Nipah virus : New emerging disease with high mortality Harivansh Chopra
Nipah virus is a zoonotic virus that causes disease in both animals and humans. It was first identified during an outbreak in Malaysia and Singapore in 1998-1999. The natural host is fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family, and it is transmitted to other animals and humans through contact with bat secretions or excretions. In humans it causes a range of illnesses from asymptomatic infection to fatal encephalitis. Outbreaks have occurred in Bangladesh, India and other Southeast Asian countries. There is no vaccine available for humans currently, though supportive care is provided for symptomatic treatment.
Nipah virus is a zoonotic virus that causes disease in both animals and humans. It was initially identified during an outbreak among pig farmers in Malaysia and Singapore in 1999. Bats are the natural reservoir of the virus. Transmission occurs through contact with infected bats, pigs, or infected humans. Symptoms in humans range from asymptomatic infection to acute respiratory illness and fatal encephalitis. Outbreaks have occurred in Bangladesh and India through consumption of date palm sap or close contact with bats. There is no vaccine, so prevention focuses on reducing exposure to bats and infected individuals.
Nipah virus is an emerging zoonotic virus that causes severe disease in humans with high mortality. It is transmitted to humans from bats or through contaminated foods. The symptoms in humans range from asymptomatic to acute respiratory infection and fatal encephalitis. There are currently no approved vaccines or treatments. Prevention efforts focus on reducing exposure to bats, bats' secretions and sick pigs.
This document discusses Nipah virus, including its epidemiology, geographical distribution, morbidity and mortality, case definitions, natural history, transmission, clinical spectrum, treatment and preventive measures. Nipah virus is spread through contact with infected bats, pigs or infected people. It causes respiratory illness and encephalitis, and has a high mortality rate. Preventive measures include avoiding contact with bats/pigs, isolation of patients, and good hygiene practices.
The document discusses Nipah virus infection. It covers the organism, history, epidemiology, transmission, disease in humans and animals, and prevention/control. Nipah virus is transmitted from its reservoir in fruit bats to pigs and humans. It causes severe respiratory disease and encephalitis in these hosts. Outbreaks have occurred in Malaysia, Singapore, India and Bangladesh through contact with infected pigs or bats/contaminated fruit. The disease poses a serious public health risk with fatality rates up to 75% in humans.
Rabies Powerpoint Presentation aerophobia, dog bite prophylaxis, hydrophobia,...Dr Sujith Chadala
Rabies is a fatal viral disease of the central nervous system transmitted through the bites of rabid animals. It is endemic in many parts of the world including India, where an estimated 20,000 deaths occur annually from canine rabies. The rabies virus infects neurons and spreads via retrograde axonal transport to the central nervous system. This typically causes encephalitis, with symptoms including hydrophobia, aerophobia, and autonomic dysfunction. While treatment is supportive once symptoms begin, post-exposure prophylaxis including wound cleansing, rabies vaccine, and rabies immunoglobulin can prevent the disease if administered promptly after exposure. Rabies remains an important public health problem but is preventable through vaccination of animals
Nipah virus : New emerging disease with high mortality Harivansh Chopra
Nipah virus is a zoonotic virus that causes disease in both animals and humans. It was first identified during an outbreak in Malaysia and Singapore in 1998-1999. The natural host is fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family, and it is transmitted to other animals and humans through contact with bat secretions or excretions. In humans it causes a range of illnesses from asymptomatic infection to fatal encephalitis. Outbreaks have occurred in Bangladesh, India and other Southeast Asian countries. There is no vaccine available for humans currently, though supportive care is provided for symptomatic treatment.
Nipah virus is a zoonotic virus that causes disease in both animals and humans. It was initially identified during an outbreak among pig farmers in Malaysia and Singapore in 1999. Bats are the natural reservoir of the virus. Transmission occurs through contact with infected bats, pigs, or infected humans. Symptoms in humans range from asymptomatic infection to acute respiratory illness and fatal encephalitis. Outbreaks have occurred in Bangladesh and India through consumption of date palm sap or close contact with bats. There is no vaccine, so prevention focuses on reducing exposure to bats and infected individuals.
Nipah virus is an emerging zoonotic virus that causes severe disease in humans with high mortality. It is transmitted to humans from bats or through contaminated foods. The symptoms in humans range from asymptomatic to acute respiratory infection and fatal encephalitis. There are currently no approved vaccines or treatments. Prevention efforts focus on reducing exposure to bats, bats' secretions and sick pigs.
This document discusses Nipah virus, including its epidemiology, geographical distribution, morbidity and mortality, case definitions, natural history, transmission, clinical spectrum, treatment and preventive measures. Nipah virus is spread through contact with infected bats, pigs or infected people. It causes respiratory illness and encephalitis, and has a high mortality rate. Preventive measures include avoiding contact with bats/pigs, isolation of patients, and good hygiene practices.
The document discusses Nipah virus infection. It covers the organism, history, epidemiology, transmission, disease in humans and animals, and prevention/control. Nipah virus is transmitted from its reservoir in fruit bats to pigs and humans. It causes severe respiratory disease and encephalitis in these hosts. Outbreaks have occurred in Malaysia, Singapore, India and Bangladesh through contact with infected pigs or bats/contaminated fruit. The disease poses a serious public health risk with fatality rates up to 75% in humans.
Rabies Powerpoint Presentation aerophobia, dog bite prophylaxis, hydrophobia,...Dr Sujith Chadala
Rabies is a fatal viral disease of the central nervous system transmitted through the bites of rabid animals. It is endemic in many parts of the world including India, where an estimated 20,000 deaths occur annually from canine rabies. The rabies virus infects neurons and spreads via retrograde axonal transport to the central nervous system. This typically causes encephalitis, with symptoms including hydrophobia, aerophobia, and autonomic dysfunction. While treatment is supportive once symptoms begin, post-exposure prophylaxis including wound cleansing, rabies vaccine, and rabies immunoglobulin can prevent the disease if administered promptly after exposure. Rabies remains an important public health problem but is preventable through vaccination of animals
Nipah virus is a zoonotic virus transmitted to humans from bats or infected pigs. It was first identified during an outbreak in Malaysia and Singapore in 1999 that affected pig farmers. The virus causes respiratory illness and encephalitis in humans, with symptoms including fever, headache and coma. While there is no vaccine or treatment, supportive care and isolation procedures are important. Further research is needed to understand Nipah virus in bats and prevent future outbreaks.
Brief information about nipah virus infection and more emphasis on factors responsible for emergence of disease in India and prevention & control strategies relevant to Indian conditions.
The document discusses Nipah virus, a zoonotic virus that causes severe disease in humans and animals. It originated in Malaysia in 1998. Bats are natural reservoirs, transmitting the virus to pigs who act as amplifying hosts. Humans contract it through contact with infected bats, pigs, or other humans. Symptoms include fever, cough, vomiting and neurological issues like altered mental status. There is no treatment, only supportive care. Outbreaks have occurred in Bangladesh and India. Prevention involves avoiding contact with bats/pigs and their secretions, proper hygiene and isolation protocols for patients.
