Farm hygiene and biosecurity practices are implemented at both breeder and broiler farms to reduce the risk of disease agents moving on to farms from outside sources (eg wild bird populations or from other farms), the movement of disease agents between sheds on the same farm, carry over of disease agents from one batch to the next in the shed environment, and carry over of disease agents from breeding flocks to their progeny via the egg. Farmers take a range of precautions to prevent entry of diseases onto broiler farms.
In this article it has been described :
Identify the threats to our poultry and how disease agents
might enter a poultry farm
Identify the costs of diseases and their prevention
Define the three principles of biosecurity:
Segregation & Traffic control
Cleaning
Disinfection
Identify biosecurity risks present in a poultry farm
Farm hygiene and biosecurity practices are implemented at both breeder and broiler farms to reduce the risk of disease agents moving on to farms from outside sources (eg wild bird populations or from other farms), the movement of disease agents between sheds on the same farm, carry over of disease agents from one batch to the next in the shed environment, and carry over of disease agents from breeding flocks to their progeny via the egg. Farmers take a range of precautions to prevent entry of diseases onto broiler farms.
In this article it has been described :
Identify the threats to our poultry and how disease agents
might enter a poultry farm
Identify the costs of diseases and their prevention
Define the three principles of biosecurity:
Segregation & Traffic control
Cleaning
Disinfection
Identify biosecurity risks present in a poultry farm
A good poultry health management is an important component of poultry production. Infectious disease causing agents will spread through a flock very quickly because of the high stocking densities of commercially housed poultry.
For poultry health management to be effective a primary aim must be to prevent the onset of disease or parasites, to recognize at an early stage the presence of disease or parasites, and to treat all flocks that are diseased or infested with parasites as soon as possible and before they develop into a serious condition or spread to other flocks. To be able to do this it is necessary to know how to recognize that the birds are diseased, the action required for preventing or minimising disease and how to monitor for signs that the prevention program is working.
Bio-Security plan is a set of practices designed to prevent the entry and spread of infectious diseases into and from a poultry farm.
Biosecurity requires the adoption of a set of attitudes and behaviours by people, to reduce risk in all activities involving poultry production and marketing.
Colibacillosis refers to any localized or systemic infection caused entirely or partly by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), It manifests in diverse ways, including as acute fatal septicemia, subacute pericarditis, peritonitis, and cellulitis.
It is frequently associated with immunosuppressive diseases such as Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (Gumboro Disease) in chickens or Haemorrhagic Enteritis in turkeys, or in young birds that are immunologically immature.
Presentation 27 June - 1 July 2016. Asaba, Nigeria. Workshop organised by the PAEPARD supported consortium: Knowledge transfer towards cost–effective poultry feeds production from processed cassava products to improve the productivity of small-scale farmers in Nigeria.
A good poultry health management is an important component of poultry production. Infectious disease causing agents will spread through a flock very quickly because of the high stocking densities of commercially housed poultry.
For poultry health management to be effective a primary aim must be to prevent the onset of disease or parasites, to recognize at an early stage the presence of disease or parasites, and to treat all flocks that are diseased or infested with parasites as soon as possible and before they develop into a serious condition or spread to other flocks. To be able to do this it is necessary to know how to recognize that the birds are diseased, the action required for preventing or minimising disease and how to monitor for signs that the prevention program is working.
Bio-Security plan is a set of practices designed to prevent the entry and spread of infectious diseases into and from a poultry farm.
Biosecurity requires the adoption of a set of attitudes and behaviours by people, to reduce risk in all activities involving poultry production and marketing.
Colibacillosis refers to any localized or systemic infection caused entirely or partly by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), It manifests in diverse ways, including as acute fatal septicemia, subacute pericarditis, peritonitis, and cellulitis.
It is frequently associated with immunosuppressive diseases such as Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (Gumboro Disease) in chickens or Haemorrhagic Enteritis in turkeys, or in young birds that are immunologically immature.
Presentation 27 June - 1 July 2016. Asaba, Nigeria. Workshop organised by the PAEPARD supported consortium: Knowledge transfer towards cost–effective poultry feeds production from processed cassava products to improve the productivity of small-scale farmers in Nigeria.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Terminology
Introduction of Disinfectants
Classification of Disinfectants
Mode of action of Disinfectants
Factors affecting Disinfection
Evaluation of Anti-microbial agents and Disinfectants
TESTING OF DISINFECTANT CLASSES OF DISINFECTANTS METHOD FOR TESTING DISINFEC...VeerendraMaravi
HISTORY
INTRODUCTION
CLASSES OF DISINFECTANTS
METHOD FOR TESTING DISINFECTANTS
CARRIER TEST
CAPACITY TEST
SUSPENSION TESTS
PRACTICAL TEST
IN USE TEST
Testing schemes
TEST ORGANISMS
Chemical Disinfection is a topic under Public Health Dentistry which focuses on various methods and agents that can be used for disinfection of instruments, equipments and other substances used in Dental clinics and other fields of Dentistry.
are antimicrobial agents that are applied to non-living objects to destroy microorganisms that are living on the objects.Disinfection does not necessarily kill all microorganisms, especially resistant bacterial spores; it is less effective than sterilization, which is an extreme physical and/or chemical process that kills all types of life.
