The document discusses various approaches for the prevention, control, and eradication of zoonotic diseases. It begins by explaining that the key concept is breaking the chain of transmission by controlling animal reservoirs, transmission routes, and immunizing susceptible hosts. It then defines and provides examples of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention in animals. Control strategies aim to reduce illness prevalence by targeting epidemiologically weak links. Eradication aims to permanently eliminate an infectious agent from a defined population. Methods discussed include quarantine, testing and slaughter, vaccination, vector control, reservoir control, early diagnosis, and improving hygiene and the environment. Factors important for disease control programs include veterinary infrastructure, diagnostic feasibility, surveillance, cooperation, and availability

1. PREVENTION, CONTROL AND
ERADICATION OF ZOONOSES
SHARON A J
15 MVM 044

2. INTRODUCTION
 The fundamental concept in prevention, control and
eradication of zoonotic diseases is focused upon ‘breaking the
chain of transmission at its epidemiologically weakest
link’ in the infection cycle viz., controlling the reservoirs
(animals), breaking the routes of transmission and immunization
of susceptible hosts (human beings).

3. Epidemiologically weakest link in the
transmission pathway

4. PREVENTION
• Prevention of disease in an epidemiological sense means
all measures to exclude disease from an unaffected
population of animals
• There are three types of prevention
• Primary prevention
• Secondary prevention
• Tertiary prevention

5. PRIMARY PREVENTION
• Includes those activities directed towards preventing
exposure to causal factors.
• Example: Quarantine and Vaccination.

6. SECONDARY PREVENTION
• Includes those activities designed to detect disease process
as early as possible before clinical disease occurs.
• Examples
• screening test to detect Tuberculosis, Brucellosis
• Test slaughter and Depopulation
Milk ring test

7. TERTIARY PREVENTION
• prevention by treatment.

8. CONTROL
• Strategy which employs all tactics useful for reducing the
frequency of illness which are already present in a
population
• It aims to reduce the mortality and morbidity caused by the
disease.
• Effective control of a disease requires knowledge about its
multifactorial causation, removal of the weakest link may
be sufficient to control a disease.

9. CONTD..
• Host specific agents are easy to control example :
Streptococcosis
• The infectious agents with wider host range or vector hosts
may prove more difficult to control example :
Paragonimosis

10. PARAGONIMOSIS, - MAMMAL-
SNAIL-CRAB

11. ERADICATION
• Eradication is defined as the purposeful reduction in
prevalence of a specific disease to the point of continued
absence of transmission within a specified area by means
of a time limited campaign
• (Andrews and Langmuir,1963)

12. ERADICATION: TERM IS USED IN
FOUR SENSES:
• - To mean the extinction of an infectious agent. (Human
Small pox)
- Reduction of infectious diseases prevalence in an
area to a level at which transmission does not
occur.
- Reduction of infectious diseases prevalence to a level at
which disease ceases to be a major health problem,
although some transmission may still take place.
- Refers to the regional extinction of an infectious agent
(Eradication of FMD in UK)

13. ERADICATION
• Means elimination of disease-producing agent from a
defined population or geographical area
• Total Eradication: complete removal of the agent.
example: small pox from the world.
• Practical Eradication: elimination of infectious agents
from the reservoirs of importance to humans or their
domestic animals in defined geographical area and
making ‘Disease free zone’, rather than total
eradication from the region.
• Example: (Eradication of canine rabies, where
eradication of rabies from wildlife reservoirs may not
be possible.)

14. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF DISEASE
CONTROL
Source of
reservoir
Mode of
transmission
Susceptible
host
Focus on breaking the chain of transmission
1. Reservoir neutralization
2. Transmission from reservoir to susceptible host
3. Transmission between the susceptible host

15. RESERVOIR NEUTRALIZATION
• Early diagnosis
• Cull infected animals
• Manipulation of environment
Culling of birds during
avian influenza outbreak

16. TRANSMISSION FROM RESERVOIR
Reducing contact potential
• Isolation and treatment of infected animals
• Quarantine of susceptible animal
• Population control

17. SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
• Increasing host resistance
• Immunization
• Chemo prophylaxis

18. APPROACHES EMPLOYED FOR
PREVENTION &CONTROL OF
ZOONOSES
QUARANTINE
TEST AND SLAUGHTER
ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE
MASS IMMUNIZATION
VECTOR CONTROL
RESERVOIR CONTROL

19. CONTD..
EARLY DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
GENETIC IMPROVEMENT
HEALTH EDUCATION
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS
NICHE FILLING

20. QUARANTINE
• Quarantine: isolation of animals that are infected
or suspected to be so or non-infected animals that
are at risk. period depends on
- Incubation period
- Time taken for infection to be confirmed
- Time taken by infected animal to
become uninfected

21. QUARANTINE
Limitation of freedom of movement of such well persons or
domestic animals exposed to communicable disease for period
of time not longer than the longest usual incubation period of
disease, in such manner as to prevent effective contact with
those not so exposed
-Park text book of preventive and social medicine

22. • The period of quarantine depends on
1) Incubation period of agent (15 – 30 d)
2) Time taken for confirmation
• for eg. isolation and identification of pathogen
• OIE was established in Paris in 1924 with a view to make
uniform procedures for veterinary quarantine and
developed appropriate regulations applicable throughout
the world

23. CONTD..
• International quarantine the imported cattle are to be held
at the port of entry for 90days
• Sheep and pigs 15 days
• The first organized quarantine on the movement of people
was imposed by the republic of Venice in 1374 on plague
exposed travelers.
• The first international livestock quarantine was put in use
by US in 1890

24. MASS TREATMENT
• The mass treatment approach to disease control depends upon
the availability of safe and cheap therapeutic agents.
• Antibiotics, anthelmintic and other drugs like hyper immune
serum used (therapeutically)
• Administered (prophylactically) at times of high risk to prevent
disease and thus to increase productivity.
• Example: sulfonamides in drinking water for coccidiosis in
chickens.

25. SELECTIVE SLAUGHTER
• The deliberate killing of a minority of infected animals to
protect the well majority of healthy population.
• The selective slaughter of diseased animals or reactors is
to be found at by immunodiagnostic screening test.

26. CONTD..
• Affected animals - source of infection
• Slaughter ill minority of animals to protect healthy majority
• Surveillance through mass testing
Tuberculin test

27. SLAUGHTER:
• Affected animal can act as source of infection, also productivity
reduces- so technically expedient to slaughter
-Test & removal strategy: Only reactive animals are culled. eg:
bovine TB.
- Pre-emptive slaughter: Animals that have risk of developing
disease are
slaughtered to prevent risk of an outbreak.
- Blanket slaughter: Animals in areas of close contact with
affected area are slaughtered.

28. DIFFICULTY IN APPLICATION OF
SLAUGHTER
1) High initial cost of operation
2) Compensation
3) High prevalence of disease - replacement stock is a
problem

30. EXAMPLE
• Over 15,000 ducks had died at Thalavadi and Purakkad in
the Kuttanad area of Alappuzha district during the first two
weeks of November 2014. the tests of samples of dead
birds conducted in high security animal disease laboratory
(HSADL), Bhopal, had confirmed that avian influenza was
the cause of the death.
• Teams of rapid response force, comprising personnel of
the Animal Husbandry and Health Departments started
culling of thousands of ducks. nearly 2.60 lakh ducks have
been culled within one week after the outbreak of H5N1
virus in Kottayam, Alappuzha and Pathanamthitta districts
of Kerala. the state government announced a compensation
of Rs.100 for birds that are less than two months old and
Rs. 200 for those older than two months.

