This document summarizes the key components and classification of automobile chassis. It discusses how a chassis consists of the engine, brakes, steering system, and wheels mounted on a frame along with other components like the transmission and controls. It then classifies automobiles based on factors like capacity, power source, number of wheels, and where the engine is located. Different types of frames are also outlined including conventional, integral, and semi-integral frames. The functions of various vehicle systems and forces acting on the chassis are summarized as well.
Chassis is the main support structure of the vehicle which is also known as ‘Carrying Unit’. It bears all the stresses on the vehicle in both static and dynamic conditions.”
Introduction : Basic Feature of an Automobile
Car Body Details
Types of Vehicle
Body Engineering Terminology
Morphology of Vehicle Body ( Structural ) Design
Design Considerations
automobile drives systems
types of drive systems
front engine front wheel drive
front engine rear wheel drive
rear engine rear wheel drive
four wheel drive
Chassis is the main support structure of the vehicle which is also known as ‘Carrying Unit’. It bears all the stresses on the vehicle in both static and dynamic conditions.”
Introduction : Basic Feature of an Automobile
Car Body Details
Types of Vehicle
Body Engineering Terminology
Morphology of Vehicle Body ( Structural ) Design
Design Considerations
automobile drives systems
types of drive systems
front engine front wheel drive
front engine rear wheel drive
rear engine rear wheel drive
four wheel drive
IN THIS BOOK DETAILS OF AUTOMOBILE CHASSIS BOOK
contents
1.0 Chassis, Frame and Body
1.1 Introduction of Chassis frame
1.2 Layout of the Chassis and its main components
1.3 Functions of the Chassis frame
1.4 Types of Chassis frames
1.5 Various loads acting on the frame
1.6 State the different bodies used in automobiles
1.7 Explain the requirements of bodies for various types of
vehicles viz. private, commercial etc.
2.0 Steering Sytem
2.1 Requirement of the Vehicle steering
2.2 Types of Steering ears, systems and power steering
2.3 Steering linkages mechanism under steering, over steering
2.4 Turning radius
2.5 Wheel alignment of Ackerman’s & Devis Steering gear,
Mechanism
2.6 Steering geometry – Caster, Camber, King pin inclination, toe
in and toe out
2.7 Steering defects – wheel woubble and shimmy
2.8 List our the type of steering system used in various vehicles
3.0 Braking system
3.1 Explain Functions of brakes
3.2 Requirements of automobile brakes
3.3 Explain stopping time and stopping distance
3.4 Type of Braking systems – Disc and Drum braking system
3.5 Construction and working of Mechanical, hydraulic, and air
brakes
3.6 List out the types of brakes used in various vehicles
4.0 Suspension System
4.1 Requirement of a automobile suspension system
4.2 Types of suspension system – conventional and Independent
4.3 Types of springs – Laminated spring, coil spring, helical spring
4.4 Need of Shock absorber – construction and working of
different types of shock absorbers
4.5 Stabilizer bar and torsion bar
4.6 List out the type of suspension system used in various vehicles
5.0 Seat, Door and Window mechanism
5.1 Construction and working of door lock mechanism
5.2 Construction and working of manual window regulating
mechanism
5.3 Construction and working of power window regulating
mechanism
5.4 Construction and working of seat adjusting mechanism
6.0 Air Conditioning of motor vehicles
6.1 Necessity of automobile air conditioning
6.2 Construction and working of passenger car air conditioning
7.0 Painting of automobiles
7.1 Body painting
7.2 Different types of painting – Spray painting – hand painting
procedures
8.0 Automobile Pollution
8.1 Effects of automobile pollution on environment and human
beings
8.2 Types of automobile emissions
8.3 Treatment of exhaust gases by using catalytic convectors
8.4 Measurement of percentage of pollutants from petrol &
Diesel vehicles with the help of exhaust gas analyzers
9.0 Legal aspects of motor vehicles
9.1 Traffic signs and signals
9.2 Registration requirements
9.3 Necessity of permits for commercial vehicles
9.4 Insurance coverage
9.5 Procedure for obtaining driving licenses
Frame and Body of Automobile
Introduction to chassis, Classification of chassis, Conventional chassis,
Semi forward chassis, Full forward chassis, Engine at the front, Engine at the rear, Engine in mid, Frame of the automobile, Function of Frame, types of frame, conventional frame, semi-integral frame, integral frame, defects in chassis, Body of the automobile, types of the body in automobile,
An automobile is a self propelled vehicle driven by an internal combustion engine or electric engine & is used for transportation of passengers & goods on ground”
Example- Buses, Cars, Trucks, Scooters, Motorcycles etc.