This presentation is adopted from the review on "Milk and Health" that summarizes the evidence for the benefits and possible risks associated with the consumption of cow’s milk. The authors describe the relationship of milk consumption to the risks of fracture, obesity, cardiovascular disease, allergies, and various cancers.
Zoonoses (Greek “zoon” = animal) are the diseases or infections that are naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans. This group of infections constitutes significant burdens on global public health. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that 25% of the total 57 million annual deaths that occur globally are caused by microbes with a major proportion occurring in the developing world (Chugh, 2008). Of total identified 1,415 species of infectious organisms known to be pathogenic to humans (including 217 viruses and prions, 538 bacteria and rickettsia, 307 fungi, 66 protozoa and 287 helminths), zoonotic agents constitute 868 (61%), with humans serving as the primary reservoir for only 3% of them. Of the 175 diseases considered to be emerging, 132 (75%) are zoonotic in origin (Taylor et al., 2001). In low income countries, established and emerging zoonoses make up 26 % of the DALYs (Disability-adjusted life year) lost to infectious disease and 10 % of the total DALYs lost. In contrast, in high income countries it represent < 1 % of DALYs lost to infectious disease and only 0.02 % of the total disease burden (Grace et al., 2012).
Vectors are living organisms that can transmit infectious diseases between humans or from animals to humans. Vector-borne diseases are infections transmitted by the bite of infected arthropod species, such as mosquitoes, ticks, triatomine bugs, flies, fleas, sandflies, and blackflies (Confalonieri et al., 2007). Among these mosquitoes are the best known disease transmission vectors for many of the fatal and diseases of economic burden. Vector-borne diseases account for 17% of the estimated global burden of all infectious diseases (CDC, 2014). Every year > 1 billion people are infected and > 1 million people die from vector-borne diseases including malaria, dengue, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, yellow fever, lymphatic filariasis, Japanese encephalitis and onchocerciasis. One sixth of the illness and disability suffered worldwide is due to vector-borne diseases with more than half the world’s population currently estimated to be at risk of these diseases. Global trade, rapid international travel, unsustainable urbanization, environmental changes such as climate change and emerging insecticidal and drug resistances, are causing vectors and vector-borne diseases to spread beyond borders (WHO, 2014).
Description about recent outbreak of Ebola virus in West African countries with history, pathogenesis, clinical signs and prevention measures of Filoviruses are presented in comprehensive manner.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
1.4 modern child centered education - mahatma gandhi-2.pptx
Disinfection and Sanitation: Farm Hygiene
1. Disinfection and Sanitation
FARM HYGIENE: LECTURE 2
Dr. Pankaj Dhaka
Assistant Professor
School of Public Health and Zoonoses
GADVASU, Ludhiana, India
2.
3. A TRIBUTE TO IGNAZ SEMMELWEIS
• Known as - early pioneer of
antiseptic procedures
• Described as "saviour of mothers”
• Semmelweis discovered that the
incidence of puerperal fever could
be drastically cut by use of hand
disinfection in obstetrical clinics
4. A HYGIENIC AND SCIENTIFIC HAND WASHING
CONTINUES TO BE BEST PRAYER IN THE HOSPITAL
5. DISINFECTANTS and ANTISEPTICS
▪ “Antimicrobial pesticides” (E.g., sanitizers, disinfectants and sterilizers)
▪ Disinfectants: substances used to control, prevent, or destroy harmful
microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, viruses, or fungi) on inanimate objects and
surfaces.
▪ Antiseptics are applied to the surface of living organisms or tissues to
prevent or stop the growth of microorganisms by inhibiting the organism or
by destroying them.
▪ Sanitizing lowers the number of germs on surfaces or objects to a safe
level, as judged by public health standards or requirements.
6. DEFINITIONS
Cleaning removes germs, dirt, and impurities from
surfaces and objects…using soap (or detergent) and
water to physically remove [them]”
Degreaser: More powerful soap/detergent specially
formulated to penetrate layers of dried on body oils
and other greasy debris
Soap/detergent: Cleaning agent which works by
suspending dirt and grease.
7. ✓ Broad spectrum
✓ Rapid activity (short contact time)
✓ Works in any environment
✓ Long shelf life
✓ Non-polluting
✓ Non-toxic
✓ Non-irritating
✓ Non-corrosive
✓ It shouldn’t allow emergence of resistant pathogens
✓ Relatively inexpensive
For an effective disinfection protocol, consideration should be given to the microorganism
being targeted, the characteristics of a specific disinfectant, and environmental issues.