31. Avian Influenza Virus
outbreak in Kerala
November 2014

32. Mad cow disease outbreak in UK 1980

33. HYGIENE AND CONTROL OF THE
ENVIRONMENT
• 1st public health measure to be applied on a population
example. protecting the public water supply
• Implementation of farm hygienic practice improves sanitary
environment of animals
• Sanitary control of animal slaughter
• (Critical supervision of animal slaughter provides excellent
opportunities for early detection of livestock diseases in the
area)

34. HYGIENE
• Sanitary controls in slaughter house
• Proper ventilation, Clean water in farms , Pest control ,
Improvement of housing , General cleanliness
• Rotational grazing of the pasture
• Proper disposal of dead animals

35. MASS IMMUNIZATION
• Immunization reduces number of susceptible animals in the
population, augments herd immunity
• An immunization programme must be
1) Epidemiologically relevant
2) Immunologically effective
3) Operationally feasible
4) Socially acceptable

36. VACCINATION
• Can be different types.
-Strategic vaccination- to prevent the
incursion of diseases from an endemic area.
-Emergency vaccination-at the time of an epidemic.
-Ring vaccination- around an infected area at
the time of an outbreak.-FMD vaccination

37. IMPORTANCE OF VACCINATION

38. http://www.mpdah.gov.in/PDF/VaccinationSche
dule
(Madhya Pradesh department of animal
husbandry)

39. • Aerosol vaccination were tried experimentally against
Tularemia and Anthrax
• Oral vaccination/ Bait vaccination against Rabies

40. NICHE FILLING
• The presence of one organism within a niche can
prevent its occupation by another organism.
• This is epidemiological interference-investigated,
experimentally in the poultry industry -
Suspensions of endogenous intestinal microbes fed
to one-day-old chicks prevent colonization of their
digestive tract by virulent salmonella spp.,
Campylobactor jejuni and E.Coli.
• This technique of control has the advantage over
prophylactic antibiotic chemotherapy that antibiotic
resistance is not encouraged.

41. CONTROL OF VECTORS
• Biological vectors: infectious diseases transmitted by
biological vectors can be controlled removing the vectors.
insect vectors can be killed with insecticides.
• Control of mechanical vectors: living organisms that
mechanically transmit infectious agents can be controlled by
destruction and disinfection.

42. EXAMPLES
• Equine encephalomyelitis (destruction of mosquito larvae
and breeding places, use of protective screens in
dwellings)
• Leishmaniosis (control of sand flies and reduction of
contact with humans)

43. METHODS OF VECTOR CONTROL
a) Environmental measures
• source reduction
• Drainage operations
• Planned water
management
• Proper disposal of
wastes

44. B) Chemical measures
• Contact poisons:
1) Natural: pyrethrum, derris, mineral oil
2) Synthetic: a) organochlorines – DDT, Lindane
b) organophosphates -
Dichlorvos, Carbamates
• Stomach poison: Paris green, Sodium fluoride
• Fumigants: Hydrogen cyanide, Methyl bromide

45. Pyrethrum

46. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
• 1) Fishes: : Gambusia affinis , Aplochilus panchax , Paecelia
holbrooki effective predators of anopheline
• 2) Fungi: Goelomomyces
• 3) Protozoa: Nosema algerae
• 4) Bacteria: Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus sphaericus
• 5) Genetic manipulation of insect vectors

47. RESERVOIR CONTROL
• Reservoir control is applicable when a population of
expendable wild animals act as reservoirs for an infection
• Helpful against rats, stray dogs, other noxious reservoir
hosts for leptospirosis, rabies, plague, typhus etc.
• Wild animals - Poison baiting and Trapping is widely used
• Isolation and treatment - Domestic animals
• Rodenticides and Fumigation
Reservoir is defined as any person animal or non living thing in which infectious agent
lives and multiplies and can be transmitted to a susceptible host
(Elements of Public Health pg. 460)