This document discusses viral zoonotic diseases, with a focus on rabies. It defines zoonoses as diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Rabies virus causes progressive infection of the central nervous system. Rabies occurs worldwide except Australia and Antarctica. Transmission is typically through bites from rabid animals, most commonly dogs. Symptoms in humans include pain at the bite site, hydrophobia, and paralysis. Laboratory diagnosis involves detecting the rabies virus or antibodies. Post-exposure prophylaxis includes wound cleansing, rabies immunoglobulin, and rabies vaccines. Prevention relies on surveillance, mass dog vaccination, population control, and public education.
This document discusses yellow fever, a viral hemorrhagic disease transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. It is caused by a flavivirus that primarily affects monkeys but can infect humans. The disease causes liver and kidney damage that can lead to jaundice, hemorrhaging, and death in 20-50% of cases. It is found in tropical areas of Africa and South America. Prevention relies on vaccination and controlling the Aedes aegypti mosquito vector through environmental management and insecticides.
Video presentation - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=45CjKnJaIC0
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Nipah virus is a newly emerging zoonotic virus that causes severe disease in both animals and humans. It is transmitted to humans from fruit bats, pigs, or through contaminated foods. Symptoms in humans include fever, headache, vomiting and neurological issues such as disorientation and coma. There is no vaccine and treatment focuses on supportive care. Prevention involves avoiding contact with bats, pigs and contaminated foods or fluids.
This document discusses zoonotic diseases and focuses on rabies. It states that rabies virus is transmitted through the saliva of infected animals like dogs, bats, and other wildlife. It can be transmitted to humans through bites or scratches. Symptoms start with pain and tingling at the bite site then progress to neurological symptoms like anxiety, confusion and eventually paralysis. Diagnosis involves clinical signs, antigen detection or virus isolation. Treatment involves wound cleaning, rabies immunoglobulin, and rabies vaccines. Risk groups include animal handlers. Control involves vaccination of pets, limiting wildlife contact, and proper animal handling.
The document summarizes key information about rabies, including:
1. Rabies is a viral disease transmitted through bites or scratches from infected animals like dogs, foxes, and bats.
2. The virus travels from the site of infection to the central nervous system, where it causes acute inflammation and symptoms like fear of water, muscle spasms, and paralysis.
3. There is no cure for rabies, but post-exposure prophylaxis including wound cleaning and rabies vaccinations can prevent the disease if administered promptly after exposure.
Monkeypox is caused by an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus in the orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family. It can spread through direct contact with infectious rash, scabs, or body fluids, respiratory secretions during prolonged face-to-face contact, or touching items that previously touched the infectious rash or body fluids. The incubation period is usually 6 to 13 days. Diagnosis involves polymerase chain reaction testing, while treatment includes the antiviral tecovirimat and vaccines for smallpox may provide limited protection as both diseases are from the same family.
Epidemiology of smallpox,chickenpox,rubella and measlesDr.Rani Komal Lata
This document discusses four infectious diseases: smallpox, chickenpox, rubella, and measles. It provides details on the causative agents, transmission, epidemiology, and global status of each disease. For smallpox, it notes it has been eradicated worldwide since the last case in 1977. For chickenpox and measles, introduction of vaccines has led to a significant reduction in deaths. Rubella cases also occur worldwide but vaccination aims to eliminate it in several WHO regions by targeted dates. Overall, the document outlines the key facts about these four viral diseases.
Yellow fever is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes that primarily affects monkeys and humans in tropical areas of Africa and South America. It causes fever, jaundice, and can lead to severe liver and kidney damage. There are three main transmission cycles: a sylvatic cycle between monkeys and wild mosquitoes in forests; an intermediate cycle between monkeys, humans and semi-domestic mosquitoes near forests; and an urban cycle between humans and the Aedes aegypti mosquito. The virus is controlled through vaccination programs and mosquito control measures like larval source reduction and insecticide spraying. International travel regulations require a valid yellow fever vaccination certificate for entry into affected areas.
Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases transmitted between animals and humans. This document discusses several bacterial, parasitic, protozoan, fungal, and viral zoonotic diseases including brucellosis, plague, leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis, rabies, tularemia, and psittacosis. It provides details on the causative agents, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of these diseases.
Arbo viruse classification and their diseases Vamsi kumar
This document provides an overview of arboviruses, which are viruses transmitted by arthropods like mosquitoes and ticks. It discusses the classification, epidemiology, properties, structure, transmission, pathogenesis and clinical symptoms of arboviruses. Specifically, it examines the major arboviruses prevalent in India, including dengue virus and Chikungunya virus. It provides details on the history, symptoms and diagnosis of dengue fever. The document is intended as an educational reference on arboviruses and the diseases they cause.
Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease transmitted by mosquitoes that affects the liver and kidneys, causing symptoms like jaundice and bleeding; it is endemic in parts of Africa and South America and vaccination or mosquito control are needed to prevent outbreaks, as one confirmed case in an unvaccinated population should be considered an outbreak.
This document provides an overview of the epidemiology of malaria. It describes malaria as a disease caused by plasmodium parasites and transmitted via infected anopheles mosquitoes. The life cycle involves an asexual replication phase in humans and a sexual phase in mosquitoes. Key factors that influence the spread of malaria include the plasmodium species, environmental conditions, socioeconomic factors, and human behaviors and immunity.
all about rabies
epidemiology of rabies,
pathogenesis of rabies,
clinical features of rabies,
treatment of rabies,
prevention of rabies,
rabies virus,
post exposure prophylaxis,
rabies in dogs
Infectious disease epidemiology describes influenza as an acute viral infection typically causing abrupt onset of fever and respiratory symptoms like cough and sore throat. Complications can include primary viral or secondary bacterial pneumonia. Influenza viruses are transmitted through respiratory secretions when people cough, sneeze or talk. There are annual epidemics in winter months in temperate regions that vary in severity each year. Pandemics occur less frequently and represent major antigenic shifts in influenza virus subtypes. Surveillance, vaccines, antiviral drugs, rest, and handwashing help prevent and treat influenza.
Nipah virus is a paramyxovirus whose natural host is fruit bats. It was discovered in 1999 during an outbreak among pig farmers in Malaysia. The virus can be transmitted to humans via contact with infected bats or pigs, or through contaminated food/drinks. Person-to-person transmission is also possible. Symptoms in humans range from asymptomatic infection to fatal encephalitis. There is no vaccine yet. Prevention involves avoiding contact with bats/pigs and consuming only thoroughly cooked fruits/drinks.
Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito-borne viral disease that is common in parts of Asia. It is transmitted to humans via bites from infected Culex mosquitoes. While most infections cause mild symptoms or no symptoms, approximately 1 in 250 infections result in encephalitis, which can be fatal in 30% of cases. Survivors often face permanent neurological impairments. Control efforts focus on vaccination programs and reducing mosquito populations in areas like rice paddies where they breed.
Emerging and reemerging infectious diseasesarijitkundu88
Various emerging and reemerging diseases. Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases. Antibiotic resistance. The global response to control them. Laboratories network in surveillance.
Nipah virus is a zoonotic virus transmitted to humans from bats or infected pigs. It was first identified during an outbreak in Malaysia and Singapore in 1999 that affected pig farmers. The virus causes respiratory illness and encephalitis in humans, with symptoms including fever, headache and coma. While there is no vaccine or treatment, supportive care and isolation procedures are important. Further research is needed to understand Nipah virus in bats and prevent future outbreaks.
