year gained compared to standard therapy. For genotype 3 patients, the standard therapy of ribavirin and pegylated interferon was found to be more effective and less costly than sofosbuvir-based therapy.
19 20 nov2018. visit of prof asit pattnaik from the university of nebraska, l...Saurashtra University
One Day Program: Talk/Interaction with the faculty & Students: Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University
Professor Asit Pattnaik, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, and the Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA
Visited Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University on 19-20 November 2018 and conducted following academic activities in the Department and other University:
The document summarizes several studies that found associations between vitamin D deficiency and worse outcomes from COVID-19:
- Studies found higher rates of vitamin D deficiency in severe COVID-19 patients requiring ICU care compared to non-ICU patients. Deficiency was also linked to increased risk of COVID-19 infection and hospitalization.
- A study of over 4,000 COVID-19 patients found those with vitamin D deficiency at the time of testing had a higher risk of testing positive for COVID-19 compared to patients with sufficient levels.
- A study of older COVID-19 patients found those taking a combination of vitamin D, magnesium and B12 were less likely to require oxygen support or intensive care than those not
Immunology and Detection of Acute HIV-1 InfectionRongpong Plongla
This document summarizes key aspects of acute HIV infection, including transmission routes, early immune responses, detection challenges, and prevention opportunities. It discusses how a small number of viruses can establish infection and the rapid spread throughout lymph tissue. Early treatment may help reduce transmission by suppressing viral load during this acute phase when contagiousness is highest. Ongoing research aims to better understand transmission dynamics and develop optimal testing and prevention strategies to interrupt spread during this critical early window.
Powepoint On Epidemiological INDICES OF TB
Suitable For Community Medicine Students - KUHS
KERALA MEDICAL BOARD
Prepared By A Student from
Mount Zion Medical College , Chayalode Adoor
Molecular and Clinical Pharmacokinetics of NNRTI RegimensKatie Buckingham
An overview of the molecular and clinical pharmacokinetics of the 5 current FDA approved non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors for the treatment of HIV-type 1 virus.
This document provides brief biographies of 14 chefs, summarizing their educational backgrounds and professional experiences working in various culinary roles and restaurants.
Dr. Robert Tauxe - Human Health Viewpoint and Setting the Tone for the Antibi...John Blue
Human Health Viewpoint and Setting the Tone for the Antibiotic Symposium - Dr. Robert Tauxe, Deputy Director, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), from the 2015 NIAA Antibiotic Symposium - Stewardship: From Metrics to Management, November 3-5, 2015, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
More presentations at http://swinecast.com/2015-niaa-symposium-antibiotics-stewardship-from-metrics-to-management
Journal Reading Stem Cell dengan HIV (sharon) soroylardo1
1) Studies in murine and macaque models show that genetically modifying CD4+ T-cells to disrupt CCR5, the main HIV coreceptor, provides a selective advantage over non-modified cells and significantly reduces plasma viremia. However, a source of residual viral reservoir remains.
2) Two HIV patients who underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation from CCR5-negative donors have remained virus-free for nearly 4 years after transplantation while kept on antiretroviral therapy (ART), suggesting genetic modification may not be necessary if ART is completely suppressive.
3) Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation remains a promising curative approach for HIV, but the timing of ART interruption
The presence of a large bulky pancreatic tumour in a young female should raise suspicions of the diagnosis of solid-pseduopapillary tumour of the pancreas.
Solid pseudopapillary neoplasms of the pancreas are uncommon, accounting for only 1-2% of all pancreatic neoplasms. These tumors are being detected at an increased rate, probably due to the increased awareness and the liberal use of imaging.
1) The study investigates whether vitamin D deficiency is linked to more severe cases of COVID-19 by analyzing mortality rates across countries and prior research on vitamin D's role in regulating the immune system and suppressing cytokine storms.
2) The analysis found a potential relationship between vitamin D status and COVID-19 mortality rates in the US, UK, and France.
