Intervento al workshop del 16 Ottobre 2012 organizzato dall'Associazione Obiettivo50. La presentazione traccia l'evoluzione di un percorso di Self Assessment assistito dal coaching per definire e validare il ruolo dei manager di rete d'impresa.
Abaypaytour travel module indonesia 111216Ya Shien Shaa
This document contains information about PT. Tisaga Multazam Utama, a tour company founded in 1999 in Indonesia. It has expanded to include partner businesses in many Indonesian cities. The company aims to improve convenience, effectiveness, and quality of service for Muslims traveling to holy sites. The document also outlines several multi-level marketing packages offered through A-Baytour for accumulating rewards points that can be used for Umrah packages, cash bonuses, and other incentives.
Presentation of a volunteering project where computer savvy middle school gifted students collect old computer software, fix it, and donate the refurbished computer to people from though socio-economical background. Presented in 2005. Hebrew
The document discusses developer marketing challenges and opportunities in the mobile app market. It notes there are now 6 major app platforms and over 8 app stores. Developers are interested in cross-platform development, with 78% planning to develop for multiple platforms. The opportunity lies in providing value to this growing community of cross-platform developers and establishing GetJar as the top store for cross-platform apps and services. The strategy involves improving the developer experience on GetJar, marketing GetJar as a developer resource, and increasing brand awareness among developers through various online and offline tactics.
Este documento promueve unirse a Global Trading Club (G.T.C), una organización descentralizada que ofrece membresías para comerciar criptomonedas en bolsas de intercambio y ganar comisiones diarias. G.T.C utiliza robots expertos para realizar múltiples transacciones por hora con ganancias de hasta $4 por bitcoin. Los miembros pueden patrocinar a otros para ganar bonos directos e indirectos de hasta el 20% y 10% respectivamente sobre las membresías patrocinadas.
Seminar on "Verification of Relational Data-Centric Systems with External Services" at the KRDB Research Centre for Knowledge and Data, Faculty of Computer Science, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano (Italy), 03/05/2012.
Intervento al workshop del 16 Ottobre 2012 organizzato dall'Associazione Obiettivo50. La presentazione traccia l'evoluzione di un percorso di Self Assessment assistito dal coaching per definire e validare il ruolo dei manager di rete d'impresa.
Abaypaytour travel module indonesia 111216Ya Shien Shaa
This document contains information about PT. Tisaga Multazam Utama, a tour company founded in 1999 in Indonesia. It has expanded to include partner businesses in many Indonesian cities. The company aims to improve convenience, effectiveness, and quality of service for Muslims traveling to holy sites. The document also outlines several multi-level marketing packages offered through A-Baytour for accumulating rewards points that can be used for Umrah packages, cash bonuses, and other incentives.
Presentation of a volunteering project where computer savvy middle school gifted students collect old computer software, fix it, and donate the refurbished computer to people from though socio-economical background. Presented in 2005. Hebrew
The document discusses developer marketing challenges and opportunities in the mobile app market. It notes there are now 6 major app platforms and over 8 app stores. Developers are interested in cross-platform development, with 78% planning to develop for multiple platforms. The opportunity lies in providing value to this growing community of cross-platform developers and establishing GetJar as the top store for cross-platform apps and services. The strategy involves improving the developer experience on GetJar, marketing GetJar as a developer resource, and increasing brand awareness among developers through various online and offline tactics.
Este documento promueve unirse a Global Trading Club (G.T.C), una organización descentralizada que ofrece membresías para comerciar criptomonedas en bolsas de intercambio y ganar comisiones diarias. G.T.C utiliza robots expertos para realizar múltiples transacciones por hora con ganancias de hasta $4 por bitcoin. Los miembros pueden patrocinar a otros para ganar bonos directos e indirectos de hasta el 20% y 10% respectivamente sobre las membresías patrocinadas.
Seminar on "Verification of Relational Data-Centric Systems with External Services" at the KRDB Research Centre for Knowledge and Data, Faculty of Computer Science, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano (Italy), 03/05/2012.
Sammy gradually had his biological parts replaced with artificial parts and machines to sustain his life. Over time, his entire body was replaced except for his brain. Doctors then transferred Sammy's brain into a humanoid machine that could move and function, allowing him to leave the hospital. Though no longer biologically alive, Sammy continued to exhibit behaviors associated with life such as movement, thinking, and independence.
“Build it and They Will Come” May Not Work: Investing Early in Developer SuccessIntuit Developer
Talk given March 22, 2016, at Evans Data Developer Relations Conference in Palo Alto, CA by Lori Fraleigh, Director of Developer Relations for Intuit, Inc.
This document discusses key concepts of evolution through natural selection including overpopulation, variation, survival of the fittest, and the formation of new species. It explains how organisms tend to overproduce offspring leading to competition over limited resources. Individuals within a population vary in traits and advantageous variations increase the chances of survival and are passed on, known as survival of the fittest. Over time, inheritance of advantageous traits can lead to the evolution of new species through adaptive radiation.
The AO comprehensive classification of fractures provides:
1) A standardized system to classify and communicate fracture patterns based on the bone, segment, type, and group.
2) Guidance to assess fracture severity and complexity which can inform clinical decision making and treatment.
3) A framework to evaluate treatment outcomes based on the classified fracture pattern.
The document discusses fractures of the forearm and their treatment. It summarizes that the forearm functions as a joint with six articulations. Forearm fractures can result in deformities like shortening, angulation, and loss of alignment if not treated properly. Treatment goals are anatomical reduction, restoration of length and rotation, and early return of function. Plate fixation is the gold standard and provides stable fixation, allowing early motion to restore function with high union rates over 95%.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and pathophysiology of proximal humerus fractures. It describes the bones that make up the shoulder girdle, including the humerus, scapula, and clavicle. Common fractures are then classified according to the Neer system based on the number of displaced bone fragments. Types include one-part, two-part, three-part, and four-part fractures, as well as fracture-dislocations. Factors like fragment displacement, head viability, and risk of osteonecrosis are discussed for each fracture pattern. The presentation concludes with a call for new classification systems that incorporate more fracture characteristics identified on imaging.
The document discusses the relationship between culture and technology. It notes that there is no blueprint for how technology will impact culture. It emphasizes that culture is made up of knowledge, norms, beliefs and arts. Counter-culture and problems in society help drive new solutions. The rise of social tools on the internet challenges existing social structures. It suggests investing in culture through supporting arts, diversity and experiences rather than trying to measure everything. The future will involve redefining brands and business to work more closely with cultural influencers and communities. Attempting to solve problems can lead to new ideas and progress.
Pier Luigi Guida, Maurizio Monassi | Lean Thinking, Sostenibilità, Innovazion...PMexpo
L’approccio per processi è sempre vincente! Secondo il messaggio degli autori, senior project manager e spettatori di oltre tre decadi di gestione progetti.
Da circa vent’anni i dirigenti delle grandi aziende sono impegnati in sforzi senza sosta per migliorare le prestazioni del loro business e dei progetti in ottica del “valore”.
I miglioramenti ottenuti su singole attività si sono dimostrati nella pratica insufficienti, e si è finalmente focalizzata la necessità di passare alla soluzione di problemi in ottica di sistemi e di processi in primis, invece di continuare a pensare in ottica sylos e compiti specialistici.