Brief information about nipah virus infection and more emphasis on factors responsible for emergence of disease in India and prevention & control strategies relevant to Indian conditions.
The document discusses Nipah virus, a zoonotic virus that causes severe disease in humans and animals. It originated in Malaysia in 1998. Bats are natural reservoirs, transmitting the virus to pigs who act as amplifying hosts. Humans contract it through contact with infected bats, pigs, or other humans. Symptoms include fever, cough, vomiting and neurological issues like altered mental status. There is no treatment, only supportive care. Outbreaks have occurred in Bangladesh and India. Prevention involves avoiding contact with bats/pigs and their secretions, proper hygiene and isolation protocols for patients.
This document discusses viral zoonotic diseases, with a focus on rabies. It defines zoonoses as diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Rabies virus causes progressive infection of the central nervous system. Rabies occurs worldwide except Australia and Antarctica. Transmission is typically through bites from rabid animals, most commonly dogs. Symptoms in humans include pain at the bite site, hydrophobia, and paralysis. Laboratory diagnosis involves detecting the rabies virus or antibodies. Post-exposure prophylaxis includes wound cleansing, rabies immunoglobulin, and rabies vaccines. Prevention relies on surveillance, mass dog vaccination, population control, and public education.
This document discusses yellow fever, a viral hemorrhagic disease transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. It is caused by a flavivirus that primarily affects monkeys but can infect humans. The disease causes liver and kidney damage that can lead to jaundice, hemorrhaging, and death in 20-50% of cases. It is found in tropical areas of Africa and South America. Prevention relies on vaccination and controlling the Aedes aegypti mosquito vector through environmental management and insecticides.
Video presentation - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=45CjKnJaIC0
Learn Community Medicine along with me : https://t.me/drvkspm
Be my friend by connecting with me through:
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Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/drvenkateshkarthikeyan/
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Website : www.drvenkateshkarthikeyan.com
LinkedIn : https://in.linkedin.com/in/dr-venkatesh-karthikeyan-8b1234ab
Learn Community Medicine along with me : https://t.me/drvkspm
Nipah virus is a newly emerging zoonotic virus that causes severe disease in both animals and humans. It is transmitted to humans from fruit bats, pigs, or through contaminated foods. Symptoms in humans include fever, headache, vomiting and neurological issues such as disorientation and coma. There is no vaccine and treatment focuses on supportive care. Prevention involves avoiding contact with bats, pigs and contaminated foods or fluids.
This document discusses zoonotic diseases and focuses on rabies. It states that rabies virus is transmitted through the saliva of infected animals like dogs, bats, and other wildlife. It can be transmitted to humans through bites or scratches. Symptoms start with pain and tingling at the bite site then progress to neurological symptoms like anxiety, confusion and eventually paralysis. Diagnosis involves clinical signs, antigen detection or virus isolation. Treatment involves wound cleaning, rabies immunoglobulin, and rabies vaccines. Risk groups include animal handlers. Control involves vaccination of pets, limiting wildlife contact, and proper animal handling.
The document summarizes key information about rabies, including:
1. Rabies is a viral disease transmitted through bites or scratches from infected animals like dogs, foxes, and bats.
2. The virus travels from the site of infection to the central nervous system, where it causes acute inflammation and symptoms like fear of water, muscle spasms, and paralysis.
3. There is no cure for rabies, but post-exposure prophylaxis including wound cleaning and rabies vaccinations can prevent the disease if administered promptly after exposure.
Monkeypox is caused by an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus in the orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family. It can spread through direct contact with infectious rash, scabs, or body fluids, respiratory secretions during prolonged face-to-face contact, or touching items that previously touched the infectious rash or body fluids. The incubation period is usually 6 to 13 days. Diagnosis involves polymerase chain reaction testing, while treatment includes the antiviral tecovirimat and vaccines for smallpox may provide limited protection as both diseases are from the same family.
Epidemiology of smallpox,chickenpox,rubella and measlesDr.Rani Komal Lata
This document discusses four infectious diseases: smallpox, chickenpox, rubella, and measles. It provides details on the causative agents, transmission, epidemiology, and global status of each disease. For smallpox, it notes it has been eradicated worldwide since the last case in 1977. For chickenpox and measles, introduction of vaccines has led to a significant reduction in deaths. Rubella cases also occur worldwide but vaccination aims to eliminate it in several WHO regions by targeted dates. Overall, the document outlines the key facts about these four viral diseases.
Yellow fever is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes that primarily affects monkeys and humans in tropical areas of Africa and South America. It causes fever, jaundice, and can lead to severe liver and kidney damage. There are three main transmission cycles: a sylvatic cycle between monkeys and wild mosquitoes in forests; an intermediate cycle between monkeys, humans and semi-domestic mosquitoes near forests; and an urban cycle between humans and the Aedes aegypti mosquito. The virus is controlled through vaccination programs and mosquito control measures like larval source reduction and insecticide spraying. International travel regulations require a valid yellow fever vaccination certificate for entry into affected areas.
Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases transmitted between animals and humans. This document discusses several bacterial, parasitic, protozoan, fungal, and viral zoonotic diseases including brucellosis, plague, leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis, rabies, tularemia, and psittacosis. It provides details on the causative agents, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of these diseases.
Arbo viruse classification and their diseases Vamsi kumar
This document provides an overview of arboviruses, which are viruses transmitted by arthropods like mosquitoes and ticks. It discusses the classification, epidemiology, properties, structure, transmission, pathogenesis and clinical symptoms of arboviruses. Specifically, it examines the major arboviruses prevalent in India, including dengue virus and Chikungunya virus. It provides details on the history, symptoms and diagnosis of dengue fever. The document is intended as an educational reference on arboviruses and the diseases they cause.
Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease transmitted by mosquitoes that affects the liver and kidneys, causing symptoms like jaundice and bleeding; it is endemic in parts of Africa and South America and vaccination or mosquito control are needed to prevent outbreaks, as one confirmed case in an unvaccinated population should be considered an outbreak.
This document provides an overview of the epidemiology of malaria. It describes malaria as a disease caused by plasmodium parasites and transmitted via infected anopheles mosquitoes. The life cycle involves an asexual replication phase in humans and a sexual phase in mosquitoes. Key factors that influence the spread of malaria include the plasmodium species, environmental conditions, socioeconomic factors, and human behaviors and immunity.
all about rabies
epidemiology of rabies,
pathogenesis of rabies,
clinical features of rabies,
treatment of rabies,
prevention of rabies,
rabies virus,
post exposure prophylaxis,
rabies in dogs
Infectious disease epidemiology describes influenza as an acute viral infection typically causing abrupt onset of fever and respiratory symptoms like cough and sore throat. Complications can include primary viral or secondary bacterial pneumonia. Influenza viruses are transmitted through respiratory secretions when people cough, sneeze or talk. There are annual epidemics in winter months in temperate regions that vary in severity each year. Pandemics occur less frequently and represent major antigenic shifts in influenza virus subtypes. Surveillance, vaccines, antiviral drugs, rest, and handwashing help prevent and treat influenza.