Characteristics of an Ideal Disinfectant
9. MICROORGANISM CONSIDERATIONS
• Microorganisms vary in their degree of susceptibility to disinfectants
• Gram-positive bacteria are more susceptible to chemical disinfectants
than Gram-negative bacteria; while mycobacteria or bacterial
endospores are more resistant
• Hydrophilic, non-enveloped viruses (adenoviruses, reoviruses,
rotaviruses) are more resistant to disinfection than lipophilic,
enveloped viruses (coronaviruses, orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses)
• Some microorganisms are also effective at creating a biofilm that
enhances their ability to persist in the environment and avoid the action
of disinfectants
10. BIOFILMS INTERFERE IN EFFECTIVE
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTION
▪ “Biofilms are microbial
communities that are tightly
attached to surfaces and cannot
be easily removed
▪ Bacteria within biofilms are up to
1,000 times more resistant to
antimicrobials than are the same
bacteria in suspension
11. DISINFECTANT CONSIDERATIONS
Disinfectant concentration:
-static versus –cidal action
Application method
Wiping, brushing, spraying etc.
Contact time
70% isopropyl alcohol can destroy Mycobacterium
tuberculosis in 5 minutes
3% phenol requires 2-3 hours
Stability and storage
Safety precautions
12. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
Organic load
Surface topography
Temperature
Relative humidity
pH
Efficacy of glutaraldehyde best at a pH greater than 7
QACs have the greatest efficacy at pH of 9-10
Water hardness- reduce the effectiveness of certain
disinfectants (i.e., QAC, phenols)
13. CLEANING BEFORE DISINFECTION
• Cleaning alone may remove over 90% of bacteria from surfaces
• Scrub and flush away all forms of organic mater
• Pressure washing is preferable
• Warm water with detergent facilitates removal of caked material & grease
• Troughs, drinkers and inaccessible corners require particular attention
• Rinse thoroughly
• Apply the chosen disinfectant and leave this in contact with surfaces for as
long as possible (sufficient contact time)
14. APPLICATION METHOD
• Object surfaces or walls of a building may be treated with a
disinfectant solution by wiping, brushing, spraying or misting
• Portable items should be soaked in a container of disinfectant
• Fumigation may be used in some situations but is inefficient in
buildings with ill-fitting doors and windows, or damaged roofs
Thorough cleaning and washing prior to the application of any
disinfectant is essential
15. Types of Disinfectants Used in
Animal Disease Control Programme
▪ Hot water
▪ Acid-anionic surfactants
▪ Amphoteric surfactants
▪ Bromides, chlorides, Chlorhexidine,
Iodides
▪ Phenolic compounds
▪ Quaternary ammonium compounds
▪ Ammonium hydroxde
▪ Aldehydes
16. Chemical compound
Gram +
Bacteria
Gram -
Bacteria
TB-like
Bacteria
Fungi Virus
Best pH range
for activity
Activity when
organic matter
present
Common
uses **
Chlorhexidene SA* SA SA SA Most Wide range Good E/P/F
Formaldehyde and
aldehydes
++ ++ ++ ++ ++ Wide range Good E/P/F
Chlorine
Chloramines
++ ++ SA ++ SA Acid Very poor CS/E
Iodophors ++ ++ SA ++ SA Acid Fair to poor CS/E
Sodium hydroxide ++ ++ SA ++ ++ Alkaline Good P
Quaternary
ammoniums
++ + No SA SA Alkaline Fair CS/E
Phenols
++ ++ + SA SA Acid +Good E/P/F
Information About Common Disinfectants
*SA-some activity
**E-equipment; P-premises; F-footbaths; CS-clean surfaces (Adapted from Purdue University Extension Bulletin PIH80)
18. SELECTION OF CHEMICAL DISINFECTANTS
FOR SPECIFIC INFECTIOUS AGENTS
Bacillus anthracis
1% peracetic acid
10 % formaldehyde
4% glutaraldehyde
3 % Hydrogen peroxide
Brucella abortus
2% formaldehyde
2.5 % Sodium hypochlorite
2-3% Caustic soda
Foot and mouth disease
▪ 4% Sodium Carbonate
▪ 4% Sodium Hydroxide
Mycobacteria
▪ 2% alkaline
glutaraldehyde
solution
19. USE OF DISINFECTANT IN FARM OPERATIONS
Animal waste during an outbreak
Formaldehyde solution (formalin) at 5% concentration
Exotic disease alternative treatments include peracetic acid and sodium hydroxide
Farm building
After through cleaning followed by rinsing, suitable disinfectants for routine use include
phenolic compounds, halogens, peroxygen compounds and aldehydes
Transport vehicles
High pressure cleaning with warm water containing detergent, followed by rinsing with hot water
Dry application of phenolic compounds or halogens to all parts of the vehicle including
bodywork and wheels
20. 1. Boric acid (4-6%),
2. Sodium hydroxide (1, 2 and 5%)
3. Calcium hydroxide (lime water, slaked lime) of animal houses
4. Formaldehyde (5-10%) can be used for washing floor of animal houses
5. Glutaraldehyde 2% aqueous solution is useful for sterilization of instruments
6. Quaternary ammonium compounds; cetavlon; savlon are detergents and soaps, are used
mainly for washing. They remove grease, dirt and other organic matter
7. Bleaching powder (calcium hypochlorite), Copper sulfate (5mg/lit) and Potassium
permanganate (1-2mg/lit) are commonly used disinfectants
8. Calcium oxide is used in the burial pits to dispose the carcass and for land application
9. Calcium hydroxide (slaked) mixed with 5% phenol is commonly used in white washing of
the walls of farm houses as disinfectant
10. Phenol (0.5 to 5%) and Sodium carbonate (2.5-4%) can be used for farm buildings
Common disinfectants used in animal shelters
22. TESTING OF DISINFECTANTS
Carrier test
A carrier such as a silk or catgut thread is contaminated by submersion in a liquid culture of the
test organism
The carrier is then dried and brought in contact with the disinfectant for a given exposure time.