Il project management è stato protagonista di questa evoluzione storica, distillando i migliori concetti dei diversi movimenti e creandone di nuovi.
Il presente vuol costituire un seminario originale, che rivisita un po' la storia, da Taylor e Gantt ai moderni standard, passando per la casa del Lean, la reazione Agile, la nascita di altre specie di project management per la sostenibilità e l’innovazione, fino alla famiglia degli standard ISO 21500, che rendono istituzionale e maturo il project management, idoneo a guidare il nostro mondo fatto di turbolenze e di cambiamenti.
Un corso per comprendere:
- In che modo il governo di un processo contribuisce alla creazione di valore?
- Quali sono i concetti chiave dell’attività di gestione di un processo?
Quali strumenti è possibile utilizzare per ottenere i risultati attesi?
Sammy gradually had his biological parts replaced with artificial parts and machines to sustain his life. Over time, his entire body was replaced except for his brain. Doctors then transferred Sammy's brain into a humanoid machine that could move and function, allowing him to leave the hospital. Though no longer biologically alive, Sammy continued to exhibit behaviors associated with life such as movement, thinking, and independence.
“Build it and They Will Come” May Not Work: Investing Early in Developer SuccessIntuit Developer
Talk given March 22, 2016, at Evans Data Developer Relations Conference in Palo Alto, CA by Lori Fraleigh, Director of Developer Relations for Intuit, Inc.
This document discusses key concepts of evolution through natural selection including overpopulation, variation, survival of the fittest, and the formation of new species. It explains how organisms tend to overproduce offspring leading to competition over limited resources. Individuals within a population vary in traits and advantageous variations increase the chances of survival and are passed on, known as survival of the fittest. Over time, inheritance of advantageous traits can lead to the evolution of new species through adaptive radiation.
The AO comprehensive classification of fractures provides:
1) A standardized system to classify and communicate fracture patterns based on the bone, segment, type, and group.
2) Guidance to assess fracture severity and complexity which can inform clinical decision making and treatment.
3) A framework to evaluate treatment outcomes based on the classified fracture pattern.
The document discusses fractures of the forearm and their treatment. It summarizes that the forearm functions as a joint with six articulations. Forearm fractures can result in deformities like shortening, angulation, and loss of alignment if not treated properly. Treatment goals are anatomical reduction, restoration of length and rotation, and early return of function. Plate fixation is the gold standard and provides stable fixation, allowing early motion to restore function with high union rates over 95%.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and pathophysiology of proximal humerus fractures. It describes the bones that make up the shoulder girdle, including the humerus, scapula, and clavicle. Common fractures are then classified according to the Neer system based on the number of displaced bone fragments. Types include one-part, two-part, three-part, and four-part fractures, as well as fracture-dislocations. Factors like fragment displacement, head viability, and risk of osteonecrosis are discussed for each fracture pattern. The presentation concludes with a call for new classification systems that incorporate more fracture characteristics identified on imaging.
The document discusses the relationship between culture and technology. It notes that there is no blueprint for how technology will impact culture. It emphasizes that culture is made up of knowledge, norms, beliefs and arts. Counter-culture and problems in society help drive new solutions. The rise of social tools on the internet challenges existing social structures. It suggests investing in culture through supporting arts, diversity and experiences rather than trying to measure everything. The future will involve redefining brands and business to work more closely with cultural influencers and communities. Attempting to solve problems can lead to new ideas and progress.
Pier Luigi Guida, Maurizio Monassi | Lean Thinking, Sostenibilità, Innovazion...PMexpo
L’approccio per processi è sempre vincente! Secondo il messaggio degli autori, senior project manager e spettatori di oltre tre decadi di gestione progetti.
Da circa vent’anni i dirigenti delle grandi aziende sono impegnati in sforzi senza sosta per migliorare le prestazioni del loro business e dei progetti in ottica del “valore”.
I miglioramenti ottenuti su singole attività si sono dimostrati nella pratica insufficienti, e si è finalmente focalizzata la necessità di passare alla soluzione di problemi in ottica di sistemi e di processi in primis, invece di continuare a pensare in ottica sylos e compiti specialistici.
Il project management è stato protagonista di questa evoluzione storica, distillando i migliori concetti dei diversi movimenti e creandone di nuovi.
Il presente vuol costituire un seminario originale, che rivisita un po' la storia, da Taylor e Gantt ai moderni standard, passando per la casa del Lean, la reazione Agile, la nascita di altre specie di project management per la sostenibilità e l’innovazione, fino alla famiglia degli standard ISO 21500, che rendono istituzionale e maturo il project management, idoneo a guidare il nostro mondo fatto di turbolenze e di cambiamenti.
Un corso per comprendere:
- In che modo il governo di un processo contribuisce alla creazione di valore?
- Quali sono i concetti chiave dell’attività di gestione di un processo?
Quali strumenti è possibile utilizzare per ottenere i risultati attesi?
Value4b nasce nel 2018 dall'iniziativa di Maurilio Savoldi, docente SUPSI, consulente e manager.
Raccoglie le esperienze e le competenze professionali di Maurilio Savoldi e dei partner che lo affiancano nei diversi contesti in cui opera.
Mettiamo al centro della nostra azione i processi aziendali (business process) che rappresentano la base per la progettazione e l'implementazione dei sistemi di gestione (management systems) per guidare lo sviluppo e la crescita, cioè il miglioramento) delle organizzazioni.
Per ottenere ciò, la tecnologia e le persone sono elementi imprescindibili e che devono essere visti in modo integrato
Servizi di Consulenza Manageriale e Formazione, integrati con soluzioni IT d’avanguardia
L'innovazione manageriale nello sviluppo dei servizi e dei prodottiClaudio Saurin
Oggi ci troviamo a fronteggiare la velocità e l'imprevedibilità del cambiamento, spesso interagendo in modo non lineare con molti elementi fra loro diversi: questa è la definizione di complessità delle organizzazioni.
In questo contesto, innovare il processo di sviluppo di servizi e prodotti è strategico; si tratta di una innovazione manageriale che è prima di tutto una innovazione culturale.
Per fare questo occorrono nuovi stili di leadership e nuove modalità di gestione dei progetti.
Cercheremo di raccontare il passaggio che sta avvenendo nello stile manageriale in diversi contesti, lontano da noi, in modo eclatante (Toyota, Google, Apple) o vicino a noi, in modo silenzioso (la bella azienda della profonda provincia veneta, Breton).
Il manager deve cambiare, guidando il suo team in modo condiviso e divenendone parte integrante, in un panorama che, pur complesso e frammentato, offre strumenti per essere affrontarlo con più serenità.
Le metodologie Lean di derivazione Toyota e le metodologie Agili elaborate per sostenere lo sviluppo turbolento del software, gli strumenti della community 2.0 ed il classico Gantt di progetto, diventano gli ingredienti che, miscelati in funzione del tipo di organizzazione e del progetto, consentono di gestire con efficacia ed efficienza la complessità dei progetti di oggi.
E' riportato anche un esempio di una applicazione di Hybrid Project Management per la gestione dei cantieri edili, sviluppata in collaborazione con l'architetto Daniela Rinaldi di Verona.