3) Based on previous links between vitamin D deficiency, high C-reactive protein levels, and more severe COVID-19 cases, the study estimates that patients with severe vitamin D deficiency have a 17.3% risk of severe COVID-19, compared to 14.6% for those with normal vitamin D levels, a potential 15.6%
The misunderstood epidemiological determinants of covid 19, problems and solu...Bhoj Raj Singh
The document discusses several misunderstood determinants of COVID-19 that have been claimed but lack epidemiological evidence. It questions correlations that have been proposed between COVID-19 outcomes and factors like median age, BCG vaccination rates, religion, and disease burdens. While some correlations appear convincing based on statistics alone, the document argues they ignore important context and exceptions. There have been very few rigorous epidemiological studies of COVID-19 to determine true disease modulators and spread, and many studies have misused non-epidemiological data.
This document lists professional presentations, posters, and publications from 2015 to 2014 related to syndromic surveillance and public health. It includes 9 poster or breakout sessions presented at annual conferences for organizations like the American Public Health Association and the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. The topics covered syndromic surveillance onboarding, assessing morbidity/mortality from various health issues, and using syndromic data and record linkage to evaluate health outcomes. One publication from August 2014 on syndromic surveillance in Utah is also listed.
West Nile Virus and Other Domestic Nationally Notifiable Arboviral Diseases —...IPN
The document summarizes surveillance data reported to the CDC in 2018 on domestically acquired arboviral diseases in the United States. It reports that a total of 2,813 cases of arboviral disease were reported, with the majority (2,647 cases, 94%) being West Nile virus. Of the West Nile virus cases, 1,658 (63%) were classified as neuroinvasive disease. The national incidence of West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease was 0.51 cases per 100,000 population. States reporting the highest incidences of West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease included North Dakota, Nebraska, South Dakota, Montana, and Iowa.
New WHO Phases: Issues Related to the Pandemic of a Novel A(H1N1) VirusOmar Ha-Redeye
This document discusses several key issues related to the novel A(H1N1) influenza virus pandemic:
1) It proposes new WHO phases for classifying the pandemic that focus on sustained human-to-human transmission.
2) Early detection of community outbreaks will require decisions around rapid containment measures and potentially changing the WHO phase.
3) Community interventions like isolation, quarantine, and social distancing may be recommended depending on the assessed pandemic severity.
This document discusses "superbugs", which are bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics known as Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). Two deaths at a California medical center were linked to CRE after patients were exposed via contaminated medical instruments. CRE infections cause thousands of cases and deaths annually in the US. They are difficult to treat as the bacteria have become resistant to most available antibiotics. Prevention through hygienic practices by healthcare workers and attention to sterilizing instruments is important to avoid CRE becoming a widespread epidemic.
The Prevalence of Cytomegalovirus among Eligible Blood Donors in Keffi, NigeriaConferenceproceedings
8th International Scientific Conference on Applied
Sciences and Engineering
2-3 April, 2016
Hotel Istana Kuala Lumpur City Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
This document discusses strategies for disease prevention and control. It outlines key aspects of understanding disease epidemiology like magnitude, distribution, and transmission dynamics. Control measures depend on knowledge of the causing agent, reservoir, transmission route, and susceptible hosts. The choice of control methods considers factors like available tools, cost-effectiveness, community participation, and coordination. Key strategies include controlling reservoirs through early diagnosis, notification, investigation, isolation, and treatment. Protecting susceptible hosts involves active immunization, passive immunization, chemoprophylaxis, non-specific measures, and surveillance. Improving communal hygiene through measures like clean water and nutrition can also help control disease.
This document discusses the challenges of developing an effective vaccine for dengue fever. It provides background on dengue fever and explains the immunopathology of the disease. Major challenges in clinical development include the four circulating serotypes, lack of animal models, and difficulties conducting efficacy studies. The document then describes the development of the first licensed dengue vaccine (Sanofi Pasteur's Tetravalent Vaccine) which went through phases I-III clinical trials and was found to provide protection against severe dengue, though efficacy was lower against serotype 2. While an improvement, further work is still needed to improve the vaccine's efficacy against all four serotypes.
This document summarizes a cost-utility analysis comparing the standard therapy of ribavirin and pegylated interferon to newer sofosbuvir-based therapies for the treatment of hepatitis C genotype 1 and 3 patients in Portugal. For genotype 1 patients, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of sofosbuvir-based therapy was calculated to be 38,455€ per quality-adjusted life year gained compared to standard therapy. For genotype 3 patients, the standard therapy of ribavirin and pegylated interferon was found to be more effective and less costly than sofosbuvir-based therapy.