Nipah virus is a paramyxovirus whose natural host is fruit bats. It was discovered in 1999 during an outbreak among pig farmers in Malaysia. The virus can be transmitted to humans via contact with infected bats or pigs, or through contaminated food/drinks. Person-to-person transmission is also possible. Symptoms in humans range from asymptomatic infection to fatal encephalitis. There is no vaccine yet. Prevention involves avoiding contact with bats/pigs and consuming only thoroughly cooked fruits/drinks.
Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito-borne viral disease that is common in parts of Asia. It is transmitted to humans via bites from infected Culex mosquitoes. While most infections cause mild symptoms or no symptoms, approximately 1 in 250 infections result in encephalitis, which can be fatal in 30% of cases. Survivors often face permanent neurological impairments. Control efforts focus on vaccination programs and reducing mosquito populations in areas like rice paddies where they breed.
Emerging and reemerging infectious diseasesarijitkundu88
Various emerging and reemerging diseases. Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases. Antibiotic resistance. The global response to control them. Laboratories network in surveillance.
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an infection of the brain caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). While most infections result in little or no symptoms, occasional inflammation of the brain occurs. In these cases, symptoms may include headache, vomiting, fever, confusion and seizures. This occurs about 5 to 15 days after infection.
Institut Pasteur: An International Partner To Implement One Health Maria VA...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
The Institut Pasteur has a long history of implementing a One Health approach to address emerging infectious diseases. It has worked jointly with animal and human health sectors on diseases such as rabies, H5N1, and MERS-CoV through activities like field investigations, laboratory training, and vaccine development. While One Health approaches have been adopted in policies, local implementation remains a challenge due to issues like limited resources, sectoral barriers, and communication difficulties. The Institut Pasteur aims to strengthen One Health by expanding multisectoral collaborations during outbreak responses and translating findings into improved public health protocols.
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It begins with an introduction that defines emerging diseases as new diseases caused by newly discovered pathogens, while re-emerging diseases are old diseases that were previously controlled but have risen again as health problems. The document then covers the epidemiology of these diseases, including factors contributing to their emergence such as human behavior, travel, and climate change. Examples are provided of diseases like SARS, Ebola, Zika, and antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Strategies for prevention and the roles of doctors, public health authorities, and public health measures are also outlined.
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It defines emerging infections as diseases that are newly appearing or increasing after past existence. Key factors driving emergence include globalization, antibiotic resistance, and environmental changes. The document lists diseases emerging in Malaysia, including avian influenza, dengue, and drug-resistant pathogens. It emphasizes the importance of accurate laboratory diagnosis and strengthened public health measures and surveillance in addressing emerging threats.
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a viral hemorrhagic fever caused by a nairovirus transmitted primarily by ticks of the Hyalomma genus. CCHF has been reported in over 30 countries in Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe and the Middle East. The first reported cases of CCHF in India occurred in 2011 in an outbreak in Gujarat where several medical professionals treating an initial case became infected. CCHF virus is maintained in an animal-tick cycle and can be transmitted to humans via tick bites or contact with infected animal blood and tissues.
Vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, and Japanese encephalitis pose major health burdens globally and in India. In India, the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) was launched in 2003 to control six key vector-borne diseases through integrated vector management and other strategies. The NVBDCP aims to reduce mortality from malaria, dengue, and Japanese encephalitis by half and eliminate kala-azar and lymphatic filariasis by targeted years. Japanese encephalitis, transmitted by Culex mosquitoes, poses high risks for children and is a growing problem in India. Chikungunya, transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, caused over a million cases during an
The document provides an overview of the One Health approach, which recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. It discusses the evolution and key concepts of One Health, including how it addresses important issues like zoonotic diseases, antimicrobial resistance, and food safety in an integrated way. Specific zoonotic diseases that have been targets of the One Health approach in India are also highlighted, such as rabies, henipaviruses, and Japanese encephalitis. The document emphasizes the importance of cross-sectoral collaboration across human, animal, and environmental health to tackle these challenges.
Wildlife-livestock-human interface: recognising drivers of diseaseILRI
This document summarizes a presentation on wildlife-livestock-human disease transmission interfaces in Kenya. It discusses drivers of emerging infectious diseases like climate change and land use changes. Case studies on zoonotic diseases in smallholder farms in Western Kenya and Nipah virus transmission from bats to humans in Asia are described. A study on Malignant Catarrhal Fever transmission from wildebeest to cattle in the Kapiti Plains is also summarized. The presentation concludes that increased contact between wildlife, livestock and humans due to anthropogenic changes is increasing disease risks, and that pathogens may be one step ahead of current prediction capabilities.
Yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, and Kyasanur forest disease (KFD) are zoonotic mosquito-borne viral diseases. Yellow fever virus infects monkeys and humans in tropical Africa and South America and is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Japanese encephalitis virus infects pigs and birds and is transmitted to humans by Culex mosquitoes. KFD virus infects monkeys and rodents in parts of India and is transmitted to humans by ticks. These diseases cause fever and neurological symptoms and can be fatal, with thousands of cases reported annually worldwide. Vaccination is the primary preventive measure for yellow fever.
Seroprevalence, molecular detection and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii inf...ILRI
Poster prepared by Timothy Wachira, Joshua Onono, Amos Mwasi, Awo Ibrahim, Gabriel Aboge, Cristina Ballesteros and Pablo Alarcon for the Kenya One Health Online Conference, 6-8 December 2021
Chikungunya is a viral disease spread through mosquito bites. It causes fever, rash and severe joint pain. The virus was first identified in Africa in 1952 and there have since been outbreaks in Asia and islands in the Indian Ocean. It is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes which breed in small, stagnant water sources. There is no vaccine or treatment, so prevention focuses on reducing mosquito habitats and using repellents. Outbreaks require community education and source reduction efforts to eliminate breeding sites and interrupt transmission.
Chikungunya is a viral disease spread through mosquito bites. It causes fever, rash and severe joint pain. The virus was first identified in Africa in 1952. Major outbreaks have occurred in parts of Asia and islands in the Indian Ocean. There is no vaccine or treatment, so prevention focuses on eliminating mosquito breeding sites and protecting against bites. Symptoms are usually self-limiting, but joint pain can persist for months or years.
Chikungunya is a viral disease spread through mosquito bites. It causes fever, rash and severe joint pain. The virus was first identified in Africa in 1952. Major outbreaks have occurred in parts of Asia and islands in the Indian Ocean. There is no vaccine or treatment, so prevention focuses on eliminating mosquito breeding sites and protecting against bites. Symptoms are usually self-limiting, but joint pain can persist for months or years.
Chikungunya is a viral disease spread through mosquito bites. It causes fever, rash and severe joint pain. The virus was first identified in Africa in 1952 and has caused several outbreaks in parts of Asia and islands in the Indian Ocean. There is no vaccine or treatment, so prevention focuses on eliminating mosquito breeding sites and protecting against bites. Symptoms are usually self-limiting, but joint pain can persist for months or years.
Chikungunya is a viral disease spread through mosquito bites. It causes fever, rash and severe joint pain. The virus was first identified in Africa in 1952 and has caused several outbreaks in parts of Asia and islands in the Indian Ocean. There is no vaccine or treatment, so prevention focuses on eliminating mosquito breeding sites and protecting against mosquito bites. Symptoms are usually self-limiting, but joint pain can persist for months or years.