The document discusses challenges with modeling processes that involve multiple interacting objects. Conventional process modeling approaches encourage separating objects and focusing on one object type per process, which can lead to issues when objects interact. The document proposes modeling objects as first-class citizens and capturing relationships between objects to better represent real-world processes where objects corelate and influence each other. It provides examples of how conventional case-centric modeling can struggle to accurately capture a hiring process that involves interacting candidate, application, job offer and other objects.
Slides of our BPM 2022 paper on "Reasoning on Labelled Petri Nets and Their Dynamics in a Stochastic Setting", which received the best paper award at the conference. Paper available here: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-16103-2_22
Slides of the keynote speech on "Constraints for process framing in Augmented BPM" at the AI4BPM 2022 International Workshop, co-located with BPM 2022. The keynote focuses on the problem of "process framing" in the context of the new vision of "Augmented BPM", where BPM systems are augmented with AI capabilities. This vision is described in a manifesto, available here: https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.12855
Keynote speech at KES 2022 on "Intelligent Systems for Process Mining". I introduce process mining, discuss why process mining tasks should be approached by using intelligent systems, and show a concrete example of this combination, namely (anticipatory) monitoring of evolving processes against temporal constraints, using techniques from knowledge representation and formal methods (in particular, temporal logics over finite traces and their automata-theoretic characterization).
Presentation (jointly with Claudio Di Ciccio) on "Declarative Process Mining", as part of the 1st Summer School in Process Mining (http://www.process-mining-summer-school.org). The Presentation summarizes 15 years of research in declarative process mining, covering declarative process modeling, reasoning on declarative process specifications, discovery of process constraints from event logs, conformance checking and monitoring of process constraints at runtime. This is done without ad-hoc algorithms, but relying on well-established techniques at the intersection of formal methods, artificial intelligence, and data science.
1. The document discusses representing business processes with uncertainty using ProbDeclare, an extension of Declare that allows constraints to have uncertain probabilities.
2. ProbDeclare models contain both crisp constraints that must always hold and probabilistic constraints that hold with some probability. This leads to multiple possible "scenarios" depending on which constraints are satisfied.
3. Reasoning involves determining which scenarios are logically consistent using LTLf, and computing the probability distribution over scenarios by solving a system of inequalities defined by the constraint probabilities.
Presentation on "From Case-Isolated to Object-Centric Processes - A Tale of Two Models" as part of the Hasselt University BINF Research Seminar Series (see https://www.uhasselt.be/en/onderzoeksgroepen-en/binf/research-seminar-series).
Invited seminar on "Modeling and Reasoning over Declarative Data-Aware Processes" as part of the KRDB Summer Online Seminars 2020 (https://www.inf.unibz.it/krdb/sos-2020/).
Presentation of the paper "Soundness of Data-Aware Processes with Arithmetic Conditions" at the 34th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE 2022). Paper available here: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07472-1_23
Abstract:
Data-aware processes represent and integrate structural and behavioural constraints in a single model, and are thus increasingly investigated in business process management and information systems engineering. In this spectrum, Data Petri nets (DPNs) have gained increasing popularity thanks to their ability to balance simplicity with expressiveness. The interplay of data and control-flow makes checking the correctness of such models, specifically the well-known property of soundness, crucial and challenging. A major shortcoming of previous approaches for checking soundness of DPNs is that they consider data conditions without arithmetic, an essential feature when dealing with real-world, concrete applications. In this paper, we attack this open problem by providing a foundational and operational framework for assessing soundness of DPNs enriched with arithmetic data conditions. The framework comes with a proof-of-concept implementation that, instead of relying on ad-hoc techniques, employs off-the-shelf established SMT technologies. The implementation is validated on a collection of examples from the literature, and on synthetic variants constructed from such examples.
Presentation of the paper "Probabilistic Trace Alignment" at the 3rd International Conference on Process Mining (ICPM 2021). Paper available here: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPM53251.2021.9576856
Abstract:
Alignments provide sophisticated diagnostics that pinpoint deviations in a trace with respect to a process model. Alignment-based approaches for conformance checking have so far used crisp process models as a reference. Recent probabilistic conformance checking approaches check the degree of conformance of an event log as a whole with respect to a stochastic process model, without providing alignments. For the first time, we introduce a conformance checking approach based on trace alignments using stochastic Workflow nets. This requires to handle the two possibly contrasting forces of the cost of the alignment on the one hand and the likelihood of the model trace with respect to which the alignment is computed on the other.
Presentation of the paper "Strategy Synthesis for Data-Aware Dynamic Systems with Multiple Actors" at the 7th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR 2020). Paper available here: https://proceedings.kr.org/2020/32/
Abstract: The integrated modeling and analysis of dynamic systems and the data they manipulate has been long advocated, on the one hand, to understand how data and corresponding decisions affect the system execution, and on the other hand to capture how actions occurring in the systems operate over data. KR techniques proved successful in handling a variety of tasks over such integrated models, ranging from verification to online monitoring. In this paper, we consider a simple, yet relevant model for data-aware dynamic systems (DDSs), consisting of a finite-state control structure defining the executability of actions that manipulate a finite set of variables with an infinite domain. On top of this model, we consider a data-aware version of reactive synthesis, where execution strategies are built by guaranteeing the satisfaction of a desired linear temporal property that simultaneously accounts for the system dynamics and data evolution.
Presentation of the paper "Extending Temporal Business Constraints with Uncertainty" at the 18th Int. Conference on Business Process Management (BPM 2020). Paper available here: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58666-9_3
Abstract: Temporal business constraints have been extensively adopted to declaratively capture the acceptable courses of execution in a business process. However, traditionally, constraints are interpreted logically in a crisp way: a process execution trace conforms with a constraint model if all the constraints therein are satisfied. This is too restrictive when one wants to capture best practices, constraints involving uncontrollable activities, and exceptional but still conforming behaviors. This calls for the extension of business constraints with uncertainty. In this paper, we tackle this timely and important challenge, relying on recent results on probabilistic temporal logics over finite traces. Specifically, our contribution is threefold. First, we delve into the conceptual meaning of probabilistic constraints and their semantics. Second, we argue that probabilistic constraints can be discovered from event data using existing techniques for declarative process discovery. Third, we study how to monitor probabilistic constraints, where constraints and their combinations may be in multiple monitoring states at the same time, though with different probabilities.
Presentation of the paper "Extending Temporal Business Constraints with Uncertainty" at the CAiSE2020 Forum. The paper is available here: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-58135-0_8
Abstract: Conformance checking is a fundamental task to detect deviations between the actual and the expected courses of execution of a business process. In this context, temporal business constraints have been extensively adopted to declaratively capture the expected behavior of the process. However, traditionally, these constraints are interpreted logically in a crisp way: a process execution trace conforms with a constraint model if all the constraints therein are satisfied. This is too restrictive when one wants to capture best practices, constraints involving uncontrollable activities, and exceptional but still conforming behaviors. This calls for the extension of business constraints with uncertainty. In this paper, we tackle this timely and important challenge, relying on recent results on probabilistic temporal logics over finite traces. Specifically, we equip business constraints with a natural, probabilistic notion of uncertainty. We discuss the semantic implications of the resulting framework and show how probabilistic conformance checking and constraint entailment can be tackled therein.
