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Active and Programmable Networks
Active safety systems
Ad Hoc & Sensor Network
Ad hoc networks for pervasive communications
Adaptive, autonomic and context-aware computing
Advance Computing technology and their application
Advanced Computing Architectures and New Programming Models
Advanced control and measurement
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2. Objective
To increase equipment protection;
To improve safety for personnel;
To improve maintenance procedures;
To detect problems early;
To avoid catastrophic failures;
To extend equipment life;
To enhance operations.
3. Vibration monitoring
Vibration monitoring is the technology of
measuring vibration characteristics such as
amplitude, frequency, and velocity at
specific locations (for example, bearing
housings) to identify abnormal conditions
or faulty components in rotating machinery.
Vibration problems can originate from
design, installation, set up, in-service wear,
or maintenance.
4. Vibration Analysis
(frequency domain)
A great deal of vibration analysis is done in
the frequency domain because the various
sources of vibration can usually be isolated
by the frequencies at which they occur.
A single channel analysed in the frequency
domain gives a great deal of information,
but often it is important to relate vibration
to a second channel as either a phase or
amplitude reference, or both.
5. VIBRATION ANALYSIS(FFT)
The basic technique for converting a
broadband time trace to discrete frequencies,
or frequency bands, is by the application of
the Fourier transform (FT).
This analysis can be realized with the help of
a computer and signal processing software,
by special devices (which are usually called a
Fourier analyser), or by hardware microchips
(DSPs).
More commonly used in analysers now is a
more efficient mathematical routine, the fast
Fourier transform (FFT).
7. 1.UNBALANCE MACHINE
Changes in balance
will give change in
the 1x vector.
At fixed speed
vibration
amplitudes are
constants.
Amplitude varies
proportional to the
square of speed.
8. 2.BENT SHAFT
Change of 1x is
most common ,if
rotor is bent near
coupling a higher
2x axial vibration is
frequently
observed
At a fixed speed
the rotor vibration
values are
constant.
9. 3.COMPONENTS LOOSENESS IN
ROTOR
Vibration values
may be erratic and
inconsistent
between start-stop
cycle. Sometime
subhormonics
frequencies are
also observed.
10. 4.ROTOR RUB
Most commonly
1X,but also
multiples of 1X
,subsynchronous
frequencies and
natural
frequencies.
11. 5.JOURNAL BEARING
Vibration frequency-
1X,2X,3X.
Changes in bearing
operating condition or
geometry can cause
changes in steady state
vibration at 1X and
higher harmonics or
cause subsynchronous
(oil or steam whirl) ,in
latter case the vibration
is usually unsteady and
can increase with time
,often rapidly.
12. 5.1.Oil whirl( journal bearing)
Its frequency has
been reported to be
anywhere from
approximately 42 to
almost 48 percent of
rpm.
Simply view oil whirl
vibration frequency as
"slightly less than ½ x
rpm.
13. 6.GEAR
Detection requires
transducers with
high frequency
responses.
For defect in one
tooth: 1x multiples.
For worn teeth gear
mesh frequency with
sidebands and
multiples.
15. 7.ELECTRIC PROBLEMS
Stiffness dissymmetry (e g axial winding
slot in generator/motor rotor): vibration
peaks when 2X stimulus is coincident with
rotor critical speed .compensating grooves
are used as large machine to minimize
stimulus.
Thermal dissymmetry: can caused by
nonuniform rotor ventilation or shorted
electrical winding or nonuniform tightness
of parts ,cause rotor to bow with the same
vibration characteristic as unbalance.
18. 8.BEARING
Bearing misalignment :1X,2X,or high
harmonics. Parallel or angular bearing
misalignment is generally caused by
foundation movement .bearing
misalignment is not direct cause of
vibration excitation but changes the
dynamics characteristics of support system.
Roller element bearing wear: wideband
acceleration at high frequency.
20. 9.Blade pass and vane pass
vibrations
Blade pass or vane
pass frequencies are
characteristics of
pumps and fans.
Blade pass frequency
(BPF) = number of
blades (or vanes) x
rpm
This frequency is
generated mainly due
to the gap problems
between the rotor and
the stator.
23. VIBRATION ANALYSIS AT THERMAL
POWER PLANT
Vibration sensors have been routinely installed on
main turbines, generator and some large pumps to
monitor bearing vibration levels.
Main Turbine is the heart of the power plant. Turbine
is the most critical part of the plant & it is mandatory
to use maximum protections as well as on line
measurements of different parameters to avoid any
unexpected failure/shutdown.
Power plants have begun to use this technology as a
predictive maintenance tool for identifying incipient
failures in many types of rotating equipment such as
fans, pumps, and compressors.
24. Potential failure (P-F) curve
Vibration
monitoring
The curve shows that as a failure starts manifesting, the equipment
deteriorates to the point at which it can possibly be detected (P).
If the failure is not detected and corrected, it continues until a
failure occurs (F) and repair cost will increases .
28. VIBRATION ANALYSIS AND DIAGNOSTIC
Online expert and diagnostic software are available in most
of thermal power plants, which can indicate machine fault
in advance. This software can generates different kind of
plots like Orbit/lissgenus plot ,pattern/bode plot, niquist
plot ,polar plot, vector plot ,waveform ,1X,2X,Harmonics .
It can give diagnostic results for machine faults like:
Unbalance, misalignment, critical speed, permanent bow.
Lost rotor parts ,rotor crack, nonsymmetrical rotor.
Gear inaccuracy
Seal rub
Oil whirl
Oil whip
Steam whirl
cavitations
29. VIBRATION MONITORING OF CRITICAL
EQUIPMENTS OF POWER PLANTS
Boiler feed pumps (TDBFP OR MDBFP)
Condensate extraction pumps (CEP)
Circulating water pumps
Induced draft fans (ID Fan)
Force draft fans (FD Fan)
Primary air fan
Raw water pumps
Cooling water pumps
Mill motors
Coal crushers
compressors
31. Vibration measurement monthly
schedule for critical equipments
S N Equipment 1ST
WEEK 2ND
WEEK 3RD
WEEK 4TH
WEEK
1 ID FANS Y
2 FD FANS Y
3 PA FANS Y Y
4 MILL GEAR BOX Y Y
5 SEAL AIR FANS Y Y
6 BFP Y
7 CEP Y
8 CW PUMPS Y
9 Other Pumps,
fans ,compressor
Y