Chikungunya is a viral disease spread through mosquito bites. It causes fever, rash and severe joint pain. The virus was first identified in Africa in 1952 and has caused several outbreaks in parts of Asia and islands in the Indian Ocean. There is no vaccine or treatment, so prevention focuses on eliminating mosquito breeding sites and protecting against bites. Symptoms are usually self-limiting, but joint pain can persist for months or years.
Chikungunya is a viral disease spread through mosquito bites. It causes fever, rash and severe joint pain. The virus was first identified in Africa in 1952 and there have since been outbreaks in Asia and islands in the Indian Ocean. It is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes which breed in small, stagnant water sources. There is no vaccine or treatment, so prevention focuses on reducing mosquito habitats and using repellents. Outbreaks require community education and source reduction efforts to eliminate breeding sites and limit transmission.
Chikungunya is a viral disease spread through mosquito bites. It causes fever, rash and severe joint pain. The virus was first identified in Africa in 1952 and there have since been outbreaks in Asia and islands in the Indian Ocean. It is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes which breed in small, stagnant water sources. There is no vaccine or treatment, so prevention focuses on reducing mosquito habitats and using repellents. Outbreaks require community education and source reduction efforts to eliminate breeding sites and limit transmission.
This presentation is adopted from the review on "Milk and Health" that summarizes the evidence for the benefits and possible risks associated with the consumption of cow’s milk. The authors describe the relationship of milk consumption to the risks of fracture, obesity, cardiovascular disease, allergies, and various cancers.
- Globally over 1 billion people lack access to safe drinking water and 2.5 billion lack access to adequate sanitation. The lack of sanitation in India is responsible for 100,000 child deaths annually and stunting in 48% of children.
- Climate change, through heavy rainfall, sea level rise, flooding, higher temperatures and drought, increases exposure to waterborne infectious diseases by transporting pathogens and contaminating water sources.
- There are four categories of water-related infections: water-borne, water-washed, water-based, and water-related. Many diseases are caused by bacteria, parasites, viruses or fungi transmitted through contaminated water.
- Prevention and control methods include improving water quality,
World Zoonoses Day, observed on July 6th, aims to raise awareness of zoonotic diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Some key zoonotic diseases described in the document include rabies, Japanese encephalitis, brucellosis, anthrax, tuberculosis, plague, leptospirosis, Q fever, toxoplasmosis, and leishmaniasis. These diseases are transmitted through bites from infected animals, mosquitoes, contact with infected bodily fluids or meat, or exposure to parasites. Zoonotic diseases cause over a billion cases of human illness and millions of deaths worldwide each year, resulting in direct economic losses of $2 billion and indirect losses of over $20 billion
The document discusses microbiological criteria for meat products. It defines microbiological criteria and explains that criteria are used to define the acceptability of processes, products, or food lots based on the absence, presence, or number of microorganisms and/or toxins in samples. Criteria can be used by individual establishments or to set national baselines. The document also outlines important foodborne hazards, terms related to microbiological standards, sources of meat contamination, and indicator tests used to monitor meat safety.
1. The document discusses biosafety in biomedical research and the risks associated with pathogens escaping from laboratories. It notes several historical examples of laboratory acquired infections (LAIs) that have caused illness or death outside of labs.
2. Determining the appropriate biosafety level involves assessing the risk group of the pathogen, transmission routes, available treatments, and the types of procedures being conducted. Higher biosafety levels have more stringent laboratory practices, facilities, and personal protective equipment to prevent exposure and containment breaches.
3. Effective biosafety is founded on risk assessment and informed understanding of containment through practices like proper use of biosafety cabinets, personal protective equipment, and facility design. Compliance with biosaf
Zoonoses (Greek “zoon” = animal) are the diseases or infections that are naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans. This group of infections constitutes significant burdens on global public health. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that 25% of the total 57 million annual deaths that occur globally are caused by microbes with a major proportion occurring in the developing world (Chugh, 2008). Of total identified 1,415 species of infectious organisms known to be pathogenic to humans (including 217 viruses and prions, 538 bacteria and rickettsia, 307 fungi, 66 protozoa and 287 helminths), zoonotic agents constitute 868 (61%), with humans serving as the primary reservoir for only 3% of them. Of the 175 diseases considered to be emerging, 132 (75%) are zoonotic in origin (Taylor et al., 2001). In low income countries, established and emerging zoonoses make up 26 % of the DALYs (Disability-adjusted life year) lost to infectious disease and 10 % of the total DALYs lost. In contrast, in high income countries it represent < 1 % of DALYs lost to infectious disease and only 0.02 % of the total disease burden (Grace et al., 2012).
Vectors are living organisms that can transmit infectious diseases between humans or from animals to humans. Vector-borne diseases are infections transmitted by the bite of infected arthropod species, such as mosquitoes, ticks, triatomine bugs, flies, fleas, sandflies, and blackflies (Confalonieri et al., 2007). Among these mosquitoes are the best known disease transmission vectors for many of the fatal and diseases of economic burden. Vector-borne diseases account for 17% of the estimated global burden of all infectious diseases (CDC, 2014). Every year > 1 billion people are infected and > 1 million people die from vector-borne diseases including malaria, dengue, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, yellow fever, lymphatic filariasis, Japanese encephalitis and onchocerciasis. One sixth of the illness and disability suffered worldwide is due to vector-borne diseases with more than half the world’s population currently estimated to be at risk of these diseases. Global trade, rapid international travel, unsustainable urbanization, environmental changes such as climate change and emerging insecticidal and drug resistances, are causing vectors and vector-borne diseases to spread beyond borders (WHO, 2014).
The document discusses bioterrorism and food security. It defines bioterrorism as the deliberate release of biological agents to harm or kill people. Public health leads the response to bioterrorism attacks with support from law enforcement. The document outlines strategies to prevent, intervene in, and respond to threats to food security, including focusing inspections based on risk and improving detection systems. It also provides recommendations for food establishments to manage security through procedures, supervision, and mail screening.
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Description about recent outbreak of Ebola virus in West African countries with history, pathogenesis, clinical signs and prevention measures of Filoviruses are presented in comprehensive manner.
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This document discusses transboundary zoonotic diseases from an Indian perspective. It begins by defining transboundary zoonotic diseases and providing some examples. It then discusses several major disease outbreaks and pandemics that have impacted India and the world, including plague, cholera, avian influenza, Nipah virus, and SARS. It notes factors that have contributed to the emergence and spread of zoonotic diseases, such as population growth, increased trade and travel, agricultural intensification, and environmental changes. The document emphasizes that India's large population, biodiversity, agricultural sector, and trade relationships make it vulnerable to zoonotic diseases and their impacts.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
2. About theVirus
• Family- Paramyxoviridae
• Order- Mononegavirales
• Paramyxoviruses: -ve sense, ssRNA viruses
• Cause high human & animal health burden
(e.g., measles, distemper, mumps, parainfluenza,
Newcastle disease, respiratory syncytial virus
and metapneumoviruses etc.)