19 20 nov2018. visit of prof asit pattnaik from the university of nebraska, l...Saurashtra University
One Day Program: Talk/Interaction with the faculty & Students: Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University
Professor Asit Pattnaik, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, and the Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA
Visited Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University on 19-20 November 2018 and conducted following academic activities in the Department and other University:
The document summarizes several studies that found associations between vitamin D deficiency and worse outcomes from COVID-19:
- Studies found higher rates of vitamin D deficiency in severe COVID-19 patients requiring ICU care compared to non-ICU patients. Deficiency was also linked to increased risk of COVID-19 infection and hospitalization.
- A study of over 4,000 COVID-19 patients found those with vitamin D deficiency at the time of testing had a higher risk of testing positive for COVID-19 compared to patients with sufficient levels.
- A study of older COVID-19 patients found those taking a combination of vitamin D, magnesium and B12 were less likely to require oxygen support or intensive care than those not
Immunology and Detection of Acute HIV-1 InfectionRongpong Plongla
This document summarizes key aspects of acute HIV infection, including transmission routes, early immune responses, detection challenges, and prevention opportunities. It discusses how a small number of viruses can establish infection and the rapid spread throughout lymph tissue. Early treatment may help reduce transmission by suppressing viral load during this acute phase when contagiousness is highest. Ongoing research aims to better understand transmission dynamics and develop optimal testing and prevention strategies to interrupt spread during this critical early window.
Powepoint On Epidemiological INDICES OF TB
Suitable For Community Medicine Students - KUHS
KERALA MEDICAL BOARD
Prepared By A Student from
Mount Zion Medical College , Chayalode Adoor
Molecular and Clinical Pharmacokinetics of NNRTI RegimensKatie Buckingham
An overview of the molecular and clinical pharmacokinetics of the 5 current FDA approved non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors for the treatment of HIV-type 1 virus.
This document provides brief biographies of 14 chefs, summarizing their educational backgrounds and professional experiences working in various culinary roles and restaurants.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
El documento describe una lección en una clase preescolar donde los estudiantes cuentan cuántos niños asistieron ese día después de que tres faltaron, y exploran conceptos matemáticos como contar hacia atrás y determinar la diferencia entre números usando dedos o saltos.
El proyecto de la Semana Cultural Andaluza-Alemana "Cuerpos Geométricos" se llevará a cabo del 25 al 27 de febrero de 2013 en la Deutsche Schule Sevilla y está dirigido a estudiantes de 5o curso de Primaria.
"Configure once, deploy anywhere" is one of the most sought-after enterprise operations requirements. Large-scale IT shops want to keep the flexibility of using on-premises and cloud environments simultaneously while maintaining the monolithic custom, complex deployment workflows and operations. This session brings together several hybrid enterprise requirements and compares orchestration and deployment models in depth without a vendor pitch or a bias. This session outlines several key factors to consider from the point of view of a large-scale real IT shop executive. Since each IT shop is unique, this session compares strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and the risks of each model and then helps participants create new hybrid orchestration and deployment options for the hybrid enterprise environments.
The University of the Witwatersrand implemented an intelligent print accounting solution from Ricoh to rationalize its print fleet. Ricoh conducted an audit and replaced standalone devices with multifunction printers, optimized utilization, and implemented a pull printing and scanning solution. This transformed the university's document infrastructure. It simplified the printing process, improved communication, and reduced costs by 35% annually while also cutting energy consumption. The solution provides real-time account updates and a single transparent bill for all print services.
This document is a passport application form for an Indian passport. It requests information such as the applicant's name, date of birth, place of birth, gender, address, photo, and other details. It notes that providing incorrect information or omitting details could lead to rejection of the application or penalties under the Passports Act of 1967. The applicant must bring original documents when submitting the form.
Haiku Deck is a presentation tool that allows users to create Haiku style slideshows. The tool encourages users to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentations which can be shared on SlideShare. In just a few sentences, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily create visually engaging slideshows.
