Book reference: Essentials of Medical Pharmacology by K. D. Tripathi
Images and Charts: Google Search Results
Presentation for teaching in a 2nd Year MBBS class
This document summarizes key information about vaccines and immunity:
1. It describes active and passive immunity and how vaccines work to stimulate active immunity through antibody production.
2. It explains herd immunity and how widespread vaccination benefits unvaccinated individuals by making disease transmission unlikely.
3. It provides an overview of different types of vaccines including live attenuated, killed/inactivated, toxoid/subunit, and recombinant vaccines.
4. Examples are given of specific vaccines for diseases like tuberculosis, typhoid, cholera, pertussis, polio, rabies, hepatitis B, and measles/mumps/rubella.
This document discusses different classes of antiviral drugs used to treat various viral infections. It begins by outlining the challenges in designing antiviral treatments due to viruses parasitizing host cells and hijacking their metabolic pathways. The document then summarizes the general antiviral strategies of inhibiting viral enzymes, penetration/uncoating, reverse transcription, assembly/maturation, and release. It proceeds to classify specific antiviral drugs for herpes viruses, influenza, hepatitis viruses, and HIV/AIDS. The remainder provides more detailed descriptions of representative drugs in each class, including their mechanisms of action, antiviral spectra, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects.
The document discusses the history and development of vaccines. It begins by defining what a vaccine is and how it stimulates immunity. It then discusses key events in vaccine development like Edward Jenner using cowpox to provide smallpox protection in 1796. The document outlines different types of vaccines like live attenuated, killed, toxoid, subunit, conjugate, and experimental DNA vaccines. It provides examples of vaccines for different diseases and discusses concepts like valence, adjuvants, storage and administration.
The document discusses the history and types of vaccination. It describes how Edward Jenner observed that milkmaids exposed to cowpox did not get smallpox, leading him to develop the smallpox vaccine in 1796. Since then, vaccines have been developed for over 20 diseases and have saved millions of lives worldwide by training the immune system to recognize and fight pathogens. Vaccines can be live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit, polysaccharide or genetic based.
This presentation deals with important pathophysiological steps involved with HIV infection, the various classes of drugs used in treatment of this condition, along with WHO-guidelines for treatment regimen(depending on various ages & conditions).
Newer drugs have also been mentioned and emphasized upon.
This document summarizes antiviral drugs used to treat various viral infections. It discusses how viruses replicate inside host cells and highlights challenges in treating viral infections. It classifies antiviral drugs and describes their mechanisms of action, spectra, uses and limitations. Key drugs discussed include acyclovir for herpes viruses, ganciclovir for cytomegalovirus, oseltamivir for influenza, lamivudine/entecavir for hepatitis B, ribavirin for hepatitis C and respiratory syncytial virus, and interferons for hepatitis B and C. Adverse effects and pharmacokinetics of several drugs are also summarized.
Viral vaccines use either live attenuated or killed viruses to stimulate the immune system and prevent infectious viral diseases. There are two main types - live attenuated vaccines contain weakened live viruses that can replicate in the body to induce an immune response, often with just one dose, while inactivated vaccines use killed viruses or viral components that do not replicate but typically require multiple doses to be effective. Common examples of each type include measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines for live attenuated, and hepatitis A, influenza and polio vaccines for inactivated.
This document summarizes key information about vaccines and immunity:
1. It describes active and passive immunity and how vaccines work to stimulate active immunity through antibody production.
2. It explains herd immunity and how widespread vaccination benefits unvaccinated individuals by making disease transmission unlikely.
3. It provides an overview of different types of vaccines including live attenuated, killed/inactivated, toxoid/subunit, and recombinant vaccines.
4. Examples are given of specific vaccines for diseases like tuberculosis, typhoid, cholera, pertussis, polio, rabies, hepatitis B, and measles/mumps/rubella.