Presentation of the paper "Modeling and Reasoning over Declarative Data-Aware Processes with Object-Centric Behavioral Constraints" at the 17th Int. Conference on Business Process Management (BPM 2019). Paper available here: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-26619-6_11
Abstract
Existing process modeling notations ranging from Petri nets to BPMN have difficulties capturing the data manipulated by processes. Process models often focus on the control flow, lacking an explicit, conceptually well-founded integration with real data models, such as ER diagrams or UML class diagrams. To overcome this limitation, Object-Centric Behavioral Constraints (OCBC) models were recently proposed as a new notation that combines full-fledged data models with control-flow constraints inspired by declarative process modeling notations such as DECLARE and DCR Graphs. We propose a formalization of the OCBC model using temporal description logics. The obtained formalization allows us to lift all reasoning services defined for constraint-based process modeling notations without data, to the much more sophisticated scenario of OCBC. Furthermore, we show how reasoning over OCBC models can be reformulated into decidable, standard reasoning tasks over the corresponding temporal description logic knowledge base.
Keynote speech at the Belgian Process Mining Research Day 2021. I discuss the open, critical challenge of data preparation in process mining, considering the case where the original event data are implicitly stored in (legacy) relational databases. This case covers the common situation where event data are stored inside the data layer of an ERP or CRM system. This is usually handled using manual, ad-hoc, error-prone ETL procedures. I propose instead to adopt a pipeline based on semantic technologies, in particular the framework of ontology-based data access (also known as virtual knowledge graph). The approach is code-less, and relies on three main conceptual steps: (1) the creation of a data model capturing the relevant classes, attributes, and associations in the domain of interest (2) the definition of declarative mappings from the source database to the data model, following the ontology-based data access paradigm (3) the annotation of the data model with indications on which classes/associations/attributes provide the relevant notions of case, events, event attributes, and event-to-case relation. Once this is done, the framework automatically extracts the event log from the legacy data. This makes extremely smooth to generate logs by taking multiple perspectives on the same reality. The approach has been operationalized in the onprom tool, which employs semantic web standard languages for the various steps, and the XES standard as the target format for the event logs.
Keynote speech at the 7th International Workshop on DEClarative, DECision and Hybrid approaches to processes ( DEC2H 2019) In conjunction with BPM 2019.
This is a talk about the combined modeling and reasoning techniques for decisions, background knowledge, and work processes.
The advent of the OMG Decision Model and Notation (DMN) standard has revived interest, both from academia and industry, in decision management and its relationship with business process management. Several techniques and tools for the static analysis of decision models have been brought forward, taking advantage of the trade-off between expressiveness and computational tractability offered by the DMN S-FEEL language.
In this keynote, I argue that decisions have to be put in perspective, that is, understood and analyzed within their surrounding organizational boundaries. This brings new challenges that, in turn, require novel, advanced analysis techniques. Using a simple but illustrative example, I consider in particular two relevant settings: decisions interpreted the presence of background, structural knowledge of the domain of interest, and (data-aware) business processes routing process instances based on decisions. Notably, the latter setting is of particular interest in the context of multi-perspective process mining. I report on how we successfully tackled key analysis tasks in both settings, through a balanced combination of conceptual modeling, formal methods, and knowledge representation and re
Presentation at "Ontology Make Sense", an event in honor of Nicola Guarino, on how to integrate data models with behavioral constraints, an essential problem when modeling multi-case real-life work processes evolving multiple objects at once. I propose to combine UML class diagrams with temporal constraints on finite traces, linked to the data model via co-referencing constraints on classes and associations.
The document discusses representing and querying norm states using temporal ontology-based data access (OBDA). It presents the QUEN framework which models norms and their state transitions declaratively on top of a relational database. QUEN has three layers: 1) an ontological layer representing norms, 2) a specification of norm state transitions in response to database events, and 3) a legacy relational database storing events. It demonstrates QUEN on an example of patient data access consent, modeling authorizations and their lifecycles. Norm state queries are answered directly over the database using the declarative specifications without materializing states.
Presentation ad EDOC 2019 on monitoring multi-perspective business constraints accounting for time and data, with a specific focus on the (unsolvable in general) problem of conflict detection.
1) The document discusses business process management and how conceptual modeling and process mining can help understand and improve digital enterprises.
2) Process mining techniques like process discovery from event logs, decision mining, and social network mining can provide insights into how processes are executed in reality.
3) Replay techniques can enhance process models with timing information and detect deviations to help align actual behaviors with expected behaviors.
More from Faculty of Computer Science - Free University of Bozen-Bolzano (20)
Processes and organizations - a look behind the paper wall
Verso una gestione IT delle organizzazioni fondata sulla realtà
1. Verso un
supporto IT alle organizzazioni
fondato sulla realtà
Marco Montali
Facoltà di Scienze e Tecnologie Informatiche
Libera Università di Bolzano1
2. Disclaimer
• La realtà verrà necessariamente “semplificata”, talvolta portata all’estremo
• Le critiche/provocazioni andranno viste in “positivo”.
Non per criticare lo stato attuale, ma per indicare strade da seguire nel prossimo futuro!
2
3. Le due realtà
Gestione
dell’organizzazione
Realtà aziendale studiata, analizzata, pianificata
attraverso l’uso di modelli e di dati ottenuti
sull’andamento dell’organizzazione
Lavoro quotidiano
nell’organizzazione
Realtà aziendale esperita direttamente
3
6. Alcune domande chiave
• Come gestire la complessità nelle organizzazioni di oggi?
• Chi prende le decisioni strategiche? Su quali basi?
• Come coordinare le diverse competenze umane?
• Di chi è la responsabilità?
• Come far interagire gli esperti di dominio con gli esperti IT?
• Cosa lasciare alla competenza dell’uomo? Cosa delegare alle
macchine?
• Come comprendere la realtà aziendale? Come collezionare
informazioni importanti in tal senso?
• Come collegare i modelli con la realtà? Come estrarre
informazioni utili per prendere decisioni strategiche fondate
su questo collegamento?
6
8. Il grande dilemma
1. Come far interagire i diversi attori in
modo da comprendere la realtà,
costruire una visione comune, e
condividere gli obiettivi strategici?
2. Come ripensare queste interazioni alla
luce di nuovi dati ottenuti dalla realtà?
8
9. Cosa vedremo…
• Introduzione progressiva di modelli di gestione
orientati ai processi nella gestione delle
organizzazioni
• Il punto di discontinuità: data science
• Il tentativo azzardato di eliminare i modelli
• La riconciliazione tra dati e modelli: process mining
9
10. Modello
Rappresentazione di un oggetto o di un fenomeno, che
corrisponde alla cosa modellata per il fatto di riprodurne
alcune caratteristiche o comportamenti fondamentali
10
11. Modello
Rappresentazione di un oggetto o di un fenomeno, che
corrisponde alla cosa modellata per il fatto di riprodurne
alcune caratteristiche o comportamenti fondamentali
• Quali caratteristiche/comportamenti sono importanti?
• Come verificare che questi siano riprodotti?
11
12. Modelli concettuali organizzativi
Il “collante” fondamentale per colLavorare!
• La modellazione concettuale è “l’attività di descrivere
formalmente alcuni aspetti del mondo fisico e sociale che
ci circonda, al fine di comprendere e comunicare” (John
Mylopoulos, 1992)
12
13. Modelli concettuali organizzativi
Il “collante” fondamentale per colLavorare!
• “Una volta rappresentato come artefatto concreto, un
modello supporta la comunicazione, l’apprendimento e
l’analisi degli aspetti rilevanti del dominio di interesse.