Matriz de valoración del portafolio interactivo digital –pid y planificador d...fabyjulian
El documento presenta la matriz de valoración del portafolio interactivo de un maestro estudiante. La matriz evalúa diferentes criterios como el contenido y estructura del portafolio, la integración de evidencias, la coherencia del planificador de proyectos, la planificación curricular y el desarrollo de habilidades en los estudiantes. En general, el portafolio cumple con presentar de manera clara y ordenada la información requerida sobre el proyecto educativo del maestro.
This study examined early outcomes of decentralized care for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) in Johannesburg, South Africa. 214 patients with RR-TB were enrolled and followed until 6 months of treatment or a final outcome. Xpert MTB/RIF was used to diagnose 87% of cases. The median time to treatment initiation was 10 days. Interim outcomes at 6 months found 78% still on treatment, 13% had died, and 14% lost from treatment. Patients who started treatment within 1 week of diagnosis had a lower risk of loss from treatment. HIV co-infection occurred in 83% of patients.
Clinical presentation and outcomes of HIV positive patients with diagnosis of...Oscar Malpartida-Tabuchi
This document summarizes a study on tuberculosis (TB) in HIV-positive patients at a hospital in Lima, Peru in 2014. It finds that:
- 22 HIV+ patients were diagnosed with TB, most were male with low CD4 counts. Extra-pulmonary TB was most common.
- 21 cases were microbiologically confirmed, with high rates of drug resistance including 30% MDR and 5% XDR.
- Outcomes differed by HIV treatment group: no mortality in groups receiving HIV drugs >6 months or <6 months, but 18.2% mortality in group not receiving HIV drugs.
This phase 1 clinical trial tested different vaccination regimens combining an adjuvanted HIV protein vaccine (F4/AS01) and an adenovirus vector vaccine (Ad35-GRIN) in 146 healthy African adults. The vaccines were found to be generally well-tolerated and safe. Different regimens induced distinct immune response profiles: F4/AS01 primarily induced CD4+ T-cells while Ad35-GRIN primarily induced CD8+ T-cells. Co-administration of the vaccines resulted in strong, multifunctional immune responses against HIV from both T-cell types. Immune responses persisted for at least one year. The study provides support for combining protein and viral vector vaccines to generate comprehensive
Here is an article about why HIV/AIDS should still be on our radar: http://norwalk.patch.com/groups/zeena-nackerdiens-blog/p/why-hivaids-should-matter
The slide deck contains some of the latest info in the search for a durable cure.
Highly active antiretroviral therapy incidence of adverse drug reactionspharmaindexing
This document summarizes research on adverse drug reactions (ADRs) experienced by patients taking highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) to treat HIV/AIDS. Several studies cited found that the most common ADRs were anemia, hepatotoxicity, gastrointestinal issues, hematological issues, neurological issues, and skin problems. Risk factors for ADRs included CD4 count below 200 cells/μl, female gender, tuberculosis co-infection, and hepatitis C co-infection. While ADR rates were high, some studies found they did not often lead to HAART interruptions. Overall the document examines the incidence and types of ADRs experienced on HAART as well as risk factors. Close patient monitoring
Highly active antiretroviral therapy: Incidence of adverse drug reactionspharmaindexing
The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was first recognized in 1981, in theUnitedStates of America in young homosexual men who had Kaposi sarcoma and serious infections. HIV is transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse, transfusion ofcontaminated blood, sharing of contaminated needles and between a mother and her infant during pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding. In India, an estimated 0.1 percent of adults aged 15-49 are living with HIV, which seems low when compared to HIV prevalence in some parts of sub- Saharan Africa.The HIV prevalence at antenatal clinics was 1% in 2007. This number is smaller than the reported 1.26% in 2006, but remains the highest out of all states. HIV prevalence at STD clinics was very high at 17% in 2007.Although adverse reactions are common and often predictable, their management must be individualized.In addition, the patient's report of severity can be inconsistent with the clinical interpretation and this must be considered when determining the management of adverse reactions.Antiretroviral therapy is effective for HIV treatment but also increasingly complex. The many adverse effects of therapy may cause symptoms affecting a variety of organ systems. Patient nonadherence is the reason for the treatment failure to antiretroviral therapy. To optimize adherence treating physicians must focus on early detection and prevention of ADRs, when possible and distinguishing those that are self-limited from those that are potentially serious. Pharmacist should be able to detect ADRs and the culture of reporting ADRs should be instructed. All ART centers should have pharmacovigilance cell. All ADRs reported should be analyzed as per WHO guidelines of causal assessment.Our study concluded that there is a need of active Pharmacovigilance centre with intensive monitoring for ADRs by the Pharmacist in Indian HIV positive patients
Department of Global Health Lecture Series
Judd Walson
December 2, 2008
'Delaying HIV-1 Disease Progression in Pre-HAART Positives; The Role of Treating Endemic
This document summarizes a study investigating HIV-1 diversity in Bushbuckridge, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. Researchers analyzed gene fragments from 43 treatment-naïve HIV-positive individuals. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 42 sequences clustered with HIV-1 subtype C, while one was a unique recombinant form. The study also detected two transmitted antiretroviral drug resistance mutations. The results indicate that patients in the study area were predominantly infected with subtype C HIV-1 by 2009, though continued surveillance is needed due to population mobility and the explosive nature of the epidemic in South Africa.