This document discusses different classes of antiviral drugs used to treat various viral infections. It begins by outlining the challenges in designing antiviral treatments due to viruses parasitizing host cells and hijacking their metabolic pathways. The document then summarizes the general antiviral strategies of inhibiting viral enzymes, penetration/uncoating, reverse transcription, assembly/maturation, and release. It proceeds to classify specific antiviral drugs for herpes viruses, influenza, hepatitis viruses, and HIV/AIDS. The remainder provides more detailed descriptions of representative drugs in each class, including their mechanisms of action, antiviral spectra, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects.
The document discusses the history and development of vaccines. It begins by defining what a vaccine is and how it stimulates immunity. It then discusses key events in vaccine development like Edward Jenner using cowpox to provide smallpox protection in 1796. The document outlines different types of vaccines like live attenuated, killed, toxoid, subunit, conjugate, and experimental DNA vaccines. It provides examples of vaccines for different diseases and discusses concepts like valence, adjuvants, storage and administration.
The document discusses the history and types of vaccination. It describes how Edward Jenner observed that milkmaids exposed to cowpox did not get smallpox, leading him to develop the smallpox vaccine in 1796. Since then, vaccines have been developed for over 20 diseases and have saved millions of lives worldwide by training the immune system to recognize and fight pathogens. Vaccines can be live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit, polysaccharide or genetic based.
This presentation deals with important pathophysiological steps involved with HIV infection, the various classes of drugs used in treatment of this condition, along with WHO-guidelines for treatment regimen(depending on various ages & conditions).
Newer drugs have also been mentioned and emphasized upon.
This document summarizes antiviral drugs used to treat various viral infections. It discusses how viruses replicate inside host cells and highlights challenges in treating viral infections. It classifies antiviral drugs and describes their mechanisms of action, spectra, uses and limitations. Key drugs discussed include acyclovir for herpes viruses, ganciclovir for cytomegalovirus, oseltamivir for influenza, lamivudine/entecavir for hepatitis B, ribavirin for hepatitis C and respiratory syncytial virus, and interferons for hepatitis B and C. Adverse effects and pharmacokinetics of several drugs are also summarized.
Viral vaccines use either live attenuated or killed viruses to stimulate the immune system and prevent infectious viral diseases. There are two main types - live attenuated vaccines contain weakened live viruses that can replicate in the body to induce an immune response, often with just one dose, while inactivated vaccines use killed viruses or viral components that do not replicate but typically require multiple doses to be effective. Common examples of each type include measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines for live attenuated, and hepatitis A, influenza and polio vaccines for inactivated.
3. prophylactic use of Anti-microbial agentsJagirPatel3
Prophylactic: A preventive measure. The word comes from the Greek for "an advance guard," an apt term for a measure taken to fend off a disease or another unwanted consequence
The document discusses antiviral drugs and their mechanisms and uses. It covers several key points:
1) Viruses require host cells to replicate and antiviral drugs aim to interfere with viral replication mechanisms inside cells without harming cells.
2) Many antiviral drugs are nucleoside/nucleotide analogs that inhibit viral DNA/RNA polymerase after being phosphorylated inside infected cells.
3) Drugs discussed include acyclovir and related drugs for herpes viruses, ribavirin for respiratory viruses, amantadine for influenza, and interferons for hepatitis infections.
4) Optimal antiviral response requires drugs that can achieve inhibitory levels inside infected cells and a competent immune response against
This document discusses antiviral drugs used to treat retrovirus infections such as HIV. It classifies antiretroviral drugs into different categories based on their mechanism of action, including nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, CCR5 receptor inhibitors, and integrase inhibitors. Key drugs from each category are described in terms of their pharmacological properties and clinical applications. The principles of highly active antiretroviral therapy and guidelines for HIV treatment and prevention are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of vaccines including:
- A brief history of vaccines from Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine to Louis Pasteur's rabies vaccine.
- Descriptions of different types of vaccines including whole organism, subunit, DNA, recombinant vector, and edible vaccines.
- Discussions of immunization programs, challenges in developing an HIV vaccine, the debated link between the MMR vaccine and autism, and the goal of developing more effective and accessible vaccines worldwide.