48. EARLY DIAGNOSIS
• To assess the presence of a disease and to establish the
pathogen(s) involved
• Brucellosis : Agglutination /CFT (Complement fixation test)
• Glanders: Mallein test
• leptospirosis: MAT (Microscopic agglutination test)
• Rabies: FAT (Fluorescent Agglutination test)
• Tuberculosis: Tuberculin Test
• Newcastle Disease: HI
• Swine Influenza: Complement Fixation test (CFT)

49. Tuberculin Test
Fluorescent Agglutination test

50. GENETIC IMPROVEMENTS
• Incidences of some infectious disease can be reduce by
Selective breeding.
Eg: Breeds of cattle in Tse Tse zones of Africa N’Dama breed
tolerant for Trypanosomosis
FMD and TB in Ongole and HF cattle
N’DamaOngole

51. HEALTH EDUCATION
• Health education is a most effective preventive devices not
only in man but also in diseases of lower animals where
educating the owner is of paramount importance.
• Educating the community about the cause and mode of
diseases transmission prevention and treatment of
diseases.
• Education helps create cooperation and participation of the
public in fulfilling the goals of Diseases management.

54. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS
• The frequency and patterns of diseases occurrence are
quantified with possible determinants
• Epidemiological intelligence and Epidemiological
analysis are used
• Determines immediate and long term needs for
purposeful action against the disease.
• It helps in developing appropriate approaches against
emerging infectious diseases

55. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE
• Main tool of Epidemiological diagnosis
• Helps in identifying priorities for long term action against a
disease and keeping the field level personnel informed
• Facilitate rational setting of appropriate disease
management actions

56. www.fao.org
Figure 1: The epidemiological triad
(Snieszko, 1974)

57. www.fao.org
Figure 2: Factors influencing veterinary
diagnoses (from Pfeiffer, 1998)

58. PREVENTION OF ZOONOTIC
DISEASES IN HUMAN POPULATION
• High risk group population must be protected from
occupational zoonotic diseases.
• Examples: Anthrax, Leptospirosis.
• It can be achieved through following measures
• Health education
• Personal hygiene
• Protective clothing
• Immunization
• Regular testing
• Reducing the contact potential

59. CONTD…
• Improving social customs, norms, condition of life
style.
• Early diagnosis, isolation and therapy
• Keeping the environment hygiene
• Regular ante mortem inspection animals at slaughter
houses following consumer protection strategies
(HACCP - hazard analysis critical control point).
• Coordination between Medical, Veterinary and public
health personnel.
• Notification and reporting disease and outbreaks.
• Disinfection and sanitation.
• Public health awareness.

60. www.indiasanitationportal.org

61. riceinstitute.org

62. FACTORS INOLVED IN DISEASE CONTROL
AND ERADICAITON PROGRAMME
• Veterinary Infrastructure
• Diagnostic Feasibility
• Adequate Surveillance
• Availability of Replacement Stock
• Producers opinion And Co-operation
• Public opinion
• Public Health Considerations
• Requirements For Legislation And Compensation
• Ecological Consequences
• Financial Support

63. VETERINARY INFRASTRUCTURE
• Three Main Components
- Mobile Field Service comprising of adequately trained
Veterinarians and Veterinary auxiliaries.
- Adequate Diagnostic facilities.
- Adequate Research Facilities

64. DIAGNOSTIC FEASIBILITY
• Disease should be promptly recognized
- Clinical signs.
- Pathological changes.
- Isolation of causative agents.
- Demonstration of immune, allergic or biochemical
response.
- Epidemiological identification of changes of a variable in
a population.

65. ADEQUATE SURVEILLANCE
• Three components
Data collection- from field, clinics, slaughter houses etc.
Processing & analysis - local/state level & national level.
Prompt feed back - to programme planners and
implementers.

66. PRODUCER’S AND PUBLIC
OPINION
• Producer’s co-operation depends on their understanding
of campaign- preliminary step- detailed explanation of the
rationale of the programme.
• Public – mass slaughter of animals may not be possible in
many countries.

67. PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATION
• Control of zoonotic disease is an important
concern. Public health significance is an
important factor if disease can be fatal or
clinically severe. Eg- Rabies, Leptospirosis.
• In livestock- mainly due to financial
consideration, reduction of human incidence is
an added advantage.

68. CONTD…
• Legislation & compensation: programmes will be
more effective with supporting legislation. Eg.-
Australia- without quarantine no entry for
animals from countries having rabies.
• Availability of replacement stock: if slaughter is
involved sufficient replacement stock should be
available to reduce disruption to production, not
a very critical concern.

69. CONTD…
• Ecological consequences: eradication of agent
may affect the balance of nature. Only theoretical
concern.
• The elimination of an infectious may free a niche
that could be occupied by more virulent
organism.
• Financial support: government need to support
diagnosis, vaccination, quarantine, veterinary
services

70. • Before starting an eradication programme agency must
ensure that-
- All technical resources are available including man power.
- Agricultural community supports the policy.
- State borders can be adequately policed.
- Adequate diagnostic & other tools are available.
• Should only begin when success is reasonably certain.
GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF
ZOONOSES CONTROL

71. OPERATIONAL PHASE IN
ZOONOSES CONTROL
• SURVEILLANCE
• CONTROL IN ANIMALS
• CONTROL OF INFECTIVE MEDIA
• PREVENTION IN MAN
• STRATEGY SELECTION

72. ESTABLISHMENT OF
SURVEILLANCE
• Establishment of diagnostic services
1. Clinical pathological diagnosis
2. Laboratory testing
• Establishment of epidemiological intelligence service
1. Data collection processing and analysis
2. Prompt feed back to implementing officers

73. CONTD…
• Data collected from
a. Diagnostic labs
b. Slaughterhouses
c. Clinical facilities
d. Insurance schemes
e. Field vets.

74. CONTD…
• Slaughter house data has greater potential for
epidemiological research on diseases and for control
programme design, monitoring & evaluation
• ( Elements of Public Health. page 466)

75. CONTROL IN ANIMALS
• Quarantine
Test and destruction
(Brucellosis, Glanders , Leishmaniosis, salmonellosis of
poultry, rabies, bovine tuberculosis)
• Test and segregation
Leptospirosis, FMD
• Immunization
Brucellosis, Equine encephalomyelitis, Leptospirosis ,
Rabies, Rift valley fever, ND in poultry

76. CONTD..
• Treatment
Echinococcosis (deworming of dogs and destruction of the
excreta),
Leishmaniosis, Leptospirosis,
Restriction of animal movements and population
• Equine Encephalomyelitis, Rabies and Rift valley fever

77. CONTD….
• Prohibition to slaughter of diseased animals for human
consumption
• (Anthrax, Glanders, Rift valley fever, Bovine TB )

78. DESTRUCTION OF PATHOGENIC
MATERIAL
• Brucellosis (safe disposal of aborted foetus)
• Anthrax safe disposal of carcass
• Echinococcosis (destruction of dog faeces and infected
viscera from secondary hosts)
Disinfection of contaminated areas (brucellosis,
salmonellosis, tuberculosis)

79. PREVENTION IN MAN
• Public awareness
• Recommend pasteurization of milk
• Use safe milk and meat products
• Proper disposal of suspected material
• Vaccination

80. DISEASES ERADICATED OR UNDER
PROCESS OF ERADICATION
• RABIES: Lyssa virus
- Difficult to control due to sylvatic cycle,
Reservoirs, contact between
Urban & sylvatic cycles etc.
- Globally 55000 deaths
- India around 20000 deaths
( Who 2009).