October 7, 2019
On October 7, 2019, the Harvard Global Health Institute will host a one-day symposium to explore what enabled this visionary program, and to showcase how it has transformed not just the worldwide HIV/AIDS response but global health delivery more broadly.
There are many lessons learned in PEPFAR’s story - from what it took to build a supply chain where there was none, to establishing the use of generic antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) and leveraging human capacity. This event convened the early architects of PEPFAR as well as experts and implementers currently leading the charge. We took a historically informed look at what it will take to stop global transmission, and shared tools useful for others hoping to move the needle on vexing problems in global health.
For more information, visit our website at https://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/events/details/15-years-of-pepfar
Value of insulin__gh__tnf_r__il_1_ra- as publishedShendy Sherif
The document discusses a study evaluating insulin, growth hormone, TNF-αR (P55) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) as biochemical markers for severity of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 4 infection before and after treatment with pegylated interferon α-2a and ribavirin. 54 HCV patients were divided into non-cirrhotic (Group A, n=42) and cirrhotic (Group B, n=12) groups. Treatment resulted in higher sustained virological response rates in non-cirrhotic patients. Insulin levels significantly increased and TNF-αR (P55) decreased in responding non-cirrhotic patients. Insulin and TNF
The document discusses fungal infections in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Some key points:
1) Fungal infections are a major cause of illness and death in ICU patients. Candida bloodstream infections cause significant mortality in ICUs. Risk factors for ICU patients include use of antibiotics, catheters, and surgery.
2) A study in India found an incidence of 6.51 ICU-acquired candidemia cases per 1,000 admissions. Candida tropicalis was the most common cause (41.6% of cases). Crude mortality was 44.7% and attributable mortality was 19.6%.
3) Studies show non-albicans Candida species are emerging
Mohd Azam has extensive experience in research related to infectious diseases. He received his PhD in Microbiology in 2014 from Aligarh Muslim University, focusing his research on drug resistance in HIV-1 patients in North India. Since then, he has worked as a research associate studying various microbiological topics including bacterial, viral, and fungal infections using molecular biology techniques. His research interests include immuno-pathogenesis and molecular diagnosis of various pathogens.
Harder-to-treat and more lethal tubercle bacilli continue to emerge across the globe, especially in the African region. Together with HIV, these infectious killers continue to have profound effects on the productive workforce in different countries. The deck is a brief overview of developments in disease management and research, with an emphasis on medications and vaccines.
This document summarizes HIV-1 pathogenesis with a focus on genetic forms. It discusses how HIV-1 enters cells through envelope protein binding and membrane fusion. The virus infects CD4+ T cells and dendritic cells, forming syncytia. It describes the structure and roles of the envelope glycoproteins GP120 and GP41 in fusion. The document also outlines the major genetic subtypes and recombinants of HIV-1 globally. It concludes that HIV-1's high genetic variability poses challenges for vaccine and drug development.
This study assessed antiretroviral treatment failure and associated risk factors among HIV patients in Sekota, northeast Ethiopia. The researchers conducted a cross-sectional study of 295 patients on first-line antiretroviral treatment. They found that 16.6% experienced virological failure and 6.1% experienced immunological failure. Poor adherence, CD4 count below 500 cells/μL, and duration of ART between 6-24 months were associated with virological failure. Poor adherence and drug interruption were associated with immunological failure. The study highlights the need for more efforts to address risk factors and maximize viral load testing to monitor treatment failures.