Griseofulvin is an antifungal antibiotic produced by the fungus Penicillium griseofulvum. It works by inhibiting fungal cell mitosis and nucleic acid synthesis. It is indicated for several types of dermatophyte infections including ringworm, athlete's foot, jock itch, and nail fungus. Griseofulvin is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed to keratin-containing tissues. It has a long half-life of 9-24 hours. Common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, and photosensitivity. Clinical trials have shown griseofulvin to be effective against tinea capitis and tinea pedis, though a topical antifungal may provide
Quinolones were first developed in the 1960s and can be classified into generations based on their antimicrobial activity. First generation quinolones were active against gram-negative bacteria but not Pseudomonas. Later generations showed increased activity against gram-positive pathogens and mycobacteria. Quinolones act by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, blocking DNA synthesis. They are potent against a variety of bacteria including E. coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus. However, resistance may develop via mutations in genes encoding DNA gyrase/topoisomerase IV or active drug transport.
This document summarizes various anti-viral drugs used to treat viral infections like herpes, influenza, hepatitis, HIV, and their mechanisms of action and clinical applications. It discusses nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors like acyclovir, valacyclovir, famciclovir for herpes; oseltamivir and zanamivir for influenza; lamivudine for hepatitis B; and protease inhibitors and integrase inhibitors for HIV treatment. It also covers classification, uses, advantages, resistance and adverse effects of these anti-viral medications.
This document discusses various classes of antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV/AIDS. It describes 5 main classes: nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors which include drugs like zidovudine and lamivudine; non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors like efavirenz and nevirapine; protease inhibitors such as saquinavir and ritonavir; nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors including tenofovir; and entry/fusion inhibitors like enfuvirtide. For each drug class, it provides examples of drugs, their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and common adverse effects. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HA
This document provides an overview of antiviral agents for medical students. It discusses the targets of antiviral drugs, including viral enzymes and virus-specific steps. Several classes of antiviral agents are described, including drugs for influenza, hepatitis, HIV, and herpes viruses. Specific drugs like acyclovir, ganciclovir, and famciclovir are examined in depth, outlining their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and side effects in treating herpes virus infections. The conclusion emphasizes that antiviral drugs achieve selective toxicity by targeting viral processes and that classification is based on activity against different virus families.
Chemoprophylaxis refers to administering antimicrobial agents to prevent or suppress infection before clinical symptoms occur. Prophylaxis is most effective when targeting a single pathogen from acute exposure over a short duration using a suitable drug for a lethal disease. Ineffective prophylaxis can lead to overuse of antibiotics and resistant organisms. Ideal antibiotics are narrow spectrum, cheap, and minimally toxic. Types of prophylaxis include disease-targeted (e.g. endocarditis), host-targeted (e.g. HIV), and post-exposure (e.g. tuberculosis). Surgical prophylaxis aims to prevent surgical site infections by maintaining antibiotic levels during wound closure. Prophylactic regimens depend on the targeted
This document discusses sulfonamides, including their history, mechanisms of action, classifications, uses, and adverse effects. It specifically focuses on cotrimoxazole and sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine combinations. Cotrimoxazole is a fixed dose combination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim that is bactericidal and has a wide spectrum of action. It is used for urinary tract, respiratory, and intestinal infections. Sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine is also a fixed dose combination that acts synergistically through sequential blockade of protozoal folic acid synthesis, making it effective against chloroquine resistant malaria and toxoplasmosis. Both combinations can cause hypersensitivity reactions and
This document discusses the significance of toxoids in active immunity. It defines key terms like vaccines, toxoids, live vaccines, attenuated live vaccines, inactivated vaccines, polysaccharide vaccines, and surface antigen vaccines. It explains that toxoids create immunity to the toxins produced by pathogens rather than the pathogens themselves. Various routes of administration are outlined including subcutaneous, intramuscular, oral, intradermal, and intranasal. Vaccination schedules for primary vaccination and booster doses are also summarized.
Vaccines, types of vaccines, Classification of vaccines, subunit vaccines, attenuated vaccines, live vaccines, inactivated vaccines, recombinant vaccines, DNA vaccines, development of vaccines, future of vaccines, advantages of vaccines, limitation of vaccines, benefits of vaccines.