• Traditionally these viruses have:
– Narrow host range
– Low mortality rate (Virtue et al., 2009)
Vaccination- reduced impact of diseases
(measles & mumps) (Holzmann et al., 2016)
Eradicated Rinderpest : Imp. livestock disease
(Mariner et al., 2012)
3. Emergence of Henipavirus
• Various ecological & anthropogenic factors
Spill over of diverse & novel paramyxoviruses
that circulate in wildlife reservoirs to other
terrestrial mammals, including humans
• Emergence of two highly pathogenic viruses
– Hendra virus
– Nipah virus
• In 2002, International Committee forVirus
Taxonomy (ICTV) approved the est. of genus
Henipavirus due to distict genetic and
molecular features (Eaton et al., 2006)
4. Hendra virus (HeV)
• 01st zoonotic henipavirus to be identified
• In 1994, outbreak of hendra virus was
reported in horses in Australia
• 02 people in close contact with these horses
developed febrile illnesses (01 died)
• Reservoir: Australian flying foxes
Virus Spillover
• Flying foxes-to-horses
(respiratory & neurological disease)
• >50 HeV outbreaks in horses (Middleton, 2014)
• Horse-to-human via. close contact
• Human- 07 cases/ 04 deaths (Mahalingam et al., 2012)
• Human-to-human: Not observed
(Playford et al., 2008)
5. A succinct of Nipah outbreaks
• 1st outbreak-1998, Malaysia- respiratory and neurological disease in
pigs and encephalitis in people (Chua, 2012)
– Importation of infected pigs into Singapore from Malaysia a cluster
of infections in abattoir workers in Singapore (Chew et al., 2000)
• 03 years later (2001), geographically distinct NiV strain
independently emerged in Bangladesh as well as in India
• 2014- Philippines- transmission horse-to-human (ching et al., 2015)
6. Nipah virus characteristics
• Morphology: pleomorphic (spherical to filamentous) ranging in size from
40-1,900 nm (Wang et al., 2013)
• 1st isolate was recovered from clinical material from a fatal human case
from Sungai Nipah (Malaysia) in 1998 (Chua et al., 2000)
Two strains:
• Malaysian strain (NiV-MY)
• Bangladesh strain (NiV-BD)
# Philippines outbreak (2014) was most likely caused by NiV-MY
7. Major pathways of Nipah virus infection
Malaysia (blue arrows); Bangladesh (red arrows), Philippines (green arrows)
(Clayton, 2017)
8. Bat as Reservoir
As the flying fox (fruit bat) habitat is
destroyed by human activity
- bats get stressed & hungry
- immune system gets weaker
- virus load goes up
Virus spills out in their urine & saliva
• Broader distribution of NiV in
Pteropid fruit bats across their range
(Reynes et al., 2005)
• No clinical signs in bats (Wang et al., 2013)
• Viruses related to HeV & NiV also
circulate in non-pteropid fruit bats
across the globe (Clayton et al., 2013)
10. VirusTransmission
02 mechanisms of virus spillover from flying foxes:
– Transmission via intermediate animal host - Malaysian outbreak
– Bat-to-human transmission & human-to-human transmission
(Bangladesh and India)
• Two most common risk factors for human NiV infection was
– drinking contaminated date palm sap/ fermented product
– contact with a patient with nipah encephalitis (Hedge et al., 2016)
Bangladesh
& India
Malaysia
11. Epidemiology in Animals
• Host range- Broad species tropism
• In addition to multiple species of bats, NiV naturally infected pigs,
horses, dogs, cats, goat and humans in the outbreak areas of
Malaysia but all were effectively dead-end hosts (Wang et al., 2013)
• This wide range of species tropism is in part due to the fact that
NiV uses ephrinB2/B3 molecules as their entry receptors, which are
highly conserved amongst all mammals (Negrete et al., 2006)
(Dutta et al., 2016)
13. • Studies using satellite telemetry Highly mobile Malaysian flying
foxes can travel hundreds Kms between roosting sites in a year
• Home ranges- beyond Malaysia to include Indonesia & Thailand
(Epstein Jonathan et al., 2009)
14. Epidemiology of the Outbreak
• In 1998, Malaysian outbreak
– Intensively farmed pigs, sickened by fruit bats
– Slash-and-burn deforestation
• 1st isolated from Sungai Nipah NewVillage (Field et al., 2001)
Intensive
animal
agriculture
Long-distance
animal
transport
Habitat
destruction
(WHO/FAO/OIE report)
Interplay of multiple ecological risk factors
15. • In 1997-98: >10mn acres forest burnt in Borneo & Sumatra
• Exacerbated by El‟Nino drought, haze and habitat loss
• Unprecedented encroachment on orchards resulted in porcine
exposure to flying fox saliva or urine (Chua et al., 2002)
• Rapid transportation of infected pigs- 05 states of Malaysia &
Singapore resulted in 265 human cases (105 deaths) (CDC, 1999)
• Culling of > 1 mn pigs contained the catastrophe (Lam, 2003)
Mass exodus of “flying fox” for searching for food
16. Animal Husbandry- conducive factors
• Index farm triggering the large outbreak was one of the largest
hog operations in the country with ~30,000 animals (Ludwig et al., 2003)
• Despite being an Islamic country annual pig production had risen
significantly in the decade prior to outbreak-
~ 3million head to ~ 5million (FAO 2007)
• Other factors:
– population size & stocking density of the pigs
(Nipah presumably a density-dependent pathogen- respiratory route)
– continual influx of young, immunologically naive pigs (Olival & Daszak, 2005)
17. Outbreak analysis
• 03 outbreaks in Malaysia- Sept.,1998 to Jan.1999 (Tan et al., 1999)
• Initially, the cases were considered as Japanese B Encephalitis (JE) -
which previously caused porcine-associated outbreaks in Malaysia &
JE nucleic acids were detected in patients‟ sera (Chua, 2003)
• Initial measures fogging to kill mosquitoes & JE immunization
19. JE vs. Nipah during Malaysian outbreak (Chua et al., 1999)
– Most patients were adult males rather than children
– High proportion of victims had direct physical contact with pigs,
unlike a mosquito-borne disease
– Clustering of symptomatic cases among members of the same
household was as high as 33% (Tan et al., 1999) suggesting an attack rate
higher than that of JE virus, which is symptomatic in only 1: 300
infected (Thongcharoen, 1989)
– Many patients had previously been immunized against JE
– Infected pigs developed a severe barking cough and many dying from
the disease (not a feature of JE) (Looi & Chua, 2007)
# In pigs the disease is also known as „„barking pig syndrome‟‟ & „„one-mile cough‟‟
20. Detection ofVirus and its reservoir
• In March 1999, virologists from University of Malaya isolated a virus
that belonged to Paramyxoviridae and sequencing at CDC proved
that it is about 20% different from the Hendra virus (Chua et al., 2000)
• The fruit bats of Pteropid sp. were identified as the natural reservoir
hosts of the virus and its transmission to pig (Yob et al., 2001)
• Fruits eaten by bats may have been dropped into pig sties and