[…] la rappresentazione diagrammata di un modello
creata da uno sconosciuto diventa un medium per
preservare e comunicare una certa visione del mondo, e
può fungere da perno per il ragionamento e il problem
solving, nonché l’acquisizione di nuova conoscenza
(magari producendo nuove, folgoranti idee!) su quella
visione del mondo” (Giancarlo Guizzardi, 2005)
13
15. 15
Conceptual Modeling Languages:
Clarity: how easy the language can be und
stakeholders).
• Graphical vs t
• The language
foundation.
• The more exp
di cult is to r
• Less expressiv
combinations
• Abstraction: remove unnecessary det
abstraction.
•
19. F.W. Taylor (~1911)
• Punto di partenza: le organizzazioni non sono organizzate secondo
principi solidi
• Impossibile misurarne l’efficienza e la qualità degli output
• Idea: applicare il metodo scientifico alla gestione delle organizzazioni
• Decomposizione del lavoro in unità elementari
• Analisi scientifica di ogni unità fissando confini e regole d’azione ben
definite
• Acquisizione, training e controllo del personale secondo tali regole
• Divisione di competenze: il management controlla, il personale agisce
• Risultato: divisione del lavoro (catena di montaggio), analisi dettagliata
delle singole attività ma non del loro coordinamento
19
20. Attività nella catena del valore
20
ness Functions and Refinement into Activities
chy of business
ns follows the
ation abstraction.
usiness functions
activities.
rco Montali (unibz) DPM - 7.BPM A.Y. 2014/2015 22 / 41
21. Hammer&Champy (1990s)
• Punto di partenza: limiti della divisione del lavoro in attività isolate
• Visione end-to-end assente nel business, troppo burocratico e
frammentato
• Idea: fondare il business sui processi e la loro re-ingegnerizzazione
• “Non è più necessario né desiderabile per le aziende organizzare il
proprio lavoro attorno ai principi di divisione del lavoro di Adam
Smith. Il lavoro orientato alle attività è obsoleto nel mondo odierno,
competitivo e dinamico. Al contrario, le aziende devono
organizzare il lavoro attorno al concetto di
processo” (Hammer&Champy)
21
22. Coordinamento di attività
22
Functional Decomposition and Business Processes
To understand how the
enterprise works, and to
model how it is expected
to work, dynamic
constraints over the
execution of activities are
made explicit in terms of
BPs: control-flow.
Marco Montali (unibz) DPM - 7.BPM A.Y. 2014/2015 26 / 41
23. Processo di business
• Un insieme di attività eseguite al fine di raggiungere un
obiettivo aziendale per un cliente o mercato specifico
(Davenport, 1992)
• Una collezione di attività che prendono uno o più input per
trasformarli in un risultato che è di valore per il cliente
(Hammer&Champy, 1993)
• Un insieme di attività eseguite in modo coordinato all’interno
di un dominio organizzativo e tecnico. Tali attività realizzano,
congiuntamente, un obiettivo strategico. Ogni processo è
eseguito all’interno di un’organizzazione, ma può
interagire con processi di altre organizzazioni (Weske, 2011)
23
25. Business Process
Management
Un insieme di
concetti, metodologie e tecniche
per supportare la
modellazione, amministrazione,
configurazione, esecuzione, e analisi
dei
processi di business
25
28. L’approccio classico
28
1 Introduction
3 The BPM life-cycle showing the different uses of process models
Fig. 1.3 shows, process models play a dominant role in the (re)design and
29. Quali modelli?
Modelli strutturali
• Rappresentano la struttura del dominio di interesse
• Indicano le entità e le relazioni rilevanti per l’attività dell’organizzazione
• Esempi “generici”: i modelli sottostanti i sistemi CRM/ERP
29
30. Quali modelli?
Modelli dinamici (di processo)
• Visione end-to-end del business
• Attività e meccanismi di coordinamento nel tempo
• Es.: order-to-cash, procure-to-pay, issue-to-resolution, …
30
Receive
order
Check
availability
Article available?
Ship article
Financial
settlement
yes
Procurement
no
Payment
received
Inform
customer
Late deliveryUndeliverable
Customer
informed
Inform
customer
Article
removed
Remove
article from
catalogue
Input Output
31. Creazione di modelli
Tipica metodologia
• Modellazione
• Interazione continua con esperti di dominio e clienti
• Modularizzazione + raffinamento iterativo
• Processo ripetuto per il sistema “as-is” e il sistema “to-be”
• Importante di per sé
• Creazione di un “contratto basato sui modelli”
• Uso dei modelli in fase di audit
• Progetto
• modelli consegnati all’IT
31
32. Tipica metodologia
• Modellazione
• Interazione continua con esperti di dominio e clienti
• Modularizzazione + raffinamento iterativo
• Processo ripetuto per il sistema “as-is” e il sistema “to-be”
• Importante di per sé
• Creazione di un “contratto basato sui modelli”
• Uso dei modelli in fase di audit
• Progetto
• modelli consegnati all’IT
Creazione di modelli
32
I modelli sono corretti? Verifica
Riflettono la realtà? Validazione
Gli artefatti computazionale
corrispondono ai modelli?
Allineamento concettuale
33. Correttezza di modelli
strutturali
• I modelli sviluppati sono consistenti?
• I vincoli modellati sono in conflitto tra loro?
• Quale conoscenza implicita è nascosta nei
modelli?
• Come rispondere a queste domande quando i
modelli sono sviluppati a più mani, contengono
migliaia di concetti e relazioni, vanno integrati con
altri modelli?
33
35. OBDI framework Query answering Ontology languages Mappings Identity Conclusions
Capturing UML class diagrams/ER schemas in DL-Lite
Researcher
name: String
salary: Integer
Manager
PrincInv Coordinator
Project
projectName: String
1..?
supvsdBy
H
1..1
1..?
worksFor
H
1..?
1..1
manages
N
1..1
{disjoint}
Manager v Researcher
PrincInv v Manager
Coordinator v Manager
PrincInv v ¬Coordinator
Researcher v 9salary
9salary v xsd:int
(funct salary)
9worksFor v Researcher
9worksFor v Project
Researcher v 9worksFor
Project v 9worksFor
9manages v Coordinator
9manages v Project
Coordinator v 9manages
Project v 9manages
manages v worksFor
(funct manages)
(funct manages )
· · ·DL-Lite cannot capture covering constraints.
To do so, would require disjunction.
Diego Calvanese (FUB) Ontologies for Data Integration FOfAI 2015, Buenos Aires – 27/7/2015 (25/52)
KR alla riscossa
• Knowlege representation
and automated reasoning:
area dell’AI focalizzata sulla
rappresentazione della
conoscenza e l’automazione
del ragionamento
• Ragionamento su modelli
strutturali tradotto in un
problema di deduzione logica
• Intensa ricerca su algoritmi
efficienti
35
36. E i dati?
36
ntology: Wellbore
wbName: String
altName: String
Licence
number: String
hasLicence I
ata sources: D1, D2, D3 contain information about wellbores.
D4 contains information about licences.
D1 D2 D3 D4
id1 name
a1 ’A’
a2 ’B’
a3 ’H’
id2 name Well
b1 null 1
b2 ’C’ 2
b6 ’B’ 3
id3 aName
c3 ’U1’
c4 ’U2’
c5 ’U6’
id4 lNum
9 ’Z1’
8 ’Z2’
7 ’Z3’
appings: Wellbore and wbName are defined using D1 and D2.
altName is defined using D3.
hasLicense is defined using D4.