81. PREVENTION CONTROL AND
ERADICATION
• Vaccination of the pet animals
• Control of stray animals and reporting of ill animals
• Reduce the pet animal exposure to wild life
• Spaying and neutering of stray animals to decrease the dog
population

85. ANTHRAX
• Bacillus anthracis
- 20000 to 100000 human cases
per annum
- 95- 99% cutaneous form
- wide host range
- spore –can survive for very long
time

87. PREVENTION CONTROL AND
ERADICATION
• Antibiotics after exposure to humans
• Educating the farmers about Anthrax
• Vaccinations (ring vaccinations during outbreak)
• Vaccination of livestock (Spore vaccine using Sterne's
strain)
• Disinfection of wool, hide & skin, soil (4% formaldehyde is the
best disinfectant)
• Proper disposal of Anthrax carcass –incineration best
method
• Disease epidemiological surveillance and quick response

88. http://articles.extension.org/pages/13
386/anthrax#.VkoYH7crI_4

89. Global surveillance on anthrax incidence is quite poor, particularly in endemic
areas. The map below, produced by the World Health Organization
Collaborating Center for Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
for Public Health, depicts the general areas of Endemicity by country across the
world.

90. PLAGUE
• Yersinia pestis
- Many pandemic outbreaks
- Wide host range & reservoirs are obstacles
- India- no occurrence after 1994
- Now mainly in African countries
Xenopsylla cheopis
Buboes

92. PREVENTION AND CONTROL
• Early diagnosis and immediate therapy
• Vector control
• Rodent control– Rodenticides (Red squill, Zinc phosphide)
• Rat traps
• Avoid contact with infected rodents & fleas
• Strict isolation of sick persons
• Chemotherapy with tetracycline
• Immunotherapy in high risk groups
• Health Education & enviornmental sanitation

95. BRUCELLOSIS
• Brucella spp
-In humans undulant/ Malta fever
-Vaccination, test & slaughter policy
-eradicated from UK, Australia
-No cases from US after 2000
-National Brucellosis control
programme in India-
Vaccination & milk screening

97. PREVENTION & CONTROL
Vaccination
• Killed vaccine- B. abortus
B. melitensis H-38
• Live vaccine - B. abortus –Strain 19
Control
• Care in handling & disposal of Foetus, Placental membrane,
Uterine discharges
• Wear protective clothing such as Rubber gloves , Goggles ,Face
mask, Apron
• Proper pasteurization of milk and milk products

98. • Maintenance of hygiene at farm slaughter house
• Regular screening of animals – milk ring test
• Test slaughter
• Environmental hygiene and personal hygiene
• Animals nearing parturition transferred to separate areas
Disinfection
• Installation – 5% chlorine
• Instruments -- Boil 30 minutes in 2% solution of caustic
soda
• Clothes -- 2% solution of chloramine
• Hands -- Soaked in 1% solution of chloramine for 5
min & wash with soap & water

101. • Mycobacterium bovis
- Tuberculin test- to detect infected ones
- Reactors are slaughtered
- Reservoir like Badgers
- Eradicated from Australia
- Ongoing in countries like UK, USA
BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS:
badger

102. PREVENTION & CONTROL
• Early diagnosis and chemotherapy
• Use of masks & other protective clothing
• Screening using tuberculin test
• Test slaughter in case of animals
• Proper pasteurization of milk & cooking of meat
• BCG vaccination of all individuals
• Health education & personal hygiene

103. Estimated tuberculosis incidence rates,
2012
Data from the World Health Organization’s
tuberculosis database. Available
from: www.who.int/tb/country/data/download/en/index.
html

104. BOVINE SPONGIFORM
ENCEPHALOPATHY
• In UK in 1986.
-Caused massive culling & slaughter
-Ban on animals & products
-connection With creutzfeld Jacob disease (CJD)
-Countries with negligible risk: Argentina, Iceland,
Panama, Australia, India, Sweden, Colombia, new Zealand,
USA, Denmark, Norway, Uruguay, Finland,

