Introduction : Basic Feature of an Automobile
Car Body Details
Types of Vehicle
Body Engineering Terminology
Morphology of Vehicle Body ( Structural ) Design
Design Considerations
Introduction : Basic Feature of an Automobile
Car Body Details
Types of Vehicle
Body Engineering Terminology
Morphology of Vehicle Body ( Structural ) Design
Design Considerations
Defining Automotive Technology by SouLSteerShobhit Gosain
Defining automotive technology from scratch. Must for any dealership owner or any sales man of a automobile dealership. Anyone related to automobile cars or industry this presentation is for you.
Design and analysis of a tubular space frame chassis of a high performance ra...eSAT Journals
Abstract Formula Student Racing competitions are held at various Formula SAE circuits globally. Students from different colleges worldwide thrive to build a Formula style race car to compete at these events. In lieu to the competition rules and regulations it is important to design the chassis of the car with utmost priority. The major challenge posed is to design and fabricate a light weight car without compromising on the safety of the driver. The car has to be rigidly fabricated at minimal expense. The work in this paper is based on the team NITK Racing’s Car; the DICV NR XIV. This paper showcases various methods of material selection, design optimization techniques and Finite element analysis (FEA) using ANSYS. The basic design is based on the anthropological data of the specified human (95th percentile male) allowing fast ingress and egress from the car. Following the final design selection the static structural analysis of the car was done and the consequent results have been plotted. The entire design and analysis process is based on FSAE 2013 rule book and knowledge of designing and manufacturing yesteryear’s car. Keywords: ergonomics, finite element analysis, roll cage, torsional rigidity, tubular space frame chassis, and validation test setup
Defining Automotive Technology by SouLSteerShobhit Gosain
Defining automotive technology from scratch. Must for any dealership owner or any sales man of a automobile dealership. Anyone related to automobile cars or industry this presentation is for you.
Design and analysis of a tubular space frame chassis of a high performance ra...eSAT Journals
Abstract Formula Student Racing competitions are held at various Formula SAE circuits globally. Students from different colleges worldwide thrive to build a Formula style race car to compete at these events. In lieu to the competition rules and regulations it is important to design the chassis of the car with utmost priority. The major challenge posed is to design and fabricate a light weight car without compromising on the safety of the driver. The car has to be rigidly fabricated at minimal expense. The work in this paper is based on the team NITK Racing’s Car; the DICV NR XIV. This paper showcases various methods of material selection, design optimization techniques and Finite element analysis (FEA) using ANSYS. The basic design is based on the anthropological data of the specified human (95th percentile male) allowing fast ingress and egress from the car. Following the final design selection the static structural analysis of the car was done and the consequent results have been plotted. The entire design and analysis process is based on FSAE 2013 rule book and knowledge of designing and manufacturing yesteryear’s car. Keywords: ergonomics, finite element analysis, roll cage, torsional rigidity, tubular space frame chassis, and validation test setup
anna university automobile engineering unit 1 suresh n
automobile engineering, frames, vehicle body,two stroke and four engine difference, valve timing and port timing diagram, engine classification,engine layout, ic engine components,
Acura and Honda Gen Z City Car, Red Bull Baja 1000 Utility Vehicle, and Lamborghini Supercar Projects
• Utilized the design process from concept creations to sketch exploration, design refinement, to final proposal
• Produced presentation layouts with brand, buyer, concept, package, ideation, styling refinements and final design
• Created brand image and buyer to concept; human relation to package and vehicle architecture
• Prepared automotive sketches and renderings with respect to perspective, light source, basic reflection and color shift
Presentation fyp group2.pptx Final year presentationAhmedAliRaZaWains
Its a presentation about the formula electric vehicles FEV about suspension system wheel design hub design their angles like castle angle toe angle. It also contains about the design about double wishbone Suspension system. Mechanical students who are working on FEV design during their project can take help from this presentation.
Motivated and detail-oriented Fresher Mechanical Engineer with a passion for designing and developing innovative mechanical components. Skilled in analyzing and troubleshooting complex mechanical problems, collaborating with cross-functional teams, and implementing cost-effective manufacturing processes.
Introduction:
The importance of deduction of marks, which has always been debatable, has now up surged
numerous argument in favour and against it, now it has become even more
controversial. The substantial influence of late submission has sparked the controversy
over the potential impact of this trend in an integral part of the
community/society/education system/individual’s/people in recent years. It can be
agreed that upside of marks deduction is instrumental indeed; however, it has some
drawbacks as well. This essay will elaborate both assertions and will provide to a
well-weighed conclusion.