Moreover, URIs for wellbores from source Dk are generated as wbk(id).
lvanese (FUB) Ontologies for Data Integration FOfAI 2015, Buenos Aires – 27/7/2015
38. Sistemi verticali e integrazione
38
OS
DBMS
Human Resources
Application
HR DB
OS
DBMS
Purchase Order
Management
POM DB
OS
Warehouse
Management
Warehouse
file system
data store
Redundancy
of data
40. Evoluzione a silos
• Necessità di estendere ERP coprendo altre funzionalità
fondamentali (CRM, supply chain)
40
OS
DBMS
Application Logic of
CRM System
GUI
OS
DBMS
OS
DBMS
Application Logic of
SCM System
Application Logic of
ERP System
GUI GUI
SCM
Database
ERP
Database
CRM
Database
41. Integrazione punto a punto
• Problema di flessibilità
• Frammentazione concettuale
41
ERP System
CRM System
SCM System
Inventory
Management
Data Warehouse
Human Resources
Application
42. Da qui…
Collegamento con i dati
42
OBDI framework Query answering Ontology languages Mappings Identity Conclusions
Capturing UML class diagrams/ER schemas in DL-Lite
Researcher
name: String
salary: Integer
Manager
PrincInv Coordinator
Project
projectName: String
1..?
supvsdBy
H
1..1
1..?
worksFor
H
1..?
1..1
manages
N
1..1
{disjoint}
Manager v Researcher
PrincInv v Manager
Coordinator v Manager
PrincInv v ¬Coordinator
Researcher v 9salary
9salary v xsd:int
(funct salary)
9worksFor v Researcher
9worksFor v Project
Researcher v 9worksFor
Project v 9worksFor
9manages v Coordinator
9manages v Project
Coordinator v 9manages
Project v 9manages
manages v worksFor
(funct manages)
(funct manages )
· · ·DL-Lite cannot capture covering constraints.
To do so, would require disjunction.
Diego Calvanese (FUB) Ontologies for Data Integration FOfAI 2015, Buenos Aires – 27/7/2015 (25/52)
44. Risultato
Crompton (2008): gli esperti di dominio spendono
(troppo) tempo nel cercare i dati utili per
prendere decisioni ed eseguire le proprie attività
• Ingegneri del settore petrolifero/gas: 30-70%
del proprio lavoro in ricerca e analisi qualità
dei dati
44
45. Optique
• Progetto EU Optique: Scalable, End-User Access to
Big Data)
• http://optique-project.eu
• Obiettivo: sviluppo di tecniche per l’accesso
“concettuale” a grossi moli di dati
• Casi di studio: Statoil (trivellazioni), Siemens (turbine)
• In Statoil, esperti geologi e geofisici sviluppano modelli
stratigrafici di aree inesplorate, sulla base dei dati
acquisiti su operazioni di trivellazione fatte in aree
vicine
45
46. Fatti su Statoil
• 1000 TB di dati memorizzati in DB relazionali (standard
SQL)
• Schemi non allineati
• Più di 2000 tabelle, sparpagliate in vari DBMS
• 900 esperti nella divisione “Statoil Exploration”
• 30-70% del tempo speso in ricerca dei dati
• Fino a 4 gg necessari per formulare le interrogazioni
richieste e farle tradurre in SQL dagli esperti IT
46
47. Esempio di interrogazione
47
OBDI framework Query answering Ontology languages Mappings Identity Conclusions
How much time/money is spent searching for data?
A user query at Statoil
Show all norwegian wellbores with some aditional attributes
(wellbore id, completion date, oldest penetrated age,result). Limit
to all wellbores with a core and show attributes like (wellbore id,
core number, top core depth, base core depth, intersecting
stratigraphy). Limit to all wellbores with core in Brentgruppen and
show key atributes in a table. After connecting to EPDS (slegge)
we could for instance limit futher to cores in Brent with measured
permeability and where it is larger than a given value, for instance 1
mD. We could also find out whether there are cores in Brent which
are not stored in EPDS (based on NPD info) and where there could
be permeability values. Some of the missing data we possibly own,
other not.
Diego Calvanese (FUB) Ontologies for Data Integration FOfAI 2015, Buenos Aires – 27/7/2015 (5/52)
48. 48
er query at Statoil
w all norwegian wellbores with some aditional attributes
bore id, completion date, oldest penetrated age,result). Lim
wellbores with a core and show attributes like (wellbore id
number, top core depth, base core depth, intersecting
graphy). Limit to all wellbores with core in Brentgruppen
key atributes in a table. After connecting to EPDS (slegg
ould for instance limit futher to cores in Brent with measu
eability and where it is larger than a given value, for insta
We could also find out whether there are cores in Brent w
ot stored in EPDS (based on NPD info) and where there
ermeability values. Some of the missing data we possibly o
not.
SELECT [...]
FROM
db_name.table1 table1,
db_name.table2 table2a,
db_name.table2 table2b,
db_name.table3 table3a,
db_name.table3 table3b,
db_name.table3 table3c,
db_name.table3 table3d,
db_name.table4 table4a,
db_name.table4 table4b,
db_name.table4 table4c,
db_name.table4 table4d,
db_name.table4 table4e,
db_name.table4 table4f,
db_name.table5 table5a,
db_name.table5 table5b,
db_name.table6 table6a,
db_name.table6 table6b,
db_name.table7 table7a,
db_name.table7 table7b,
db_name.table8 table8,
db_name.table9 table9,
db_name.table10 table10a,
db_name.table10 table10b,
db_name.table10 table10c,
db_name.table11 table11,
db_name.table12 table12,
db_name.table13 table13,
db_name.table14 table14,
db_name.table15 table15,
db_name.table16 table16
WHERE [...]