Cultured in a nutrient broth
No growth indicates activity of the disinfectant tested whereas growth indicates a failing.
Suspension test
A sample of the bacterial culture is suspended into the disinfectant solution
After exposure it is verified by subculture whether this bacterial inoculum is killed or not
Suspension tests are preferred to carrier tests as the bacteria are uniformly exposed to disinfectant
23. Types of suspension tests
a) Qualitative suspension tests:
A loopful of bacterial suspension brought into contact with the disinfectant
A loopful of this mixture cultured for surviving organisms.
Results expressed as ‘growth’ or ‘no growth’.
b) Quantitative suspension tests.
The number of surviving organisms (B) is counted and compared to the
original inoculum size (A).
Microbicidal effect (ME) = Log (A) - Log (B)
TESTING OF DISINFECTANTS….CONT.
24. Capacity test
A capacity test, the disinfectant is challenged repeatedly by successive
additions of bacterial suspension until its capacity to kill has been exhausted.
Best known capacity test is the Kelsey-Sykes test
TESTING OF DISINFECTANTS….CONT.
25. Phenol Coefficient Test
Determination of Phenol Coefficient:
➢ Is a measure of the bactericidal activity of a chemical compound in
relation to phenol
➢ Is calculated by dividing the dilution of test disinfectant by the dilution of
phenol that disinfects under predetermined conditions
Determine inhibition concentration of unknown disinfectant
A sample of the bacterial culture is suspended into various dilutions of the
disinfectant solution
After exposure it is verified by subculture in nutrient broth whether this inoculum is
killed or not
Repeat the procedure for control disinfectant phenol
Prepare phenol coefficient table
26. RIDEAL-WALKER TEST
▪ Phenol is diluted from 1:400 to 1:800 and the test disinfectant is diluted
from 1:95 to 1:115.
▪ Their bactericidal activity is determined against Salmonella typhi suspension
▪ Subcultures are performed from both the test and phenol at intervals of
2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 minutes.
▪ The plates are incubated for 48-72 hours at 37°C.
▪ That dilution of disinfectant which disinfects the suspension in a 7.5 minutes
and not in 2.5 and 5 minutes time is divided by that dilution of phenol
which disinfects the suspension in same time gives its phenol coefficient.
28. CHICK MARTIN TEST
▪ This test also determines the phenol coefficient of the test disinfectant.
▪ Unlike in Rideal Walker method where the test is carried out in water, the
disinfectants are made to act in the presence of yeast suspension (or 3%
dried human feces) to simulate the presence or organic matter.
▪ Time for subculture is fixed at 30 minutes and the organism used to test
efficacy is Salmonella typhi as well as Staphylococcus aureus
30. • An in-use test can determine whether an actively used
solution of disinfectant in a clinical setting is microbially
contaminated
• 1-mL sample of the used disinfectant is diluted into 9 mL
of sterile broth medium that also contains a compound
to inactivate the disinfectant.
• Ten drops (approx. 0.2 mL) of this mixture, are then
inoculated onto each of two agar plates.
• One plate is incubated at 37 °C for 3 days and the
other is incubated at room temp. for 7 days.
• Plates are monitored for growth of microbial colonies
• Growth of five or more colonies on either plate suggests
that viable microbial cells existed in the disinfectant
solution and that it is contaminated.
• Such in-use tests monitor the effectiveness of
disinfectants in the clinical setting.
In-Use Test