Toxoid vaccines are vaccines that are made from the toxins (harmful chemicals) from bacteria. There are some bacteria that cause disease through releasing a protein called a toxin. Scientists can inactivate these toxins in the lab using a chemical called formalin (a solution of formaldehyde) and sterilized water, which are completely safe to use in small quantities in the human body. Once the toxin is inactivated, it’s called a toxoid, and it can no longer cause harm. The body learns how to fight off the bacteria’s natural toxin once exposed to the toxoid through producing antibodies that bind into the toxin like keys into a lock
This document discusses different types of immunization and vaccination. It describes passive immunization, which provides immediate protection by injecting pre-formed antibodies, and active immunization, which activates the immune system to produce its own antibodies. Vaccines can be live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit, DNA, or recombinant vector-based. They are administered through various routes and involve primary vaccination and booster shots to maintain immunity. The document covers different vaccine-preventable diseases and periods of immunity conferred.
This document provides an overview of quinolones, including their history, classification, mechanisms of action, resistance, pharmacokinetics, uses, adverse effects and interactions. It discusses the four generations of quinolones and specific drugs within each generation. The first generation includes nalidixic acid and is used primarily for UTIs. Later generations have expanded gram positive and atypical pathogen coverage. Common uses include RTIs, UTIs, gastrointestinal and skin infections. Adverse effects include CNS effects, phototoxicity and gastrointestinal issues. Quinolones can interact with NSAIDs, theophylline and antacids. Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin are discussed in more depth.
Vaccines are preparations that produce immunity to diseases by stimulating antibody production. They include live attenuated, inactivated, and toxoid vaccines. The cold chain refers to transporting and storing vaccines at recommended temperatures from manufacturer to point of use to prevent potency loss from degradation. Vaccines are biological products that lose potency over time if not properly stored. Maintaining the cold chain through proper temperature monitoring and storage is important to ensure vaccine effectiveness and prevent waste. Vaccine stability varies by type, with some being more heat- or light-sensitive than others. Vaccine vial monitors on vials indicate heat exposure over time.
This document provides information on acyclovir, an antiviral medication. It discusses acyclovir's class and structure, pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action in inhibiting viral DNA synthesis, uses for treating herpes viruses and varicella zoster virus, dosage recommendations for adults and pediatrics with considerations for renal impairment and immunocompromised patients, common side effects involving gastrointestinal, renal and nervous systems, and major drug interactions to avoid combining acyclovir with cidofovir, sirolimus, tacrolimus or tizanidine due to risk of kidney damage.
vaccination in infants pediatrics topic 1.pptxArun170190
Immunization is the process by which the body is prepared to fight against specific diseases. There are two types of immunization: passive and active. Passive immunization provides immediate protection by administering antibodies from another source, while active immunization activates the immune system to produce its own antibodies to develop long-term immunity. Vaccines are preparations of weakened or killed pathogens that stimulate antibody production against diseases like measles, polio, diphtheria, and more. Immunization protects both individuals and communities by reducing morbidity and mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases.
Vaccines help the body develop immunity to diseases without having to get the disease. They work by exposing the immune system to parts of disease-causing germs, which triggers antibody production. There are two types of vaccines - live attenuated vaccines which use weakened germs, and inactivated vaccines which use killed germs. Common childhood vaccines provide protection against diseases like polio, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, measles, and more. Vaccines are administered through injections or orally according to recommended schedules to be most effective.
3. prophylactic use of Anti-microbial agentsJagirPatel3
Prophylactic: A preventive measure. The word comes from the Greek for "an advance guard," an apt term for a measure taken to fend off a disease or another unwanted consequence
The document discusses antiviral drugs and their mechanisms and uses. It covers several key points:
1) Viruses require host cells to replicate and antiviral drugs aim to interfere with viral replication mechanisms inside cells without harming cells.
2) Many antiviral drugs are nucleoside/nucleotide analogs that inhibit viral DNA/RNA polymerase after being phosphorylated inside infected cells.