BODY 1 (+)
At the outset, there are numerous reasons why deduction of marks is unreservedly
salient, but the most conspicuous one lies in the fact that the perks associated with
Late submission has not only greatly influenced the individuals but also leaves a great
impact on communit education. For example, in recent decades it has
developed ease and efficacy when it comes to + and +. Therefore, it is certainly a
vital time for people to appreciate the significance of TOPIC C for the overall
amelioration of the Society/people.
BODY 2 ( - )
However, there are some people, who choose to think differently and hold an
opposing view point which can certainly overwhelm the potential influence of
TOPIC A. Nevertheless, the contradiction is rooted in the fact the pitfalls of TOPIC
B in some instances can be disadvantageous. For instance, the threat it imposes on
society can be daunting in multifarious ways from , ,
and what not. Hence, it is apparent that downside of TOPIC C cannot be overlooked.
Conclusion: The above presented dissertation illustrates both perspectives about the
impact of TOPIC A while it is evident that it has various benefits, although it’s
deleterious effects cannot be ignored and have to be addressed and well balanced
against its merits.
In this research work, suitable lightweight material is found for chassis frame by analyzing chassis with different
materials like structural steel, aluminum alloy and Epoxy E-Glass UD composite materials. The selected material should have the
sufficient strength to carry the load coming on to the chassis when it is supporting the vehicle. With reduction in the weight of the
chassis, reduces the overall weight of the vehicle, which leads to the reduction in fuel. Thus, the usage of lightweight materials in
manufacturing of chassis frame has the advantages. The materials used should help in reducing the weight of the vehicle while
maintaining the necessary strength for supporting the expected load acting on the frame under various operating conditions.
ANSYS finite element software is used to analyze the performance of the chassis with different materials. The 3D model of the
chassis frame is developed by SOLIDWORKS software and numerical analysis is carried out by ANSYS. The model of the ladder
frame is developed using generic specifications. The FEM analysis was done on chassis frame for its deformation and stresses by
applying maximum load. The von-misses stresses, strain and deformations of the chassis with structural steel, aluminum alloy and
composite materials are compared. Composite materials are observed to be better with less weight with similar performance. It is
found that composite (E-glass) is more preferable material for chassis frame.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Gen AI Study Jams _ For the GDSC Leads in India.pdf
vbe cc ppt general information - saeiss skip
1. VEHICLE BODY ENGINEERING
saeiss skip vbe G.
26/03/2016 Session 1-1.
GENERAL INFORMATION
cc ppt saeiss skip vbe 1.0. General information-
- Coomarasamy. C – Formerly Professor / Automobile Engineering
Bharath University
2. 1.0.0. VEHICLE BODY ENGINEERING-GENERAL INFORMATION
OBJECTIVES:
The main objective of this course is to impart knowledge in the
construction of vehicle, aerodynamic, concept, paneling of passenger
car body trim.
At the end of the course the student will be well versed in the design and
construction of external body of the vehicles.
OUTCOMES
Upon completion of the course, students will
Know about different aspects of car body and bus body, types,
commercial vehicle.
Role of various aerodynamic forces and moments, measuring
instruments
Know about the material used in body building, tools used, body
repairs.
3. FUNCTION OF VEHICLE SYSTEMS
Vehicle System Function
Body • Provide durable attachment for other major systems
• Provide safe and pleasant seating environment for all
passengers
• Protect passengers from crashes
Chassis • Provide capability to steer the vehicle
• Provide capability to brake the vehicle safely
• Provide isolation between road and passengers
Powertrain • Provide capability to accelerate the vehicle by transferring
torque to wheels
• Provide capability to control vehicle speed
• Meet regulatory exhaust requirement
Climate Control • Maintain comfortable temperature distribution for passengers
• Provide windshield defrost capability
Electrical &
Electronics
• Provide power supply where needed
• Provide desirable entertainment system
• Provide functional censors and controls
1.0.0. VEHICLE BODY ENGINEERING-GENERAL INFORMATION
4. VEHICLE ATTRIBUTES
Vehicle
Attributes
Description
Cost Lowest production, assembly and distribution cost compared to
competitive vehicles
Weight Lowest curb weight compared to competitive vehicles in its weight class
Package Best use of the space to provide comfort and amenities to passengers
Safety 5* crash rating from the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS)
Dynamics Best ride & handling performance compared to competitive vehicles
Durability Highest reliability and high mileage durability compared to competitive
vehicles
NVH Lowest noise, vibration and harshness compared to competitive vehicles
1.0.0. VEHICLE BODY ENGINEERING-GENERAL INFORMATION
5. 1.0.1. VEHICLE BODY DESIGN
Vehicle design
Engine & transmission Suspension Body
Body- shell structure
Body-equipment
Body- finish
Sections
Sub-groups Involves problems of
-Structural analysis
-Sheet metal forming
-Welding technique
Involves problems of
-paint and corrosion protection
-trim for internal finish
-sound insulation etc.,
Includes -door locks
-windows, seats
-heating and ventilation
-instruments etc.,
The design of the details in this group involves a knowledge of several
technologies from precision engineering for door locks to
thermodynamics for the heating system.