subsequently infected the pigs that consumed contaminated fruit
21. Measures to contain the outbreak
• Health education to pig farm workers on
(Ang et al., 2018)
• Personal protection
• Handwashing after handling of animals
• Biosecurity and disinfection of farms
• Disease control in Pigs (Lam & Chua, 2002)
– Pig-culling operations
– Phase I - culling in areas where outbreak
cases had occurred
• > 1 million pigs (45 % of all pigs in Malaysia)
were culled
– Phase II - surveillance in all pig farms
throughout the country
• Farms at which ⩾3 samples had positive
results for NiV were considered to be
positive farms
• All pigs at the affected farms and at farms
within a 500-m radius were culled
• This process was carried out for 3 months
22. Outbreak in Singapore
Feb.1999- Malaysian outbreak spread to Singapore through imported pigs
• 04 cases of encephalitis were noted among abattoir workers
• NiV was identified by RT-PCR in CSF/ tissue of patient & the sequence
was found to be identical to sequences from Malaysian cases and pigs
(Chew et al., 2000)
23. Control Measures
• > 500 abattoir workers were screened
in following week and those with
symptoms of respiratory or
neurological disease were admitted to
hospital
• The 02 abattoirs in Singapore closed
down for investigations and disinfection
• The outbreak ended with the ban on
importation of live pigs and its
products from Malaysia
24. Outbreak in Bangladesh and India
Bangladesh
• 2001- outbreak of encephalitis in Meherpur
• Not investigated until 2003- when another cluster of febrile illnesses
with neurologic features with 08 deaths in adjoining villages in
Naogaon district (≈150 km from Meherpur)
India
• Feb. 2001- outbreak of febrile illness associated with altered
sensorium in Siliguri,W.B., India
• Lab. investigations did not identify any known infectious agent
Retrospective investigation of Bangladesh oubreak was conducted
in March 2003 samples were sent to CDC +ve NiV
(Hsu et al., 2004)
• Siliguri near to Bangladesh retrospectively analyzed +ve NiV
(Chadha et al., 2006)
• Since 2001-NiV outbreaks have continued to occur in Bangladesh
and India on almost annual basis
25. Epidemiology of the outbreak…
• Unlike in Malaysia and Singapore, pigs were not involved as an
intermediary host
• Bangladesh is a predominantly Muslim country, with no pig farming,
while in W.B, India, though there are pig farms, it is not on the same
scale as in Malaysia
26. • In Bengali culture- sap harvested from date palm
tree is commonly used for fresh consumption/
fermented into alcoholic drinks (toddy, tari or palm
wine)
• Pteropus spp. bats frequently feed on the shaved
bark and often contaminate the sap with saliva,
urine, and excreta
• Consumption of fresh date palm sap as the primary
route of bat-to-human transmission
• Other risk factors
– Climbing trees (probably contaminated with
infected date palm sap)
– Contact with sick animals
– Fruit bats commonly drop partially eaten saliva
laden fruit which are then eaten by domestic
animals foraging for such food (Islam et al., 2016)
Epidemiology of the outbreak…
27. Person-to-person transmission
Nipah virus infection of health care workers during the outbreak
characterized by nosocomial transmission
• Exposure to respiratory secretions of patient during procedures
such as intubation, and failure to wear PPE when in contact with
infected patients (Chadha et al., 2006)
• Specific cultural practices
– Transmission between infected patients & their caregivers
• Societal norms - care is provided by patients‟ family members even
in hospital settings, where trained health-care professionals adopt a
“hands off” approach to patient management (Hadley et al., 2007)
– Number of cases of human infection were attributed to corpse-
to-human transmission (embracing body of a loved one soon
after their death, or ritual preparation of a corpse for burial)
(Sazzad et al., 2013)
28. Outbreak in Philippines
• 2014- Philippines National Epidemiology Center
received a report of human deaths in 02 villages
on Mindanao
• Outbreak investigation revealed additional
human deaths with concurrent neurologic
disease and sudden deaths in several horses
• Neutralizing Abs against NiV in horses and IgM
against NiV in 3 patients
Virus transmission to humans
• Direct exposure to infected horses
• Contact with contaminated body fluids
during slaughtering of sick horses
• Consumption of undercooked meat of
infected horses
• Overall fatality- 53% (Ching et al., 2016)
29. Clinical Signs of Nipah in Human
• I. P: 4 days to 2 months (> 90% at 2 weeks or less) (Goh et al., 2000)
• Patients presented with
• Fever
• Headache and dizziness
• Vomiting
Which developed into a picture of
Severe encephalitis
• Reduced level of consciousness
• Prominent signs of brain-stem dysfunction
• Neurological involvement- diverse and multifocal
• Cerebellar signs were common
A unique and interesting feature - development of relapse and late
onset encephalitis (some occurred months/ years after acute illness)
Respiratory Involvement
• Malaysian outbreak- respiratory involvement- 14-29% of cases
• Bangladesh and Indian outbreak- higher rates of respiratory involvement
• ½ to 2/3 cases- develop acute respiratory distress syndrome
30. Signs of brain-stem dysfunction
MRI of multiple small white matter lesions
(A) Multiple punctate white matter lesions (arrowheads)
(B)The largest lesion is more prominent on corresponding
diffusion-weighted image (DWI)
Virus Nipah in CSF of infected
patient
31. Parameter Malaysia-Singapore Bangladesh-India
Age and occupation Mainly adult pig farm workers Adults, children & healthcare
workers
Spread •Bats-to-pigs,
•Pigs-to-human
•Occasionally:
Human-to-human
• Bats-to-human by contaminated
date palm juice and fruits
• Possibility of bats-to-domestic
animals-to-humans
• Human-to-human spread
Respiratory
involvement
•14-29% Malaysian cases
•2 /11 patients in Singapore
had pneumonia without
encephalitis
Cough (62%), respiratory difficulty
(69%); chest radiographs with
acute respiratory distress
syndrome
Encephalitis Segmental myoclonus seen in
32-54%
Segmental myoclonus not
reported
Relapsed and late
onset encephalitis
About 5-10% Delayed onset neurological
abnormalities in 4/22 patients
Persistent
neurological deficits
About 20% About 30%
Mortality 32-41% 70 %
32. Treatment measures
• Treatment - largely supportive consisting of
– Anticonvulsants
– Treatment of secondary infection
– Mechanical ventilation and rehabilitation
• Malaysia outbreak- empiric treatment with ribavirin (broad
spectrum and ability to cross the blood-brain barrier)
• In an open-label trial of ribavirin- a reduction in mortality observed
(54% in control vs 32% treatment) (Chong et al., 2001)