3) Drugs discussed include acyclovir and related drugs for herpes viruses, ribavirin for respiratory viruses, amantadine for influenza, and interferons for hepatitis infections.
4) Optimal antiviral response requires drugs that can achieve inhibitory levels inside infected cells and a competent immune response against
This document discusses antiviral drugs used to treat retrovirus infections such as HIV. It classifies antiretroviral drugs into different categories based on their mechanism of action, including nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, CCR5 receptor inhibitors, and integrase inhibitors. Key drugs from each category are described in terms of their pharmacological properties and clinical applications. The principles of highly active antiretroviral therapy and guidelines for HIV treatment and prevention are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of vaccines including:
- A brief history of vaccines from Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine to Louis Pasteur's rabies vaccine.
- Descriptions of different types of vaccines including whole organism, subunit, DNA, recombinant vector, and edible vaccines.
- Discussions of immunization programs, challenges in developing an HIV vaccine, the debated link between the MMR vaccine and autism, and the goal of developing more effective and accessible vaccines worldwide.
Griseofulvin is an antifungal antibiotic produced by the fungus Penicillium griseofulvum. It works by inhibiting fungal cell mitosis and nucleic acid synthesis. It is indicated for several types of dermatophyte infections including ringworm, athlete's foot, jock itch, and nail fungus. Griseofulvin is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed to keratin-containing tissues. It has a long half-life of 9-24 hours. Common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, and photosensitivity. Clinical trials have shown griseofulvin to be effective against tinea capitis and tinea pedis, though a topical antifungal may provide
Quinolones were first developed in the 1960s and can be classified into generations based on their antimicrobial activity. First generation quinolones were active against gram-negative bacteria but not Pseudomonas. Later generations showed increased activity against gram-positive pathogens and mycobacteria. Quinolones act by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, blocking DNA synthesis. They are potent against a variety of bacteria including E. coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus. However, resistance may develop via mutations in genes encoding DNA gyrase/topoisomerase IV or active drug transport.
This document summarizes various anti-viral drugs used to treat viral infections like herpes, influenza, hepatitis, HIV, and their mechanisms of action and clinical applications. It discusses nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors like acyclovir, valacyclovir, famciclovir for herpes; oseltamivir and zanamivir for influenza; lamivudine for hepatitis B; and protease inhibitors and integrase inhibitors for HIV treatment. It also covers classification, uses, advantages, resistance and adverse effects of these anti-viral medications.
This document discusses various classes of antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV/AIDS. It describes 5 main classes: nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors which include drugs like zidovudine and lamivudine; non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors like efavirenz and nevirapine; protease inhibitors such as saquinavir and ritonavir; nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors including tenofovir; and entry/fusion inhibitors like enfuvirtide. For each drug class, it provides examples of drugs, their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and common adverse effects. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HA
This document provides an overview of antiviral agents for medical students. It discusses the targets of antiviral drugs, including viral enzymes and virus-specific steps. Several classes of antiviral agents are described, including drugs for influenza, hepatitis, HIV, and herpes viruses. Specific drugs like acyclovir, ganciclovir, and famciclovir are examined in depth, outlining their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and side effects in treating herpes virus infections. The conclusion emphasizes that antiviral drugs achieve selective toxicity by targeting viral processes and that classification is based on activity against different virus families.