105. PREVENTION & CONTROL
• Compulsory slaughter and compensation
• Ban on ruminant derived protein foods to ruminants
• Ban on feeding of bovine offal to pigs & poultry
• Milk & Meat from infected animals are banned
• Surveillance systems using histopathological examination
of dead cattle
• Ban on importation of animal and animal protein from
countries with disease
• Avoid cattle feed with materials containing rendered
products from scrapie affected flock
• Dispose off the scrapie affected sheep carcass

106. MASSIVE CULLING

108. GLANDERS
• Burkholderia mallei
-Mainly in equines, mules
-Spread by direct contact
-Eradicated from North America,
Most of Europe & Australia.
-Under eradication in countries
like Turkey.
-Endemic in Asia, Middle east
& Africa.

109. • Early detection
• Elimination of affected animals
• Complete quarantine
• Disinfection of the area involved
• Treatment given only in endemic areas
PREVENTION & CONTROL

110. DRACUNCULIASIS
• Dracunculus medinensis
Started in 1980 by CDC,
with help of carter center
& UNICEF.
-Reduced from 3.5 million cases
in 1986 to 1058 in 2011.
-India- eradicated in 2000-
national Guinea Worm
Eradication Programme,
started in 1983-84.

111. • Prompting health education and behavior change
• Implementing vector control using larvicidal drugs
• Filtering water from open water bodies before drinking
• Prevent transmission from each worm by treatment,
cleaning and bandaging regularly the affected skin and
until the worm is completely eliminated
• Heightening surveillance
• Improving drinking water qualities
PREVENTION & CONTROL

115. SCHISTOSOMIASIS
• Schistosoma spp
-200 million of 74 countries affected
-85% in sub-saharan africa
-Control measures by carter center & world health
assembly.

117. PREVENTION & CONTROL
• Snail control
• Reducing the number of infection
• Improved sanitation prevent transmission
• Mass drug treatment of entire communities especially
school children
• Avoid swimming in fresh water
• Drink safe water

119. ONCHOCERCIASIS
• O. Volvulus
- Spread by simulid flies
- Endemic in many African
Countries
- Under eradication in Latin
American & African
Countries
Onchocerciasis Elimination
Programme: started in Central
& South America in 1992
spending 124 million
US Dollars since then.

120. • Treatment -- treatment of onchocerciasis is ivermectin (it
prevents adult worms from producing more microfilaria
thus reducing transmission.
• Vector control –killing the larvae of the black fly vectors
using insecticides
• Mechanical traps for vector control
PREVENTION & CONTROL

121. Simulium damnosum flies caught in the trap

124. ONCHOCERCIOSIS ELIMINATION
• Programme: started in central
• & south America in 1992
• Spending 124 million
• US dollars since then.

125. FOOT & MOUTH DISEASE
• : Aphtho Virus
-20000 crore annual loss in India
-FMDCP-central government funded
-ASCAD- by state & central governments
-Aim: freedom with vaccination status by 2020
-Still endemic in more than 100 countries
-Eradicated from USA, Canada, Australia,
most of European countries.

126.  Vaccination of the animals
 Quarantine of affected animals
 Hygienic methods in farm equipment's and farms to
prevent the spread of diseases.
 Proper hygienic methods to be taken up by the farmer and
the person milking the animal
 The method used by developed countries in eradication of
FMD is strict vaccination and stamping out policy of the
affected animals.
PREVENTION & CONTROL

129. REFERENCE
• Michael thrusfield.2005.Veterinary epidemiology.(3rd ed.).Blackwell
publishing, 584p.
• Park textbook of preventive and social medicine (22nd
edition)
• Sherikar, a.T., Bachhil, V.N., Thapliyal, D.C. 2004. Textbook of
elements of veterinary public health. ICAR, new delhi,572p.
• www.who.int
• www.oie.int
• www.cdc.gov
• www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
• www.cartercenter.org