What is a Chassis?
Different Types of Chassis
Ladder frame chassis
Tubular space frame chassis
Aluminum space frame
ULSAB Monocoque chassis
Back bone frame chassis
Introduction to Monocoque Design
What is Monocoque construction?
Where is this used?
Origin of Monocoque design
History of Monocoque Frame
IN THIS BOOK DETAILS OF AUTOMOBILE CHASSIS BOOK
contents
1.0 Chassis, Frame and Body
1.1 Introduction of Chassis frame
1.2 Layout of the Chassis and its main components
1.3 Functions of the Chassis frame
1.4 Types of Chassis frames
1.5 Various loads acting on the frame
1.6 State the different bodies used in automobiles
1.7 Explain the requirements of bodies for various types of
vehicles viz. private, commercial etc.
2.0 Steering Sytem
2.1 Requirement of the Vehicle steering
2.2 Types of Steering ears, systems and power steering
2.3 Steering linkages mechanism under steering, over steering
2.4 Turning radius
2.5 Wheel alignment of Ackerman’s & Devis Steering gear,
Mechanism
2.6 Steering geometry – Caster, Camber, King pin inclination, toe
in and toe out
2.7 Steering defects – wheel woubble and shimmy
2.8 List our the type of steering system used in various vehicles
3.0 Braking system
3.1 Explain Functions of brakes
3.2 Requirements of automobile brakes
3.3 Explain stopping time and stopping distance
3.4 Type of Braking systems – Disc and Drum braking system
3.5 Construction and working of Mechanical, hydraulic, and air
brakes
3.6 List out the types of brakes used in various vehicles
4.0 Suspension System
4.1 Requirement of a automobile suspension system
4.2 Types of suspension system – conventional and Independent
4.3 Types of springs – Laminated spring, coil spring, helical spring
4.4 Need of Shock absorber – construction and working of
different types of shock absorbers
4.5 Stabilizer bar and torsion bar
4.6 List out the type of suspension system used in various vehicles
5.0 Seat, Door and Window mechanism
5.1 Construction and working of door lock mechanism
5.2 Construction and working of manual window regulating
mechanism
5.3 Construction and working of power window regulating
mechanism
5.4 Construction and working of seat adjusting mechanism
6.0 Air Conditioning of motor vehicles
6.1 Necessity of automobile air conditioning
6.2 Construction and working of passenger car air conditioning
7.0 Painting of automobiles
7.1 Body painting
7.2 Different types of painting – Spray painting – hand painting
procedures
8.0 Automobile Pollution
8.1 Effects of automobile pollution on environment and human
beings
8.2 Types of automobile emissions
8.3 Treatment of exhaust gases by using catalytic convectors
8.4 Measurement of percentage of pollutants from petrol &
Diesel vehicles with the help of exhaust gas analyzers
9.0 Legal aspects of motor vehicles
9.1 Traffic signs and signals
9.2 Registration requirements
9.3 Necessity of permits for commercial vehicles
9.4 Insurance coverage
9.5 Procedure for obtaining driving licenses
Frame and Body of Automobile
Introduction to chassis, Classification of chassis, Conventional chassis,
Semi forward chassis, Full forward chassis, Engine at the front, Engine at the rear, Engine in mid, Frame of the automobile, Function of Frame, types of frame, conventional frame, semi-integral frame, integral frame, defects in chassis, Body of the automobile, types of the body in automobile,
An automobile is a self propelled vehicle driven by an internal combustion engine or electric engine & is used for transportation of passengers & goods on ground”
Example- Buses, Cars, Trucks, Scooters, Motorcycles etc.
What is a Chassis?
Different Types of Chassis
Ladder frame chassis
Tubular space frame chassis
Aluminum space frame
ULSAB Monocoque chassis
Back bone frame chassis
Introduction to Monocoque Design
What is Monocoque construction?
Where is this used?
Origin of Monocoque design
History of Monocoque Frame
The frame is an integral structural part of an automobile.
It supports power plant , transmission system, wheels and tyres etc.
The body is also fitted on it.
Attachment of all these parts and systems may be rigid or flexible.
The front and rear wheels are connected with the frame by means of spring shackles.