• Malaysia outbreak- Mortality rate: ~ 40%
• Bangladesh and India- Mortality rate ~ 70%
Greater involvement of respiratory tract in Bangladesh & India outbreak
Differences in pathogenicity between 02 viral strains
Less advanced healthcare facilities (Intensive Care Units) in Bangladesh
34. Nurse Lini Puthussery: contracted infection while treating the
first 03 victims of infection
The Great Martyr - Lini Puthussery
To prevent the spread of outbreak her body was cremated in electric
crematorium immediately without handing it over to her family
37. How doctors spotted Nipah ????
G.S. Mudur (May 25, 2018)
Anoop Kumar AS, Chief,
Critical care unit BMH
17th May @ Baby Memorial Hospital, Kozhikode
• Muhammed Salih (26 yrs) – admitted with
fever, high B.P and acute confusion
– His B.P increased and was unable to
breathe- doctors had to intubate him
# Doctors suspected either a case of poisoning
or a deadly infectious virus
# Patients with severe encephalitis are at risk of
falling B.P but here the pressure seemed to
be rising- Anoop Kumar, AS
• Salih's aunt Mariyam also had high fever and
was admitted to BMH
• Within 24 hours, Salih suffered a fatal cardiac
arrest due to inflammation of his heart and
Mariyam died the next day
• Just 12 days earlier, Salih's 23-year-old brother
had died with similar symptoms
38. “Nothing seemed to work.There was another patient in the family (a 50-
year-old woman) with similar symptoms, and the patient's brother had died
similarly a few days earlier”
The brother, believed to have been the first patient (Index case),
had fallen sick on 2nd May and died on 5th May
"Immediately, we got on alert that we are dealing with some abnormal viral
encephalitis; it is not the normal one," - Kumar AS
The samples were sent to
Manipal virology centre
39. Arunkumar G.
Head Manipal Center forVirus
Research
• @ Manipal virology centre – Dr Arunkumar sensed
from case descriptions that the infection was
unlikely to be one of commonly cause encephalitis
• “Japanese encephalitis doesn't occur within a
family, either - you see about one case in a village
during an outbreak"
• "The rapid deterioration and the cluster from a family
were warning signs of nipah“
• Scientists at Manipal screened Salih's samples for 35
common agents of encephalitis and found Nipah +ve
• The findings were confirmed by independent analysis
by National Institute ofVirology, Pune, which arrived
on May 20.
• NIV is now undertaking full genome sequencing and
isolating the virus in its state-of-the-art Biosafety
Level 4 lab
40. Kudos to Kerala multi-pronged approach
containing the outbreak so quickly….
• Within 48 hours- state health officials
and central government had diagnosed
the virus as Nipah
• The state's emergency health system
kicked in and the outbreak, for now,
appears to be controlled
– Although, the virus has avg. 14-day
incubation period, so it'll be a month
before scientists can say the outbreak has
been fully controlled)
• The 11 fatalities have been linked to
Salih's family
• "Everybody is linked, there is no
unlinked case, that is very satisfying” –
Arunkumar
• 2001 outbreak of Siliguri,W.B. took
05 years to identify the virus
41. SourceTracking….
• The first three cases were from a single family in Perambra
– Muhammad Salih, 26
– his brother Muhammad Sabith, 23
– and his paternal aunt Mariyam, 50
• The brothers were cleaning a well that was home to bats
42. • The animal health department is collecting samples of rats,
bats and other species to find the Nipah reservoir host
• Samples are being analyzed by the NIHSAD, Bhopal
Is there any role of Intermediate animal host
or
human reservoirs (migratory population) ????
43. • Recent Nipah outbreak can cause a knee-jerk reaction of calls
for bat culling….
• Studies warn that instead of reducing the outbreak of such zoonoses,
it could cause even more damage- mainly ecological damage
• About a quarter of >1,300 bat species seen worldwide feed on fruit
and nectar and are crucial pollinators, helping maintain genetic
diversity in agricultural systems
• They are also important seed dispersers; other bat species help bring
rodent and insect numbers under control
44. INDIA- a hotspot for zoonoses
• Fast-growing human
population
• Increasing animal-human
interactions
• Changing environmental
conditions
• Inadequate sanitation and
regulation
• Socioeconomic and
anthropogenic factors
45. Corollary: According to (severely underreported) official data:
In 2017:- J.E ("villain" in Gorakhpur) killed 254 while Non-JE AES killed 1097
(Actual could be 50-100 times more)
Of these, how many could have been #Nipah deaths????
46. Biosafety Issues during Nipah outbreak
• Field and Farm workers should use PPE (masks,
goggles, gloves, gowns, and boots) together with
hand-washing and disinfection (FAO, 2002)
• NiV fulfils criteria of a potential
bioterrorism agent
– high virulence
– significant morbidity and mortality
– resultant fear and panic
– tremendous economic losses caused (Lam, 2003)
• NiV Listed as a Category C agent by CDC
• Virus handling must be done in BSL-4 facilities
47. Samples to be collected
Standard Triple Packaging
• Blood, throat swabs, urine and Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples
can be collected
• At least 5 mL of whole blood should be collected in a plain tube
• Throat swabs should be collected and transported inViral
Transport Medium (VTM) in a sterile, screwcapped polypropylene
tube
• About 10-20 ml of urine samples should be collected in to a
sterile, screw-capped, leak-proof and sturdy container.
• About 2-3 ml of CSF specimens should be collected by lumbar
puncture into a sterile tube, and The CSF specimen should not be
frozen
• Samples for PCR testing should preferably be sent in dry ice, or
at -20°C, using hard-frozen gel packs
• Tissue biopsy specimens, if available, should be transported in a
screw-capped, leak-proof container with a small volume ofViral
Transport Medium, preferably in dry ice or at -20°C.
Guidelines,NIV, May-2018
48. Collection and transportation of samples
Sample vials & other accessories Suitable sample containers, gel packs & coolant box
Arrange the sample vials with proper labeling Place vials in leak-proof secondary container
Arrange the packed container in outer shipment container with case report form & labeled address
49. Diagnosis of NiV
• Infections by NiV in humans and animals are confirmed by virus isolation,
nucleic acid amplification tests and serologic tests
• For isolation and propagation: BSL-4 facilities are needed
• The OIE reference lab. for Henipaviruses in Asia-Pacific region is located at
Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong
• Bangladesh NiV outbreaks are handled by ICDDRB and IEDCR in
collaboration with CDC, USA
• In India : BSL 4 lab at National Institute ofVirology (ICMR), Pune
– High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Bhopal with BSL3 + facility caters the need for
exotic animal disease diagnosis
• Infections by NiV in humans and animals can be confirmed by serological
tests (the most commonly used serologic assays are ELISAs)
• NiV infection can be detected by molecular diagnostic tests like RT-PCR,
Real time RT-PCR (Taqman) and Duplex nested RT-PCR which can be
confirmed by sequencing of amplified products
50. Prevention and Control
• Early detection of outbreak and installing preventive measures as soon
as possible is very imp. as treatment options are limited
• Medical and veterinary professionals along with ecologists should
increase the awareness of the disease particularly hosts and mode of
transmission of the virus- “one-health” approach
Preventive strategies
@ farm animal level
Interventions to prevent farm animals from acquiring NiV via direct
contact of bats or eating fruit contaminated by bats
Farms should be designed to reduce over-crowding to avoid rapid
spread of disease and should not be near fruit trees which attract bats
@ food contamination
Consumption of contaminated fruits/ sap should be avoided
Physical barriers to prevent bats from accessing & contaminating sap
@ human-human-spread
Avoid close contacts with infected individuals
Proper use of PPE
Proper Hand hygiene
Consult to physician in suspected cases
54. In nutshell: What model we need ???
Multiple expertise needed !
Infectious
diseases
Surveillance
Units
Inter-sectoral
Public Health
Units
Laboratory
&
Diagnostic
Services
MolecularTools
GIS &
Bio-informatics
Epidemiological
Investigation
teams
Information
sharing
management &
rapid action
International
Collaborations
55. “A ounce of prevention is
wroth a pound of cure”
–Benjamin Franklin
Contact Mail:
deepschinnus@gmail.com