Body design must always be guided
by aesthetic considerations (or styling)
-this must be true for all the sub-groups
6. - reached a high standard in present vehicles
- have very similar performance from vehicle to vehicle
- competition has automatically eliminated inferior designs
- in the engine field – a very high standard in design and
quality of manufacture – being attained
- in the chassis design - a similar situation exists- perhaps to a lesser degree
Automatic transmission: additional expense
- but has as many supporters and opponents- opponents- based mainly
on the loss of interest in driving, rather than the cost
Suspension: air suspension – promised to bring about a greater advance
- but application to private cars- has slowed down- reasons difficult to
understand
- in coaches – more and more use – because of incomparably better ride
quality than traditional suspension units
It can be seen, therefore, that the body work is at present the main item
differentiating between competing vehicles.
The engine and chassis groups:
1.0.1. VEHICLE BODY DESIGN -IMPORTANCE
7. The total weight- to a large extent determined by the structural weight
- in private cars- body contributes 40-60% of the total weight
- in buses – 60-70 % of the total weight
The pay load- largely determined by the body weight, since the gross vehicle
weight is limited by the constant tyres and other components.
The reduction in body weight improves the capacity, fuel consumption and
other factors.
The aerodynamic characteristics of the body largely determine the
fuel consumption at high speed and the stability in cross winds.
Other body group factors:
- main customer appeal- e.g., well designed seats, dash board layout,
heating and ventilation, ease of entry, and finally most important
- styling of the whole vehicle.
- safety in collisions- is an important selling point.
-Finally the vehicle body determines the price of the vehicle- both
directly and indirectly.
-direct- 50 – 70 % of the total cost of the vehicle
- indirect- the expected life of the vehicle can also influence the price-
- body has the major influence.
1.0.1. VEHICLE BODY DESIGN -IMPORTANCE
8. 1.0.2. NECESSITY OF VEHICLE BODY
For the users, the vehicle body is one of the most important parts.
The requirements of the vehicle body are:
(i) structure and interior arrangement provide riding comfort and
convenience to the driver and passengers.
(ii) can give protection to the users from weather and reasonable safety
in case of accident.
(iii) should be free from distracting noises, when the vehicle is in
operation.
(iv) should remain free from body noises and squeaks over the periods
of its life.
(v) can give good appearance and a certain degree of beauty.
(vi) will give greater strength with light weight in order to reduce the
inertia forces and make possible rapid and effective braking and
acceleration.
(vii) should be aerodynamically designed with good fuel economy.
c.coomarasamy
9. The body engineer - must be familiar with-
all problems of vehicle design and involved at all stages of design.
installing standard catalogue items such as transmission and
suspension.
legal requirements.
the ergonomics of seating and controls.
account problems of field of vision.
over-all aerodynamics.
preparation of perspective drawings and sketches and co operate
with the stylist.
three dimensional geometry of curved surfaces, and be able to
supervise the construction of suitable models and mock ups.
preparation of initial design drawings and carry out the structural
analysis on the body design.
finally, comparison of the new design with the existing designs to
ensure that some advances has been made.
1.0.3. VEHICLE BODY ENGINEER- IMPORTANCE
10. Problems encountered by the body engineer
Competition from other manufacturers
(leading to rapid fashion change)
Aerodynamics
Ever present problem of reducing cost
It is essential that the initial design should be correct in view of these very
complicated requirements
Detail design of the some of the body components may be undertaken by
specialized designers.