table2a.attr1=‘keyword’ AND
table3a.attr2=table10c.attr1 AND
table3a.attr6=table6a.attr3 AND
table3a.attr9=‘keyword’ AND
table4a.attr10 IN (‘keyword’) AND
table4a.attr1 IN (‘keyword’) AND
table5a.kinds=table4a.attr13 AND
table5b.kinds=table4c.attr74 AND
table5b.name=‘keyword’ AND
(table6a.attr19=table10c.attr17 OR
(table6a.attr2 IS NULL AND
table10c.attr4 IS NULL)) AND
table6a.attr14=table5b.attr14 AND
table6a.attr2=‘keyword’ AND
(table6b.attr14=table10c.attr8 OR
(table6b.attr4 IS NULL AND
table10c.attr7 IS NULL)) AND
table6b.attr19=table5a.attr55 AND
table6b.attr2=‘keyword’ AND
table7a.attr19=table2b.attr19 AND
table7a.attr17=table15.attr19 AND
table4b.attr11=‘keyword’ AND
table8.attr19=table7a.attr80 AND
table8.attr19=table13.attr20 AND
table8.attr4=‘keyword’ AND
table9.attr10=table16.attr11 AND
table3b.attr19=table10c.attr18 AND
table3b.attr22=table12.attr63 AND
table3b.attr66=‘keyword’ AND
table10a.attr54=table7a.attr8 AND
table10a.attr70=table10c.attr10 AND
table10a.attr16=table4d.attr11 AND
table4c.attr99=‘keyword’ AND
table4c.attr1=‘keyword’ AND
table11.attr10=table5a.attr10 AND
table11.attr40=‘keyword’ AND
table11.attr50=‘keyword’ AND
table2b.attr1=table1.attr8 AND
table2b.attr9 IN (‘keyword’) AND
table2b.attr2 LIKE ‘keyword’% AND
table12.attr9 IN (‘keyword’) AND
table7b.attr1=table2a.attr10 AND
table3c.attr13=table10c.attr1 AND
table3c.attr10=table6b.attr20 AND
table3c.attr13=‘keyword’ AND
table10b.attr16=table10a.attr7 AND
table10b.attr11=table7b.attr8 AND
table10b.attr13=table4b.attr89 AND
table13.attr1=table2b.attr10 AND
table13.attr20=’‘keyword’’ AND
table13.attr15=‘keyword’ AND
table3d.attr49=table12.attr18 AND
table3d.attr18=table10c.attr11 AND
table3d.attr14=‘keyword’ AND
table4d.attr17 IN (‘keyword’) AND
table4d.attr19 IN (‘keyword’) AND
table16.attr28=table11.attr56 AND
table16.attr16=table10b.attr78 AND
table16.attr5=table14.attr56 AND
table4e.attr34 IN (‘keyword’) AND
table4e.attr48 IN (‘keyword’) AND
table4f.attr89=table5b.attr7 AND
table4f.attr45 IN (‘keyword’) AND
table4f.attr1=‘keyword’ AND
table10c.attr2=table4e.attr19 AND
(table10c.attr78=table12.attr56 OR
(table10c.attr55 IS NULL AND
table12.attr17 IS NULL))
49. 49
er query at Statoil
w all norwegian wellbores with some aditional attributes
bore id, completion date, oldest penetrated age,result). Lim
wellbores with a core and show attributes like (wellbore id
number, top core depth, base core depth, intersecting
graphy). Limit to all wellbores with core in Brentgruppen
key atributes in a table. After connecting to EPDS (slegg
ould for instance limit futher to cores in Brent with measu
eability and where it is larger than a given value, for insta
We could also find out whether there are cores in Brent w
ot stored in EPDS (based on NPD info) and where there
ermeability values. Some of the missing data we possibly o
not.
SELECT [...]
FROM
db_name.table1 table1,
db_name.table2 table2a,
db_name.table2 table2b,
db_name.table3 table3a,
db_name.table3 table3b,
db_name.table3 table3c,
db_name.table3 table3d,
db_name.table4 table4a,
db_name.table4 table4b,
db_name.table4 table4c,
db_name.table4 table4d,
db_name.table4 table4e,
db_name.table4 table4f,
db_name.table5 table5a,
db_name.table5 table5b,
db_name.table6 table6a,
db_name.table6 table6b,
db_name.table7 table7a,
db_name.table7 table7b,
db_name.table8 table8,
db_name.table9 table9,
db_name.table10 table10a,
db_name.table10 table10b,
db_name.table10 table10c,
db_name.table11 table11,
db_name.table12 table12,
db_name.table13 table13,
db_name.table14 table14,
db_name.table15 table15,
db_name.table16 table16
WHERE [...]
table2a.attr1=‘keyword’ AND
table3a.attr2=table10c.attr1 AND
table3a.attr6=table6a.attr3 AND
table3a.attr9=‘keyword’ AND
table4a.attr10 IN (‘keyword’) AND
table4a.attr1 IN (‘keyword’) AND
table5a.kinds=table4a.attr13 AND
table5b.kinds=table4c.attr74 AND
table5b.name=‘keyword’ AND
(table6a.attr19=table10c.attr17 OR
(table6a.attr2 IS NULL AND
table10c.attr4 IS NULL)) AND
table6a.attr14=table5b.attr14 AND
table6a.attr2=‘keyword’ AND
(table6b.attr14=table10c.attr8 OR
(table6b.attr4 IS NULL AND
table10c.attr7 IS NULL)) AND
table6b.attr19=table5a.attr55 AND
table6b.attr2=‘keyword’ AND
table7a.attr19=table2b.attr19 AND
table7a.attr17=table15.attr19 AND
table4b.attr11=‘keyword’ AND
table8.attr19=table7a.attr80 AND
table8.attr19=table13.attr20 AND
table8.attr4=‘keyword’ AND
table9.attr10=table16.attr11 AND
table3b.attr19=table10c.attr18 AND
table3b.attr22=table12.attr63 AND
table3b.attr66=‘keyword’ AND
table10a.attr54=table7a.attr8 AND
table10a.attr70=table10c.attr10 AND
table10a.attr16=table4d.attr11 AND
table4c.attr99=‘keyword’ AND
table4c.attr1=‘keyword’ AND
table11.attr10=table5a.attr10 AND
table11.attr40=‘keyword’ AND
table11.attr50=‘keyword’ AND
table2b.attr1=table1.attr8 AND
table2b.attr9 IN (‘keyword’) AND
table2b.attr2 LIKE ‘keyword’% AND
table12.attr9 IN (‘keyword’) AND
table7b.attr1=table2a.attr10 AND
table3c.attr13=table10c.attr1 AND
table3c.attr10=table6b.attr20 AND
table3c.attr13=‘keyword’ AND
table10b.attr16=table10a.attr7 AND
table10b.attr11=table7b.attr8 AND
table10b.attr13=table4b.attr89 AND
table13.attr1=table2b.attr10 AND
table13.attr20=’‘keyword’’ AND
table13.attr15=‘keyword’ AND
table3d.attr49=table12.attr18 AND
table3d.attr18=table10c.attr11 AND
table3d.attr14=‘keyword’ AND
table4d.attr17 IN (‘keyword’) AND
table4d.attr19 IN (‘keyword’) AND
table16.attr28=table11.attr56 AND
table16.attr16=table10b.attr78 AND
table16.attr5=table14.attr56 AND
table4e.attr34 IN (‘keyword’) AND
table4e.attr48 IN (‘keyword’) AND
table4f.attr89=table5b.attr7 AND
table4f.attr45 IN (‘keyword’) AND
table4f.attr1=‘keyword’ AND
table10c.attr2=table4e.attr19 AND
(table10c.attr78=table12.attr56 OR
(table10c.attr55 IS NULL AND
table12.attr17 IS NULL))
50.000.000 €
persi ogni anno
50. Quali soluzioni?
• Migrazione verso sistemi monolitici/integrati
• Sostenibile in termini di costi?
• Ogni quanto?
• Come integrare sistemi legacy?
• Come gestire la ridondanza dei dati?
• Non risolve il problema di “comprendere” i dati, comunque
necessario per una buona migrazione
• Attenzione: questi problemi esistono anche per le PMI!!!