Chemoprophylaxis refers to administering antimicrobial agents to prevent or suppress infection before clinical symptoms occur. Prophylaxis is most effective when targeting a single pathogen from acute exposure over a short duration using a suitable drug for a lethal disease. Ineffective prophylaxis can lead to overuse of antibiotics and resistant organisms. Ideal antibiotics are narrow spectrum, cheap, and minimally toxic. Types of prophylaxis include disease-targeted (e.g. endocarditis), host-targeted (e.g. HIV), and post-exposure (e.g. tuberculosis). Surgical prophylaxis aims to prevent surgical site infections by maintaining antibiotic levels during wound closure. Prophylactic regimens depend on the targeted
This document discusses sulfonamides, including their history, mechanisms of action, classifications, uses, and adverse effects. It specifically focuses on cotrimoxazole and sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine combinations. Cotrimoxazole is a fixed dose combination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim that is bactericidal and has a wide spectrum of action. It is used for urinary tract, respiratory, and intestinal infections. Sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine is also a fixed dose combination that acts synergistically through sequential blockade of protozoal folic acid synthesis, making it effective against chloroquine resistant malaria and toxoplasmosis. Both combinations can cause hypersensitivity reactions and
This document discusses the significance of toxoids in active immunity. It defines key terms like vaccines, toxoids, live vaccines, attenuated live vaccines, inactivated vaccines, polysaccharide vaccines, and surface antigen vaccines. It explains that toxoids create immunity to the toxins produced by pathogens rather than the pathogens themselves. Various routes of administration are outlined including subcutaneous, intramuscular, oral, intradermal, and intranasal. Vaccination schedules for primary vaccination and booster doses are also summarized.
Vaccines, types of vaccines, Classification of vaccines, subunit vaccines, attenuated vaccines, live vaccines, inactivated vaccines, recombinant vaccines, DNA vaccines, development of vaccines, future of vaccines, advantages of vaccines, limitation of vaccines, benefits of vaccines.
Toxoid vaccines are vaccines that are made from the toxins (harmful chemicals) from bacteria. There are some bacteria that cause disease through releasing a protein called a toxin. Scientists can inactivate these toxins in the lab using a chemical called formalin (a solution of formaldehyde) and sterilized water, which are completely safe to use in small quantities in the human body. Once the toxin is inactivated, it’s called a toxoid, and it can no longer cause harm. The body learns how to fight off the bacteria’s natural toxin once exposed to the toxoid through producing antibodies that bind into the toxin like keys into a lock
This document discusses different types of immunization and vaccination. It describes passive immunization, which provides immediate protection by injecting pre-formed antibodies, and active immunization, which activates the immune system to produce its own antibodies. Vaccines can be live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit, DNA, or recombinant vector-based. They are administered through various routes and involve primary vaccination and booster shots to maintain immunity. The document covers different vaccine-preventable diseases and periods of immunity conferred.
This document provides an overview of quinolones, including their history, classification, mechanisms of action, resistance, pharmacokinetics, uses, adverse effects and interactions. It discusses the four generations of quinolones and specific drugs within each generation. The first generation includes nalidixic acid and is used primarily for UTIs. Later generations have expanded gram positive and atypical pathogen coverage. Common uses include RTIs, UTIs, gastrointestinal and skin infections. Adverse effects include CNS effects, phototoxicity and gastrointestinal issues. Quinolones can interact with NSAIDs, theophylline and antacids. Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin are discussed in more depth.
Vaccines are preparations that produce immunity to diseases by stimulating antibody production. They include live attenuated, inactivated, and toxoid vaccines. The cold chain refers to transporting and storing vaccines at recommended temperatures from manufacturer to point of use to prevent potency loss from degradation. Vaccines are biological products that lose potency over time if not properly stored. Maintaining the cold chain through proper temperature monitoring and storage is important to ensure vaccine effectiveness and prevent waste. Vaccine stability varies by type, with some being more heat- or light-sensitive than others. Vaccine vial monitors on vials indicate heat exposure over time.
This document provides information on acyclovir, an antiviral medication. It discusses acyclovir's class and structure, pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action in inhibiting viral DNA synthesis, uses for treating herpes viruses and varicella zoster virus, dosage recommendations for adults and pediatrics with considerations for renal impairment and immunocompromised patients, common side effects involving gastrointestinal, renal and nervous systems, and major drug interactions to avoid combining acyclovir with cidofovir, sirolimus, tacrolimus or tizanidine due to risk of kidney damage.
vaccination in infants pediatrics topic 1.pptxArun170190
Immunization is the process by which the body is prepared to fight against specific diseases. There are two types of immunization: passive and active. Passive immunization provides immediate protection by administering antibodies from another source, while active immunization activates the immune system to produce its own antibodies to develop long-term immunity. Vaccines are preparations of weakened or killed pathogens that stimulate antibody production against diseases like measles, polio, diphtheria, and more. Immunization protects both individuals and communities by reducing morbidity and mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases.
