iam shaik mubeena studying B.pharmacy final year in M.A.M college of pharmacy. i had posted this for the sake of students to find their topic easily in slideshare account. this topic was very help full to the students.
Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a chronic bilateral, seasonal allergic inflammatory disease of the eye. Its Etiopathogenesis, Classification, Complications along its management has been discussed in detail in this ppt.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. VERNAL KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS (VKC)
SPRING CATARRH
• RECURRENT, BILATERAL, INTERSTITIAL, SELF-LIMITING,
• PERIODIC SEASONAL INCIDENCE.
ETIOLOGY
• HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION TO SOME EXOGENOUS ALLERGEN(GRASS POLLENS.
• IGE MEDIATED ATOPIC MECHANISMS
• RAISED IGE + EOSINOPHILIA
• PERSONAL OR FAMILY H/O OTHER ATOPIC DISEASES ( HAY FEVER, ASTHMA, OR
ECZEMA)
3. PREDISPOSING FACTORS:
• 4-20 YEARS, COMMON IN MALES
• MORE IN SUMMER 'WARM WEATHER CONJUNCTIVITIS’
• PREVALENT IN TROPICS, NON-EXISTENT IN COLD CLIMATE
4. PATHOLOGY
• CONJUNCTIVAL EPITHELIAL HYPERPLASIA
• MARKED INFILTRATION IN ADENOID CELL LAYER
• PROLIFERATION OF FIBROUS LAYER
• CONJUNCTIVAL VASCULAR PROLIFERATION
VASODILATION & PERMEABILITY
Formation of multiple
papilllae in upper
tarsal conjunctiva
5. SYMPTOMS
• MARKED BURNING AND ITCHING, MORE IN WARM CLIMATE
• MILD PHOTOPHOBIA, LACRIMATION
• “ROPY(STINGY) DISCHARGE”
• HEAVINESS OF EYELIDS
7. SIGNS
• PALPABREL FORM:
• UPPER TARSAL CONJUNCTIVA
• PRESENCE OF HARD, FLAT TOPPED, PAPILLAE ARRANGED IN 'COBBLE-STONE' OR
'PAVEMENT STONE', FASHION
• GIANT PAPILLAE IN SEVERE CASES
• WHITE ROPY CONJUNCTIVAL DISCHARGE COBBLE STONE
APPEARANCE
8. • BULBAR FORM:
• DUSKY RED TRIANGULAR CONGESTION OF BULBAR CONJUNCTIVA IN PALPEBRAL AREA
• GELATINOUS THICKENED ACCUMULATION OF TISSUE AROUND THE LIMBUS
• PRESENCE OF DISCRETE WHITISH RAISED DOTS ALONG THE LIMBUS (TRANTA'S SPOTS)
10. CORNEAL INVOLVEMENT IN VKC
• PUNCTATE EPITHELIAL KERATITIS:
• INVOLVES UPPER CORNEA, MOSTLY IN PALPEBRAL FORM
• LESIONS ALWAYS STAIN WITH ROSE BENGAL
11. • ULCERATIVE VERNAL KERATITIS:
• (SHIELD ULCERATION)
• SHALLOW TRANSVERSE ULCER IN UPPER PART OF CORNEA DUE TO EPITHELIAL
MACROEROSIONS
12. • VERNAL CORNEAL PLAQUES:
• DUE TO COATING OF AREAS OF EPITHELIAL MACROEROSIONS WITH COATING OF
ALTERED EXUDATES
13. • SUBEPITHELIAL SCARRING:
• IN A FORM OF A RING SCAR
• PSEUDOGERONTOXON
RESEMBLES ARCUS SENILIS( GERONTOXON)
IN LIMBAL VERNAL OR ATOPIC KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS.
ONLY CLINICAL EVIDENCE OF PREVIOUS ALLERGIC EYE DISEASE.
14. • CLINICAL COURSE:
• SELF-LIMITING
• USUALLY GOES OFF SPONTANEOUSLY IN 5-10 YEARS
• DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS:
• TRACHOMA WITH PREDOMINANTLY PAPILLARY HYPERTROPHY
15. TREATMENT
• LOCAL THERAPY
• TOPICAL STEROIDS:FLOUROMETHALONE, DEXAMETHASONE, LOTEPREDNOL
USE SHOULD BE MINIMAL AND FOR SHORT-DURATION
FREQUENT INSTILLATION (4 HOURLY FOR 2 DAYS) MAINTENANCE THERAPY FOR 3-4
TIMES A DAY* 2 WEEKS.
• MAST CELL STABILIZERS:SODIUM CROMOGLYCATE, AZELASTINE, KETOTIFEN
• TOPICAL ANTIHISTAMINIC EYE DROPS
• ACETYL CYSTEINE (0.5%) EYE DROPS MUCOLYTIC PROPERTY
• TOPICAL CYCLOSPORINE 1% EYE DROPS
16. SYSTEMIC THERAPY
• ORAL HISTAMINICS
• ORAL STEROIDS IN SEVERE CASES FOR SHORT DURATION
TREATMENT OF LARGE PAPILLAE:
• SUPRATARSAL INJECTION OF LONG ACTING STEROID
• CRYO APPLICATION
• SURGICAL EXCISION FOR EXTRA-ORDINARY LARGE PAPILLAE
17. GENERAL MEASURES:
• DARK GOGGLES
• COLD COMPRESS & ICE PACKS
• CHANGE OF ENVIRONMENT (WORKING ENVIRONMENT ALSO)
DESENSITIZATION
• NOT MUCH AWARDING RESULTS
TREATMENT OF VERNAL KERATOPATHY:
• PEK : STEROID INSTILLATION SHOULD BE INCREASED
• LARGE VERNAL PLAQUE: SURGICAL LAMELLAR KERATECTOMY
• SEVERE SHIELD ULCER: DEBRIDEMENT, SUPERFICIAL KERATECTOMY, AMNIOTIC MEMBRANE
TRANSPLANTATION