Frames are supported by a suspension system which is attached to the wheels.
This is done for comfortable driving.
simple chassis design considerations used for the purpose of presentations in colleges as well as in any industries. i also gives the classification of chassis.
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4. CHASSIS
Chasis is a French term which denotes the whole
vehicle except body in case of heavy vehicles.
Chassis consists of engine, brakes, steering
system & wheel mounted on the frame, differential,
suspension.
Propel and control a automobile
6. FUNCTION OF VEHICLE SYSTEMS
Vehicle System Function
Body • Provide durable attachment for other major systems
• Provide safe and pleasant seating environment for all passengers
• Protect passengers from crashes
Chassis • Provide capability to steer the vehicle
• Provide capability to brake the vehicle safely
• Provide isolation between road and passengers
Powertrain • Provide capability to accelerate the vehicle by transferring torque to wheels
• Provide capability to control vehicle speed
• Meet regulatory exhaust requirement
Climate Control • Maintain comfortable temperature distribution for passengers
• Provide windshield defrost capability
Electrical & Electronics • Provide power supply where needed
• Provide desirable entertainment system
• Provide functional censors and controls
7. GENERAL CONSIDERATION RELATING TO
CHASSIS
Body of most vehicle should fulfil the following
requirements:
1. The body should be light.
2. It should have minimum number of components.
3. It should provide sufficient space for passengers and
luggage.
4. It should withstand vibrations while in motion.
5. It should offer minimum resistance to air.
6. It should be cheap and easy in manufacturing.
7. It should be attractive in shape and colour.
8. It should have uniformly distributed load.
9. It should have long fatigue life
10.It should provide good vision and ventilation.
12. CHASSIS CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ENGINE
LOCATION
Engine fitted at front
Engine fitted at Back
Engine fitted at centre
Engine fitted at front but crosswise
CHASSIS CLASSIFICATION BASED ON Number of
Wheels fitted in the vehicles and the
number of driving wheels
•4x2 drive chassis vehicle.
•4x4 drive chassis vehicle.
•6x2 drive chassis vehicle.
•6x4 drive chassis vehicle.
13. FITTED AT FRONT & DRIVE IS GIVEN TO THE
WHEELS FROM THE “REAR”
1. Enough space is available for luggage behind the
rear seat
2. The weight of vehicles is well balance
3. Increased efficiency of cooling system
Engine is fitted at front & drive is given to
front wheel
1. Low floor is available.
2. Vehicle has more road holding capacity.
3. clutch , gear box & differential are usually made
as one unit, thereby cost is reduced.
15. ENGINE FITTED AT THE CENTRE OF THE
CHASSIS:
Drive is given to the rear
As in royal tiger world master buses
This arrangement provide full space of floor for use
16. ENGINE FITTED AT BACK
1. Flat floor is available since long propeller shafts are
eliminated
2. With elimination of propeller shaft the centre of gravity
lowered giving stable driving
3. Better adhesion on road specially when climbing hill.
4. While Climbing hills proper adhesion may be affected
since the weight of vehicles moves to the rear , thereby
reducing the weight on the front wheel.
5. As a result of grouping of the engine with clutch, gear
box and differential, the repair and adjustment become
difficult due to congestion at the rear.
18. TYPES OF CHASSIS FRAMES:
THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF FRAMES
1. CONVENTIONAL FRAME
2. INTEGRAL FRAME
3. SEMI-INTEGRAL FRAME
19. CONVENTIONAL FRAME
a.Channel Section - Good resistance to bending
b. Tabular Section - Good resistance to Torsion
c. Box Section - Good resistance to both bending
and Torsion
20. INTEGRAL FRAME (FRAMELESS)
used now a days in most of the cars
no frame and all the assembly units are attached to
the body
Due to elimination of long frame it is cheaper
Only disadvantage is repairing is difficult.
21. SEMI - INTEGRAL FRAME
half frame is fixed in the front end on which engine
gear box and front suspension is mounted.
It has the advantage when the vehicle is met with
accident the front frame can be taken easily to
replace the damaged chassis frame.
This type of frame is used in FIAT cars and some of
the European and American cars.
22. SOME OF IMPORTANT CHASSIS FRAMES ARE:
Ladder Frame
Tabular Space Frame
Monocoque Frame
Aluminum Space Frame
Carbon Fibre frame
23. LADDER FRAME:
The ladder frame is the simplest and oldest of all
designs.