But, the final quality of the whole design depends on
initial body lay out and design
Engine and chassis units are easily replaceable, but serious damage
to the body means an end to its life.
1.0.3. VEHICLE BODY ENGINEER- IMPORTANCE
11. 1.0.4. PURPOSE OF BODY DESIGN
The purpose of body design is to achieve the following:
• Aesthetics: to provide a pleasing overall appearance, surface quality
and consistent details.
• Structural function: to support the weight of the transported
passengers and load as well as the mechanical parts required for
vehicle propulsion, control and other system functions, so withstanding
mechanical stresses from multiple sources.
• Ergonomy and roominess: to supply easy access and adequate
room for the driver, passengers and transported goods.
Safety: to ensure integrity of passenger compartment in the event of a
crash, while absorbing the impact energy as well as to reduce injuries to
vulnerable road users (pedestrians, wheelers), in case of collision.
• Aerodynamics: to minimize drag due to air impact; to control air flow
effects on tyre-road contact and vehicle stability.
c.coomarasamy
12. • Insulation: to minimize noise, vibration and thermal transmission,
generated by body walls, by lack of sealing between compartment and
movable parts and by thermal radiation from the surfaces of passengers
compartment.
• Visibility: to provide the highest possible day and night visibility on the
environment and to host the lighting devices in the most effective way.
Moreover, the body must satisfy a series of pre-requisites:
high reliability (to maintain design functions vehicle life along),
low cost (to minimize production investment, process and material
cost),
high material recyclability (by rapid disassembling and straightforward
division of heterogeneous materials).
These functions ere required by the completely assembled body and
are achieved through the individual contribution of body
components and several body systems.
For some of the functions listed above, a number of different
configurations of the underbody can be identified.
c.coomarasamy
1.0.4. PURPOSE OF BODY DESIGN
13. Automobiles can be classified from various point of view of
considerations like ;
Use : Motorcycle, car, Bus, …
Capacity : HTV,LTV, …
Make : Maruti, Honda, Bajaj, …
Model : Zen,
Fuel : Petrol, Diesel, CNG, …
Wheels : Two, three, four, ...
Drive : Left hand drive, Front
wheel drive, ...
1.0.5. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF CAR
14. Cars may be classified by a number of different criteria and objectives.
Governments and private organizations have developed car
classification schemes that are used for innumerable purposes
including regulation, description and categorization, among others.
However, comprehensive classification is elusive- difficult to find,
catch, or achieve -because a vehicle may fit into multiple categories,
or not completely satisfy the requirements for any.
The commonly used classifications
1. The European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP)
2. ACRISS (the Association of Car Rental Industry Systems
Standards)
3. Highway Loss Data Institute (HLDI)
4. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)
5. Federal Highway Administration
6. United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)
7. By the Canadian EPA Canadian National Collision Database
(NCDB) system
8. SIAM (Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers)
c.coomarasamy
1.0.5. CLASSIFICATION OF CAR
15. 1.0.5.1. THE EUROPEAN
NEW CAR ASSESSMENT PROGRAMME (EURO NCAP)
The European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP)
is a European car safety performance assessment programme
based in Brussels (Belgium) and founded in 1997 by the
Transport Research Laboratory for the UK Department for Transport
and backed by several European governments, as well as by the
European Union.
EURO NCAP FRONTAL TEST
c.coomarasamy
an offset deformable barrier
16. EURO NCAP SIDE IMPACT
1.0.5.1.THE EUROPEAN NEW CAR
ASSESSMENT PROGRAMME (EURO NCAP)
EURO NCAP PEDESTRIAN TEST
c.coomarasamy
EURO NCAP SIDE IMPACT, POLE TEST
50 km/h (31 mph)
32 km/h (20 mph)
40 km/h (25 mph)
17. 1.0.5.2. ACRISS (THE ASSOCIATION OF CAR RENTAL
INDUSTRY SYSTEMS STANDARDS)
The ACRISS Car Classification Code developed and maintained by
ACRISS (the Association of Car Rental Industry Systems
Standards)and is designed to enable customers and travel professionals
to make an informed choice when booking car rental in Europe, Middle
East and Africa.