50
51. OBDA
Accesso ai dati mediato da ontologie
51
OBDI framework Query answering Ontology languages Mappings Identity Conclusions
Ontology-based data integration framework
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
Query
Result
Ontology
provides
global vocabulary
and
conceptual view
Mappings
semantically link
sources and
ontology
Data Sources
external and
heterogeneous
We achieve logical transparency in accessing data:
does not know where and how the data is stored.
can only see a conceptual view of the data.
sorgenti di dati
modello
strutturale
mapping
52. OBDA
• I dati vengono lasciati nelle loro sorgenti
• I mapping permettono di interpretare i dati secondo i modelli
concettuali sviluppati
• Gli utenti finali esprimono le proprie interrogazioni sul modello
concettuale
• Il sistema OBDA è “intelligente”:
• Traduce automaticamente le interrogazioni astratte in query
eseguite sulle sorgenti di dato
• Aggrega e ritraduce le risposte così ottenute
52
53. Ontop
• Sistema di OBDA open-source sviluppato alla
Libera Università di Bolzano (Prof. Calvanese)
• Supporta standard per il web semantico (OWL,
SPARQL)
• Si integra con una pletora di DBMS relazionali
• Apache open license
• http://ontop.inf.unibz.it
53
54. Correttezza dei modelli di
processo
Analisi di tutte le possibili “dinamiche”
• Conformità con le leggi (compliance/governance)
• Proprietà generali desiderate (terminazione, assenza di vicoli
ciechi, …)
• Proprietà di dominio
• è possibile chiudere un ordine senza pagarlo?
• è sempre vero che un utente non può accedere a due offerte
contemporaneamente?
• è garantito che chi apre un “ticket” viene prima o poi servito?
• …
54
57. |=
Verifica
via model checking
2007 Turing award:
Clarke, Emerson, Sifakis
Verifica Formale
57
Modello di processo
Proprietà (non) desiderata
Sistema
a transizioni
Formula temporale
62. Il nuovo trend
62
8 1 Introduction
Fig. 1.3 The BPM life-cycle showing the different uses of process models
As Fig. 1.3 shows, process models play a dominant role in the (re)design and
63. Ma ad oggi?
• Processi solo parzialmente automatizzati
• I sistemi lasciano quasi sempre la possibilità di
trovare una scappatoia
• Se non lo fanno, il rischio è che le persone agiscano
fuori dal sistema per poi utilizzarlo a posteriori
• Incremento processi knowledge-intensive, inter-
organizzativi, distribuiti —> solo parzialmente
controllabili!
63
66. L’impasse
• Esperti di dominio: visione locale
• Management: visione globale ma spesso
non allineata alla realtà
• Come facciamo a riportare la realtà in
azienda?
66
67. Economia digitale
Validare i modelli rispetto alla realtà
richiede innanzitutto di ottenere una
“impronta digitale” della realtà
67
68. Dati nei sistemi controllati
• Tracciatura di tutti gli eventi importanti necessaria
• Alla gestione interna
• Al calcolo di indicatori importanti (KPI)
• Per legge (compliance e audit esterni)
68
71. Data Science
• Nuova area all’intersezione tra informatica,
management, statistica, apprendimento automatico
• Richiede nuovi esperti in big data
management&analytics, data mining, machine
learning, data visualization, aspetti legali ed etici
legati alla gestione dei dati, …
71
75. Mars Orbiter
• Dispositivo per lo studio del
clima marziano
• Costo missione:
327.600.000 €
• Perso al momento di
entrare in orbita su Marte
75
Why Data is not Enough
• Developed to study the martian climate
and atmosphere.
• Mission cost: $ 327.6M.
• During the orbital insertion maneuver, it
went out of radio contact permanently.
• Why? Metric Mixup.
I Software on orbiter: Newtons;
Software on earth: Pound-force.
Conversion factor: ≥ 4.5.
I Same data, di erent interpretations.
I Lack of testing (and budget). Danger of
re-use.
78. Verso il completamento
del ciclo
78
8 1 Introduction
Fig. 1.3 The BPM life-cycle showing the different uses of process models
As Fig. 1.3 shows, process models play a dominant role in the (re)design and
79. Process Mining
79
1.3 Process Mining 9
Fig. 1.4 Positioning of the three main types of process mining: discovery, conformance, and en-
hancement
80. Punto di partenza
• Visione orientata ai processi
dei dati che tracciano la realtà
• IEEE Standard XES
• Dati di partenza ottenibili con…
• Tecniche ETL
• Data warehousing
• OBDA (ricerca attiva)
80
Technische Universiteit Eindhoven University of Technology
Log
Trace
Event
Float
Int
Date
String
Container
List
Attribute
Classifier
Extension name
prefix
URI
Key
Value
<declares>
<defines> <defines>
<defines>
<trace-global>
<event-global>
<contains>
<contains>
ntains>
ntains>
Boolean
<orders>
81. Play-out
81
register travel
request (a)
get detailed
motivation
letter (c)
get support
from local
manager (b)
check budget
by finance (d)
decide (e)
accept
request (g)
reject
request (h)
reinitiate
request (f)
start end
Case Activity Timestamp Resource
432 register travel request (a) 18-3-2014:9.15 John
432 get support from local manager (b) 18-3-2014:9.25 Mary
432 check budget by finance (d) 19-3-2014:8.55 John
432 decide (e) 19-3-2014:9.36 Sue
432 accept request (g) 19-3-2014:9.48 Mary
credits to W.M.P. van der Aalst
83. Play-in
83
register travel
request (a)
get detailed
motivation
letter (c)
get support
from local
manager (b)
check budget
by finance (d)
decide (e)
accept
request (g)
reject
request (h)
reinitiate
request (f)
start end
Case Activity Timestamp Resource
432 register travel request (a) 18-3-2014:9.15 John
432 get support from local manager (b) 18-3-2014:9.25 Mary
432 check budget by finance (d) 19-3-2014:8.55 John
432 decide (e) 19-3-2014:9.36 Sue
432 accept request (g) 19-3-2014:9.48 Mary
credits to W.M.P. van der Aalst
85. Replay
85
register travel
request (a)
get detailed
motivation
letter (c)
get support
from local
manager (b)
check budget
by finance (d)
decide (e)
accept
request (g)
reject
request (h)
reinitiate
request (f)
start end
Case Activity Timestamp Resource
432 register travel request (a) 18-3-2014:9.15 John
432 get support from local manager (b) 18-3-2014:9.25 Mary
432 check budget by finance (d) 19-3-2014:8.55 John
432 decide (e) 19-3-2014:9.36 Sue
432 accept request (g) 19-3-2014:9.48 Mary
credits to W.M.P. van der Aalst
87. Hands-on
• Piccola azienda dedicata allo sviluppo di tecniche
di process mining
• Tool Disco
• Slide successive: credits a Anne Rozinat e
Christian Guenther
87
91. Estrazione dati
• Il personale IT estrae i log di eventi dal
sistema ERP dell’azienda
• Il log è estratto come file di testo
(campi separati da virgole)
91
ERP
CSV
Data
93. Importazione dei dati
• Identificazione delle colonne
• Dove si trova l’identificativo dell’istanza di
processo (id dell’ordine)?
• Dove stanno le attività?
• E i tempi di esecuzione?
• Dove trovo i ruoli e i responsabili delle attività?
93
103. Uno sguardo ulteriore
• ProM framework (iniziativa accademica, centinaia di plug-in)
103
creenshot of ProM 5.2
PAGE 7
104. Conclusioni
• BPM come metafora di gestione organizzativa
orientata alla “qualità totale”
• Necessità di connettere i modelli prodotti alla realtà
• Supporto alla creazione di modelli di qualità
• Process mining per arricchire, modificare,
approfondire i modelli con “l’impronta digitale”
della realtà
104