Vaccines help the body develop immunity to diseases without having to get the disease. They work by exposing the immune system to parts of disease-causing germs, which triggers antibody production. There are two types of vaccines - live attenuated vaccines which use weakened germs, and inactivated vaccines which use killed germs. Common childhood vaccines provide protection against diseases like polio, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, measles, and more. Vaccines are administered through injections or orally according to recommended schedules to be most effective.
This document provides an overview of immunization and vaccination. It discusses the basics of active and passive immunization. It describes different types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, polysaccharide, conjugate, recombinant, and subunit vaccines. Key concepts in vaccinology like herd immunity, vaccine efficacy, and vaccine failure are explained. The principles, technique, and schedule of immunization administration are outlined. Adverse events following immunization and vaccine storage requirements are also summarized.
Dr. Fawzia Abo Ali teaches internal medicine and immunology at Ain Shams University Faculty of Medicine. She discusses various topics related to immunoprophylaxis including vaccines, immunoglobulins, and immunostimulants. Vaccines can be live attenuated, killed/inactivated, toxoid, or subunit/conjugate and are used to prevent infectious diseases in infants, children, adults, pregnant women, healthcare workers, and travelers. Immunoglobulins including hepatitis B and rabies immunoglobulin are used for passive immunization. Immunostimulants such as cytokines, bacterial extracts, levamisole, BCG, echinacea, and thalidomide can boost immune function for
Prophylactic immunization based on medical scienceKAVIN6369950450
Immunization uses vaccines to produce resistance against infectious diseases. Successful immunization programs have largely controlled diseases like smallpox, diphtheria, and polio. Vaccines work by active immunization which uses live attenuated or killed pathogens to induce immune memory, or passive immunization which provides short term antibodies. National schedules provide vaccines against common diseases to all children, while some optional vaccines target specific high risk groups or regions. New vaccines continue to be developed against other global threats.
This document provides information on various vaccines including their composition, administration, and schedules. It discusses key details of vaccines for diseases like tuberculosis (BCG), polio, hepatitis B, diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT), influenza, rotavirus, pneumococcal pneumonia, measles, rubella, mumps, typhoid, varicella, human papillomavirus (HPV), and meningococcal infections. The goals, mechanisms of action, dosage, routes of administration, and protective effects of different vaccine types like live attenuated, killed, toxoid, subunit, and conjugate vaccines are outlined. National immunization schedules for infants, children, pregnant women, and adults are
The document discusses various topics related to immunization including:
- The goals of immunization are disease prevention in individuals and eventually worldwide disease eradication.
- Immunization involves administering vaccines to stimulate immunity against infectious diseases. There are active, passive, and herd types of immunization.
- Pakistan's Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) recommends vaccines for BCG, polio, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, hepatitis B, Hib, and measles to be given from birth through age 15 months. Some non-EPI recommended vaccines include rotavirus, influenza, varicella, meningococcal, and pneumococcal vaccines.
The document discusses various topics related to immunization including:
- The goals of immunization are disease prevention in individuals and eventually worldwide disease eradication.
- Immunization involves administering vaccines to stimulate immunity against infectious diseases. There are active, passive, and herd types of immunization.
- Pakistan's Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) recommends vaccines for BCG, polio, DPT, hepatitis B, Hib, pneumococcal, and measles at various ages from birth to adolescence. The program aims to provide pediatric and adult immunization against major diseases.
Overview of vaccine and vaccination, types of vaccines with examples, vaccine production technique, adverse effects of vaccination, precautions
Email: jeevan@smail.nchu.edu.tw
This document discusses different types of vaccines including live attenuated, killed whole organism, subunit, combination, toxoid, protein, recombinant protein, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines. It provides examples of commonly used vaccines that fall under each category and describes characteristics and production methods of several specific vaccines such as cholera, typhoid, pertussis, plague, polio, and influenza vaccines.