ACRISS Members include Avis, Budget, Alamo, Europcar, Hertz and
National. Others also subscribe to the codes e.g.Atlas Choice and ASAP
Ventures.Many other Car Rental companies also utilise this
car coding standard.
c.coomarasamy
18. ACRISS Members utilise an industry standard vehicle matrix to define
car models ensuring a like to like comparison of vehicles. Car codes are
created by assigning one character from each column and combining
them into a four-character car code:
1st character denotes the vehicle category –
based on size, cost, power and luxury factor
2nd character defines the vehicle type – chassis type
(van, SUV, wagon, convertible….)
3rd character defines the transmission and drive –
automatic / manual & 2WD / 4WD / AWD
4th character defines the fuel type
(petrol / diesel / hybrid…) and whether air conditioned
(e.g. : CCMN = Compact Car – 2/4 Door – Manual Transmission – Non
air-conditioned)
1.0.5.2. ACRISS (THE ASSOCIATION OF CAR RENTAL
INDUSTRY SYSTEMS STANDARDS)
19. 1.0.5.3. HIGHWAY LOSS DATA INSTITUTE (HLDI)
HLDI classification Definition
Sports
Those cars with significant high performance
features
Luxury Higher-end cars that are not classified as sports
Large
Length more than 495.3 cm (195 in) and wheelbase
more than 279.4 cm (110 in)
Midsize
Length 457.3–495.3 cm (180–195 in) and wheelbase
266.8–279.4 cm (105–110 in)
Small
Length less than 457.2 cm (180 in) and wheelbase
less than 266.7 cm (105 in)
For research into safety, the Highway Loss Data Institute takes into
account a combination of both vehicle size and other vehicle features
with all passenger cars that do not fit the definition of either "sports" or
"luxury", are classified on the basis of both vehicle length and
wheelbase
c.coomarasamy
20. 1.0.5.4. THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC
SAFETY ADMINISTRATION (NHTSA)
NHTSA classification Code Curb weight
Passenger cars: mini PC/Mi 1,500–1,999 lb (680–907 kg)
Passenger cars: light PC/L 2,000–2,499 lb (907–1,134 kg)
Passenger cars: compact PC/C 2,500–2,999 lb (1,134–1,360 kg)
Passenger cars: medium PC/Me 3,000–3,499 lb (1,361–1,587 kg)
Passenger cars: heavy PC/H 3,500 lb (1,588 kg) and over
Sport utility vehicles SUV -
Pickup trucks PU -
Vans VAN -
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)
separates vehicles into classes by the curb weight of the vehicle with
standard equipment including the maximum capacity of
fuel, oil, coolant, and air conditioning, if so equipped).
c.coomarasamy
21. 1.0.5.5. FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION
Another vehicle classification scheme has been developed by the
U.S. Federal Highway Administration for
automatically calculating road use tolls.
There are two broad categories depending on whether the vehicle
carries passengers or commodities,
with non-passenger vehicles further subdivided by
number of axles and number of units,
including both
power and
trailer units.
c.coomarasamy
22. 1.0.5.6. UNITED STATES
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (US EPA)
EPA car class Total passenger and cargo volume (cu. ft.)
Two-seaters Any (designed to seat only two adults)
Minicompact Less than 85 cu ft (2,407 l)
Subcompact 85–99 cu ft (2,407–2,803 l)
Compact 100–109 cu ft (2,832–3,087 l)
Mid-size 110–119 cu ft (3,115–3,370 l)
Large 120 cu ft (3,398 l) or more
Small station wagons Less than 130 cu ft (3,681 l)
Mid-size station wagons 130–159 cu ft (3,681–4,502 l)
Large station wagons 160 cu ft (4,531 l) or more
The United States Environmental Protection Agency(US EPA) has
another set of classification guidelines that are based on the vehicle's total
interior passenger and cargo space.
c.coomarasamy
23. 1.0.5.7. BY THE CANADIAN EPA CANADIAN NATIONAL
COLLISION DATABASE (NCDB) SYSTEM
A similar set of classes is used by the Canadian EPA.
The Canadian National Collision Database (NCDB) system defines
"passenger car" as a unique class, but also identifies two other
categories involving passenger vehicles—
the "passenger van" and
"light utility vehicle"—
and these categories are inconsistently handled across the country with
the boundaries between the vehicles increasingly blurred.
In Australia, the Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries
publishes its own classifications.