This design offers good beam resistance because
of its continuous rails from front to rear
poor resistance to torsion
30. TUBULAR SPACE FRAME:
It is 3-dimensional design
Tubular space frame chassis employs dozens of circular,
rectangular etc section tube, positions in different directions to
provide mechanical strength against force from anywhere.
These tubes are welded & forms a very complex structure.
31. TUBULAR
ADVANTAGES
Very strong in any direction (compared with ladder
chassis and Monocoque chassis)
DISADVANTAGES
Very complex , costly and time consuming to be
built.
32. MONOCOQUE
Monocoque is a one-piece structure which defines
overall shape of the car. while ladder , tabular &
backbone provide only stress members
Today 99% car produced in this planet are made of
Monocoque chassis.
Chassis are made by welding of several pieces.(Spot
winding).
33.
34. MONOCOQUE
DISADVANTAGES
1. It has very complex design .
2. Impossible for small volume production.
ADVANTAGES
1. Space-efficiency (the whole structure is actually an
outer shell.)
2. Monocoque chassis benefit crash (reproduction)
production because it uses a lot of metal.
3. Cheap for mass production.
35.
36. ALUMINIUM MONOCOQUE-
Audi A8 is the first mass production car featuring
Aluminium Space Frame chassis.
To replace conventional steel monocoque mainly
for the benefit of lightness.
Audi claimed A8's ASF is 40% lighter yet 40% stiffer
than contemporary steel monocoque.
37. CARBON-FIBER MONOCOQUE
Carbon Fiber is the most sophisticated material
using in aircrafts, spaceships and racing cars
because of its superior rigidity-to-weight
ratio.
Road cars featuring Carbon-Fiber body panels,
such as Ferrari 288GTO and Porsche 959.There
are several Carbon-fibers commonly used in motor
industry.
Kevlar, which was developed by Du Pont, offers
the highest rigidity-to-weight ratio among them.
Because of this, army's helmets are made of
Kevlar. Kevlar can also be found in the body panels
of many exotic cars, although most of them
simultaneously use other kinds of carbon-fiber in
even larger amount.
38. CARBON FIBRE MONOCOQUE
Production process
Carbon-fiber panels are made by growing carbon-
fiber sheets (something look like textile) in either
side of an aluminium foil.
The foil, which defines the shape of the panel, is
sticked with several layers of carbon fiber sheets
impregnated with resin, then cooked in a big oven
for 3 hours at 120°C and 90 psi pressure.
After that, the carbon fiber layers will be melted and
form a uni-formal, rigid body panel
39. CARBON FIBRE PANELS
Where is the carbon-fiber used ? Body panels or Chassis ?
Since body panels do nothing to provide mechanical strength,
the use of carbon fiber over aluminium can barely save
weight.
The stress member remains to be the chassis, which is
usually in heavier and weaker steel tubular frame.
40. COMPARISON LADDER AND MONOCOQUE
Performance -
The monocoque is a lighter design which is a plus for fuel efficiency,
It has more torsional stiffness and is by far the better chassis for
performance oriented vehicles.
The heavy nature of the ladder chassis makes it tough and it is much
better than the monocoque for carrying heavy loads and towing heavier
objects.
Design -
A unibody bodyshell is difficult to design, build and modify (platform
sharing) when compared to the body on frame but computer aided
design (CAD) makes unibody platform sharing much easier.
For body on frame vehicles its easy to build another body even from
another bodystyle and place it on a ladder chassis as long as they are
of similar dimensions.
Materials -
Unitary bodyshells can be made from a variety of materials steel and
steel alloys, aluminium and aluminium alloys and even carbon fiber or
combinations of these materials whereas ladder chassis are usually
built from steel.
42. VARIOUS LOADS ACTING ON THE
FRAME:
1. Short duration Load - While crossing a broken
patch.
2. Momentary duration Load - While taking a curve.
3. Impact Loads - Due to the collision of the vehicle.
4. Inertia Load - While applying brakes.
5. Static Loads - Loads due to chassis parts.
6. Over Loads - Beyond Design capacity.
43. MATERIALS- WHY IMPORTANT
As fuel economy restrictions become tighter,
manufacturers must find new ways to meet them.
This has led them away from using so much steel in
the vehicles, and more and more are moving
towards aluminum.
