This practical workshop provides a detailed examination of the detection, location and diagnosis of faults in rotating and reciprocating machinery using vibration analysis. The basics and underlying physics of vibration signals are first examined. The acquisition and processing of signals is reviewed followed by a discussion of machinery fault diagnosis using vibration analysis, and rectifying the unidentified faults. The workshop is concluded by a review of the other techniques of predictive maintenance such as oil and particle analysis, ultrasound and infrared thermography. The latest approaches and equipment used together with current research techniques in vibration analysis are also highlighted in the workshop.
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Vibration Basics
Any external force has to overcome structure’s
properties:
- Mass
- Stiffness
- Damping
A force cause vibration!
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Vibration Basics
Vibration can be described in terms of:
- Acceleration
- Velocity
- Displacement
Single degree of freedom system:
- Forced vibration response
- Free vibration response
- Resonance is free vibration
Frequency is the number of vibration cycles / time!
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Nature of Vibration - SHM
• X = Xo sin w t
• X = Disp. at instant t
• Xo = Maximum disp.
• w = 2 .p. f (rad/s)
• f = frequency (Hz)
• t = time (seconds)
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Wave Terminology - Phase
• A time lag of T is a phase angle of 360º.
• A time lag of T/4 will be a phase angle of 90º.
The two waves are out of phase by
90º !
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A Fast Fourier Transform
Also called the Frequency
Domain or Vibration Spectrum
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Frequency and Time Domains
• FFT is the Frequency
Domain
• Time Waveform is the
Time Domain
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Overall Amplitude
• It is the total vibration
amplitude over a wide
range of frequencies.
• Acceleration, Velocity,
or Displacement.
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Vibration Terminology
• Displacement [peak-peak]
• Velocity [peak]
• Velocity [rms]
– Velocity rms tends to provide the energy
content in the vibration, whereas the Velocity
peak depicts more of the intensity of vibration.
• Acceleration [peak]
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Machinery Fault Diagnosis
• Vibration analysis is used to
monitor the state of a machine.
• Detailed analyses can be made
concerning the health of the
machine and any faults, which may
be arising or may have already
arisen.
• The need for higher reliability and
availability of critical machinery
forces the use of this technique of
PdM.
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Unbalance - Static
• Amplitude due to
unbalance will vary with
the square of speed
• The FFT will show
1 × rpm frequency of
vibration.
• It will be predominant
• Phase difference is as
shown
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Unbalance - Couple
• Amplitude varies with
square of speed
• Predominant 1 × peak
• May cause high axial
along with radial
vibrations.
• Phase difference is
180º on shaft ends in
both planes.
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Unbalance - Overhung Rotors
• Amplitude varies with
square of speed.
• Predominant 1× peak
• May cause high axial
along with high radial
vibrations.
• Axial plane phase
difference is 0º. Radial
direction phase is
unsteady.
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Bent Shaft
• Bend near centre:
1× is predominant
• Bend at ends:
2× is predominant
• No phase difference in
radial direction at one
location.
• 180º phase difference
in axial plane.
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Misalignment
• After unbalance, misalignment is the major cause
for high vibrations.
• Two kinds of misalignment:
– Angular - shaft ends meet an angle.
– Parallel - shaft ends are parallel but have an offset.
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• Predominant peak is
1×
• 1×, 2 ×, 3 × may be
present.
• High axial vibration
with 1 × and 2×
• Axial phase difference
across the coupling is
180º.
Angular Misalignment
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Bent Shaft - Angular Misalignment
• Difference between
angular misalignment
and a bent shaft is
differentiated only by
phase difference.
• In misalignment,
phase difference is
180º across the
coupling.
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• The predominant peak
is at 2×
• Vibrations in radial
direction are higher
than in the axial
direction.
Parallel Misalignment
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• Phase difference in
radial direction across
the coupling is 180º.
Parallel Misalignment
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Misaligned Bearing
• Cocked bearing show
high axial vibrations
• Opposite ends have
an axial plane phase
difference of 180º.
• FFT may show peaks
of 1×, 2× and 3×
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Mechanical Looseness
• Internal assembly looseness:
– Bearing liner in its cap.
– Sleeve or rolling element bearing.
– Impeller on a shaft.
• Looseness at machine to base plate interface:
– Loose bolts.
– Cracks in the frame structure or bearing pedestal.
• Structure looseness:
– Weakness of machine feet, baseplate or
foundation.
– Loose hold-down bolts, distortion of frame or base.
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Internal Looseness
• Phase is unstable.
• Radial vibrations
taken at 30º. Will see
different spectrums
for each (directional).
• FFT will show
harmonics of × or
even ×.
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Resonance
• Every body has a resonance frequency.
• Frequency is dependant on mass, stiffness and
damping.
• Forced and free vibrations (e.g. ringing of bell).
• Resonance is free vibrations.
• Bump test is simple technique to find resonant
frequency of stationary mass or system.
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Thank You For Your Interest
If you are interested in further training or information,
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