Strongyloidiasis after corticosteroid therapy: A case reportPavan Lomati
Strongyloides hyperinfection requires prompt diagnosis and initiation of antihelmintic therapy. Even with appropriate therapy, the mortality in disseminated Strongyloidiasis is much higher. In light of this, appropriate screening of high risk individual should be carried out prior to the initiation of therapy that is associated with immunosuppression.
This study aimed to determine the epidemiology of candidemia and evaluate risk factors for mortality in patients with candidemia admitted to an Indian medical ICU. The incidence of candidemia was found to be 17.8 per 1,000 ICU admissions. Non-albican species accounted for 78.6% of candidemia. Previous antifungal use and a Candida score greater than 3 were found to independently predict increased ICU mortality. The Candida score integrates several risk factors and may provide a useful bedside tool for predicting mortality in patients with candidemia.
This document summarizes a study on the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR TB) patients in Mumbai, India before the introduction of the directly observed treatment strategy plus (DOTS plus) program. Key findings include:
- Of the 29 DR TB cases studied, most had pulmonary TB and cavitary lesions on chest x-rays. Resistance profiles showed high levels of multidrug resistance.
- Treatment outcomes were poor, with 51% treatment success rate, 18% mortality, 18% lost to follow up, and 7% treatment failure.
- There was high prevalence of resistance to second-line drugs. Adverse drug reactions occurred in 7 cases.
- The study highlights the
A Clinical Study: Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha as a Clinical Marker in Malari...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Emmanuel Ngabirano is a Ugandan Physician who grew up and Gruaduated from Baylor College of Medicinein USA. He later in 2012 took in the role of US-CDC to the executive board and a team represented and mentioned him to the President of United States Barrack Obama. He is well known as a young physician. Emmanuels family leaves in Fairfax Virginia and re-allocated to Lakeside. He is now working on HIV drug Interaction in urban hospitals in Africa.
Nevirapine levels were measured in plasma and breast milk of 120 Ugandan women who received single-dose nevirapine to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission. At 1 week postpartum, nevirapine was detected in all plasma samples and 92% of breast milk samples, with median levels of 171 ng/mL and 112 ng/mL respectively. HIV viral loads in both plasma and breast milk dropped significantly by 1 week. Nevirapine was still detectable in plasma through 4 weeks but levels decreased over time. HIV viral loads in plasma and breast milk were highly correlated at delivery.
R5-tropic HIV-1 was detected in 96% of treatment-naive and treatment-experienced patients in India with subtype C infections, 71% of treatment-experienced South African patients with subtype C, and 86% and 71% of treatment-naive and treatment-experienced Ugandan patients with subtypes A/A1 and D, respectively. Prior antiretroviral treatment was associated with decreased R5 tropism across subtypes, though to a lesser extent in subtype C from India. R5 virus infection in subtypes C, A, and D correlated with higher CD4+ T cell counts.
Intravenous artesunate achieved rapid therapeutic concentrations and was well-tolerated in Ugandan adults with severe malaria. All 14 participants achieved prompt symptom resolution and complete parasite clearance within a median of 17 hours. Artesunate reached a median maximum concentration of 3260 ng/mL within 0.25 hours and was eliminated quickly. Its active metabolite, dihydroartemisinin, also reached high concentrations rapidly with no reported adverse events. The study demonstrates that intravenous artesunate is effective and safe for treating severe malaria in this population.
Nevirapine levels were measured in plasma and breast milk of 120 Ugandan women who received single-dose nevirapine to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission. At 1 week postpartum, nevirapine was detected in all plasma samples and 92% of breast milk samples, with median levels of 171 ng/mL and 112 ng/mL respectively. HIV viral loads in both plasma and breast milk dropped significantly by 1 week. Nevirapine was still detectable in plasma through 4 weeks but levels decreased over time. HIV viral loads in plasma and breast milk were highly correlated at delivery.
Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation-Uganda (Baylor Uganda) is a nonprofit child health organization affiliated with Baylor International Pediatric AIDS Initiative (BIPAI) based in Houston, Texas. Baylor Uganda was established in 2003 at Mulago Hospital in Kampala and was fully registered as an NGO in 2006. It currently operates the Baylor College of Medicine Bristol Myers Squibb Children’s Clinical Centre of Excellence. The document acknowledges the contributions of Dr. Emmanuel Ngabirano, who graduated from Baylor College of Medicine USA and conducted clinical trials and research at Baylor Uganda Clinic and Infectious Diseases Institute, including studies on antiretroviral drug pharmacokinetics and
Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Uganda (Baylor Uganda) is a non-profit child health organization affiliated with Baylor International Pediatric AIDS Initiative. It was established in 2003 at Mulago National Referral Hospital and now operates at the Baylor College of Medicine Bristol Myers Squibb Children’s Clinical Centre of Excellence. Emmanuel Ngabirano graduated from Baylor College of Medicine USA and has conducted several clinical trials at Baylor Uganda and the Infectious Diseases Institute, including studies on pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral drugs, monitoring growth in HIV-infected adolescents on antiretroviral therapy, immunologic and virologic monitoring of therapy, and cryptococcal mening
This document discusses challenges with chronic HIV care and the need to transition to a chronic care model. It proposes task shifting to allow non-physicians like nurses and community health workers to play a larger role in HIV care and treatment. This helps address staffing shortages and allows for scale up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) programs. ART aides who are lay providers or community members can be trained to provide adherence support, education, and psychosocial services as part of a multi-level chronic care approach integrating facility and community-based care.
This document presents a case study of a 31-year-old HIV-positive male patient co-infected with tuberculosis. He has a history of poor adherence, weight loss, and declining CD4 counts while on his first antiretroviral regimen. He was eventually switched to a new regimen after being hospitalized with cough, chest pain, fever and night sweats. His partner is considering leaving him due to the challenges of caring for him, and his relatives are unwilling to help. He will require long-term social and treatment support.
1. The epidemiology and clinical correlates of HIV-1 co-receptor tropism in non-subtype B
infections from India, Uganda and South Africa
Emmanuel Ngabirano,Portsmouth, S.; Napolitano, LA.; Eng, S.; Greenacre,
Authors:
A.; Kambugu, A.; Wood, R.; Badal-Faesen, S.
Year: 2012
Journal: J Int AIDS Soc. Volume: 15
Number: 1 Pages: 2
Month: July
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: The introduction of C-C chemokine receptor type-5 (CCR5) antagonists as
antiretroviral therapy has led to the need to study HIV co-receptor tropism in different HIV-1
subtypes and geographical locations. This study was undertaken to evaluate HIV-1 co-
receptor tropism in the developing world where non-B subtypes predominate, in order to
assess the therapeutic and prophylactic potential of CCR5 antagonists in these regions.
METHODS: HIV-1-infected patients were recruited into this prospective, cross-sectional,
epidemiologic study from HIV clinics in South Africa, Uganda and India. Patients were
infected with subtypes C (South Africa, India) or A or D (Uganda). HIV-1 subtype and co-
receptor tropism were determined and analyzed with disease characteristics, including viral
load and CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell counts. RESULTS: CCR5-tropic (R5) HIV-1 was
detected in 96% of treatment-naïve (TN) and treatment-experienced (TE) patients in India,
71% of TE South African patients, and 86% (subtype A/A1) and 71% (subtype D) of TN and
TE Ugandan patients. Dual/mixed-tropic HIV-1 was found in 4% of Indian, 25% of South
African and 13% (subtype A/A1) and 29% (subtype D) of Ugandan patients. Prior
antiretroviral treatment was associated with decreased R5 tropism; however, this decrease was
less in subtype C from India (TE: 94%, TN: 97%) than in subtypes A (TE: 59%; TN: 91%)
and D (TE: 30%; TN: 79%). R5 virus infection in all three subtypes correlated with higher
CD4(+) count. CONCLUSIONS: R5 HIV-1 was predominant in TN individuals with HIV-1
subtypes C, A, and D and TE individuals with subtypes C and A. Higher CD4(+) count
correlated with R5 prevalence, while treatment experience was associated with increased non-
R5 infection in all subtypes