44. A BASIC COMPARISON
Two common alloys used in car manufacturing:
For Aluminum:
For Steel:
Density of Steel: 7.88 g/cm3
Density of Aluminum: 2.7 g/cm3
Aluminum is about 3 times lighter than steel per unit volume, but can
be made just as strong using certain alloys/shapes/bonding
methods.
Because of this, AL parts can be thicker, and thus stronger, than their
steel counterparts, all while weighing less.
Steel Al
Yield Strength
(MPa) 294.8 395
UTS (MPa) 394.7 420
Hardness
(HB500) 104 58
45. THE COST ISSUE
While Al may seem like a miracle metal for car
production, there is a reason not all cars are made from
Al... It costs a lot more than Steel.
46. THE MOVE TO ALUMINUM
The first production vehicle to move to an Al frame was
the Audi A8 in 1994.
This allowed Audi to make their full-size car lighter than
the competitions (BMW, Mercedes, Lexus...), thus giving
them the edge in performance & handling.
This comes at a price premium though, for instance
compared to a Lexus LS460 (Steel framed) which costs
around $65,000. The A8 starts at $75,000
Audi A8
Lexus LS460
47. CARS UTILIZING AL FRAMES
Audi A8
Jaguar XJ
Corvette Z06
(GM)
Honda NSX
Audi A2
Audi R8
48. SOME OTHER ADVANTAGES...
There are some manufacturing
methods that can only be done with
aluminum, such as
extrusions.
These extrusions allows the Al Space
Frame to have about half the amount
of parts as a traditional steel
monocoque.
Because of all this, Al is already a
cheaper material to use for low volume
production cars (under 100,000 units a
year or so).
49. IN THE FUTURE
While Aluminum may be the wave of the future for now,
some exotic car companies are already looking ahead to
composite materials.
Take for example Porsche Carrera GT, which used a
completely Carbon-Fiber monocoque construction in
addition to Carbon-Fiber body panels.
50. VEHICLE ATTRIBUTES
Vehicle Attributes Description
Cost Lowest production, assembly and distribution cost compared to
competitive vehicles
Weight Lowest curb weight compared to competitive vehicles in its weight
class
Package Best use of the space to provide comfort and amenities to passengers
Safety 5* crash rating from the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard
(FMVSS)
Dynamics Best ride & handling performance compared to competitive vehicles
Durability Highest reliability and high mileage durability compared to
competitive vehicles
NVH Lowest noise, vibration and harshness compared to competitive
vehicles
51. TYPES OF CARS ON AS PER THEIR DESIGN
1) Sports Cars
Sports cars are the perfect example of best automobile engineering,
sports cars are two-seat small cars that are designed for quick
response to move fast for spirited performance and nimble handling.
Nissan GT-R
Now a days sports cars have become a first choice for every body,
therefore automobile manufacture are making them more fast and
more luxury.
Some example of sports car masterpieces are
Nissan GTR, Lamborghini Veneno, Maserati Alfieri etc.
52. 2) Muscle Cars
A type of car designed for powerful and high performance
automobile lovers, These cars have powerful engine, mostly V-8
and above with 2-door.
Apart form this their performance and their look is muscular and
aggressive.
Some common example are Ford Mustang, Chevrolet
Camaro etc.
53. 3) Sedan type Cars
It is the car type that we found around us every time any where, well
sedan is a passenger car that has two rows of seats and adequate
passenger space in the rear compartment for adult passengers.
In sedan, a four or more people can travel and has a fixed roof that is full-
height up to the rear window with two pillar to join roof and window.
The word sedan is taken from Italian sedia “chair” in that closed chair one
person can sit.
Some common examples are Porsche Panamera, Audi A8 etc.
54. 4) SUVs type Cars
A sport utility vehicle (SUV) is a estate car mostly available
in four wheel drive to drive on-road or off-road having
large passenger carrying space.
If you wish to further categorize the SUV car they are sub
divided in many type as par their size like Compact SUV,
Mid-size SUV, Full size SUV etc.
Some popular SUV’s are BMW X4, Porsche
Macan, Maserati Levante etc.
55. 5) Multi-utility vehicles: MUVs
Usually based on either a mid-sized car or mini-van
platform.
Usually two-wheel drive "people movers". They have
higher ceilings, more storage than a sedan, some of the
utility of a SUV with a similar ride,
though from a construction standpoint not as robust.
Great for larger families of 4-5 and comfortable.
In India a good example is the Honda Mobilio