Another standard for road vehicles of all types that is used
internationally (except for Australia, India, and the U.S.), is ISO
3833-1977.
c.coomarasamy
24. 1.0.5.8. SIAM
(SOCIETY OF INDIAN AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS)
Classification of car Segments and types is done on the basis of the
length of the vehicle (Passenger car segment)
S.N
o
Segment Type Length Cars
1 A1 Mini Up to 3400mm M800, Nano
2 A2 Compact 3401 to
4000mm
Alto, wagon r, Zen,i10,A-
star,Swift,i20,palio,indica etc
3 A3 Midsize 4001 to
4500mm
City, Sx4, Dzire, Logan, Accent, Fiesta,
Verna etc
4 A4 Executive 4501 to
4700mm
Corolla, civic, C class, Optra, Octavia etc
5 A5 Premium 4701 to
5000mm
Camry, E class, Accord, Sonata, Laura,
Superb etc
6 A6 Luxury Above 5000mm Mercedes S class, 5 series etc
7 B1 Van – Omni Versa, Magic etc
8 B2 MUV/MPV Innova, Tavera, Sumo etc
9 SUV CRV Vitara etc
25. 1.0.5.8. SIAM
(SOCIETY OF INDIAN AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS)
1 ONE
BOX
VAN/MPV It means Engine area, Passenger area &
luggage area all in one box. There wont be
separate compartment
eg. Omni, Ace Magic,
Versa
2 TWO
BOX
HATCHBACK – It means Engine are has a separate cabin
while Passenger area and luggage area are
together
eg. M800, Alto, Santro,
i10, A*, Swift etc.
3 THREE
BOX
SEDAN/SALOON/
NOTCHBACK
It means Engine area, Passenger area &
luggage area all are having different cabin
eg. SX4, City, Fiesta,
Dzire, Ambassador,
Indigo CS etc
4 ESTATE/STATION
WAGON
Its nothing but sedan whose roof is
extended till the rear to create more boot
space
eg. Indigo Marina,
Octavia Combi, etc.
5 SUV (Sports Utility
Vehicle)
These vehicles have large tyres, higher
seating, higher ground clearance. The
engine area is separate, but the passenger
& luggage area are enclosed together. Most
of these vehicles are equipped with either 4
wheel drive system or has the option for
that.
eg. CRV, SAFARI,
GRAND VITARA,
PAJERO etc
6 SEMI NOTCHBACK Its a sedan whose boot door can be opened
like a hatchback (wagon r, swift), where the
rear wind shield too opens along with the
boot door. Unlike sedan whose rear wind
shield is always fixed
Skoda Octavia, Accent
Viva.
Classification of Cars based on body Shape
26. 1.0.6. OTHER CAR CLASSIFICATION TERMS
Bakkie - A generic South African term for light pickup truck.[citation needed]
Buggy - A Buggy is an automobile with wheels that project beyond the
vehicle body.
Cabrio coach or Semi-convertible - A form of car roof, where a
retractable textile cover amounts to a large sunroof.
Corniche - Sometimes used to describe a luxury sedan or town car.
Actually a trade mark of Rolls-Royce.
El Camino - The 1959 Chevrolet El Camino was a half-car (front) and
half-truck (back) with low walls surrounding the bed. El Camino is used
by some Americans and Canadians as a generic term for any passenger
car with an integral cargo bed.
Estate car - British name for a station wagon.
c.coomarasamy
27. Fastback - A design where the roof slopes at a smooth angle to the tail
of the car, but the rear window does not open as a separate "door".
Drop Head Coupe - Generally a European term referring to a 2 door, 4
place automobile with a retractable canvas / cloth top with both a
padded headliner and rollup windows (as opposed to side curtains).
Flower Car - in US, similar to ute in Australia, i.e. generic for Chevy El
Camino, Ford Ranchero, GMC Sprint/Diablo, etc.;
Hearse: A converted car to transport the deceased.
Kammback - Originally, a car with a tapered rear that cuts off abruptly.
Landaulet - A limousine with the passenger section covered by a
convertible top.
Liftback - A broad marketing term for a hatchback, which incorporates a
shared passenger and cargo volume, with rearmost accessibility via a
top-hinged liftgate.
Limousine - By definition, a chauffeur-driven car with a (normally glass-
windowed) division between the front seats and the rear. In German, the
term simply means a sedan.
1.0.6. OTHER CAR CLASSIFICATION TERMS
c.coomarasamy
28. Microvan - Term for a boxy wagon-type of car that is smaller than a
conventional minivan.
Notchback - A configuration where the third box of a three-box styling
configuration is less pronounced — especially where the rear deck (third
box) is short or where the rear window is upright.
Phaeton - A Phaeton is a style of open car or carriage without proper
weather protection for passengers.
Ragtop - Originally an open car like a roadster, but with a soft top (cloth
top) that can be raised or lowered. Unlike a convertible, it had no roll-up
side windows.Now often used as slang for a convertible.
Sedan delivery - North American term for a vehicle similar to a wagon
but without side windows, similar to a panel truck but with two doors
(one on each side), and one or two rear doors.
Spyder (or Spider) - Similar to a roadster but originally with less weather
protection.Nowadays it simply means a convertible.
1.0.6. OTHER CAR CLASSIFICATION TERMS
c.coomarasamy
29. Shooting-brake - Initially a vehicle used to carry shooting parties with
their equipment and game; later used to describe custom-built wagons
by high-end coachbuilders, subsequently synonymous with ;Sports
Wagon: A term used by a number of manufacturers in the North
American market for their station wagon models.
Targa top - A semi-convertible style used on some sports cars,
featuring a fully removable hard top roof panel which leaves the A and B
pillars in place on the car body.
Town car (US) - Essentially the inverse of the landaulet, a historical
body style in which the front seats were open and the rear compartment
closed, normally with a removable top to cover the front chauffeur's
compartment. In Europe the style is also known as Sedanca de Ville,
often shortened to Sedanca or de Ville. Note that the modern Lincoln
Town Car derives its name, but nothing else, from this style.
Ute - Australian/New Zealand English term for the vehicles with a cargo
bed at the rear.
Wagon delivery - North American term (mainly U.S. and Canada).
Similar to a sedan delivery, with four doors.
1.0.6. OTHER CAR CLASSIFICATION TERMS
c.coomarasamy
30. Non-English terms
Some non-English language terms are familiar from their use on
imported vehicles in English-speaking nations even though the terms
have not been adopted into English.
Barchetta - Italian term for a roadster. The name means, roughly, "small
boat".
Berlina -Italian term for a sedan.
Berline - French term for a sedan.
Berlinetta - Italian term for a sport coupé.
Break - French term for a station wagon.
Camioneta - Brazilian Portuguese term for a station wagon (specially in
the state of Rio de Janeiro).
Carrinha - Portuguese term for a station wagon. Not used in Brazilian
Portuguese.
Espada - Portuguese nickname for a limousine (the same word for
Sword - long piece of metal). Not used in Brazilian Portuguese.
Furgoneta - Spanish and Polish term for a van, in the latter language
almost always used in its diminutive form furgonetka.
1.0.6. OTHER CAR CLASSIFICATION TERMS
c.coomarasamy
31. Furgão - Portuguese alternative term (less used) for a van. Used in
Brazilian Portuguese, most often for vans but sometimes for panel van
variants of passenger cars.
Kombi - is a German abbreviation of "Kombinationswagen"
(Combination Car) and it is German name for station wagon. Since
Germany is a major producer of cars for many European countries, the
term Kombi in this meaning is also used in Swedish, Czech, Slovak,
Polish, Slovenian, Serbian, Bosnian, Croatian, Hungarian, Spanish,
Portuguese, Bulgarian. In Afrikaans and in Australia, Kombi is also used
to refer to a Volkswagen Microbus. In Brazil the word specifically refers
to the VW Microbus.
Perua - Brazilian Portuguese term either designating a van (especially
as spoken in the city of São Paulo) or a station wagon (in the city of Rio
de Janeiro).
Turismo - Spanish term for a sedan. Literally means tourism, used
mostly in Latin American countries.
1.0.6. OTHER CAR CLASSIFICATION TERMS
c.coomarasamy
32. REFERENCES
1. Powloski, J., Vehicle Body Engineering, Business Books Ltd., 1998.
2. Dieler Anselm., The passenger car body, SAE International, 2000.
3. John Fenton, “ Vehicle Body Layout and Analysis”, Mechanical
Engineering Publications Ltd., London 1980.
4. Qadeer Siddiqui M A ., Vehicle Body Engineering and Safety.
5. Selvakumar, V., Vehicle Body Engineering, Shri Amman Publications.
Devanapatti. 2002.
6. Kumaresan. M., Vehicle Body Engineering. AMK Publishers. Madurai.
2005.
7. http://www.motortrend.in/autonews.htm#ixzz2Y5A2ACR3
8. Google webs and images.