Vaccination provides either active or passive immunity. Active immunity develops after clinical or subclinical infection or vaccination and results in antibody production. Passive immunity is conferred by antibodies produced in another host. Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system through active immunization using live, attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, cellular fraction, or recombinant vaccines. Precautions must be taken when administering vaccines due to potential reactions including those inherent to inoculation, due to faulty techniques, hypersensitivity, neurological involvement, or provocative reactions. Testing for sensitivity and having epinephrine available are important safety measures.
The document discusses various types of immunization including their goals, definitions, and details. It covers:
- Passive and active immunity from natural and artificial sources
- Types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, and conjugate
- Details on specific vaccines like BCG, polio, diphtheria, hepatitis B, pneumococcal, rotavirus, and measles
- Schedules, efficacy, advantages, side effects and contraindications of different vaccines
- The importance of vaccination programs in reducing disease prevalence globally
This document discusses immunization and immunoprophylaxis. It describes active immunization using vaccines including live attenuated, killed, toxoids, and subunit vaccines. It discusses passive immunization using human and animal sera. It also discusses combined active and passive immunization for diseases like tetanus and rabies. The document provides India's immunization schedule and discusses individual immunization for vaccines like varicella and typhoid not included in the national schedule.
This document summarizes immunizing agents and vaccines. It describes the classification of immunizing agents as vaccines, immunoglobulins, and antisera. It provides details on the types of vaccines including live, inactivated, subunit, conjugate, combined, and components added to vaccines. The document also includes India's immunization schedule and provides specific information on commonly used vaccines like BCG, hepatitis B, polio, pentavalent, rotavirus, measles-rubella, diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus, and Japanese encephalitis.
This document contains an expert lecture on immunization and vaccines. It defines key terms like vaccines, immunization, active and passive immunity. It describes different types of vaccines including live attenuated, conjugated, and toxoid vaccines. Specific details are provided on various vaccines like BCG, polio, tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, measles and hepatitis B. It addresses contraindications, dosage, efficacy and complications of different vaccines. Multiple choice questions at the end assess understanding of vaccine details like appropriate age for rotavirus vaccination and disease eradicated by vaccination.
The document discusses active and passive immunity and different types of vaccines used for immunization. It defines active immunity as the production of antibodies by one's own immune system through natural infection or artificial vaccination. Passive immunity is the transfer of antibodies from another individual. Vaccines can be live, attenuated live, inactivated/killed, toxoids, or surface antigen vaccines. They are administered through various routes and immunization schemes involve primary vaccination and booster doses to maintain immunity levels.
The document discusses the history and science of immunization and vaccination. It begins by describing how Edward Jenner used cowpox to provide immunity against smallpox. Later, Louis Pasteur further developed vaccination principles. In 1974, the WHO organized the Expanded Program on Immunization and in 1985 India introduced the Universal Immunization Program. The document then defines key vaccination terms and describes various types of immunizing agents and vaccines including live, killed, toxoids, and subunit vaccines. It provides details on vaccination schedules, administration routes, contraindications and the importance of cold chain storage.
Immunity and vaccine (community medicine )Niko439610
This document discusses immunity, types of immunity (active and passive), antigens, antibodies, humoral immunity, cellular immunity, how active immunity is developed, how passive immunity is acquired, immune response, herd immunity, immunizing agents (vaccines, immunoglobulins, antiserum), EPI schedule, cold chain, complications of vaccination, contraindications to vaccination, adverse events following immunization (AEFI), and coincidental events. The key points are that immunity protects the body from foreign antigens, there are two types of immunity (active and passive), and vaccines help develop active immunity while immunoglobulins provide passive immunity.
Vaccination stimulates the body's immune system for protection against infectious diseases through immunization. Vaccines introduce antigens that produce immunity without causing illness. There are two types of immunity - passive immunity acquired through antibodies and active immunity acquired through exposure and immune response. Vaccines can be live attenuated vaccines that mimic natural infection or inactivated vaccines containing non-replicating antigens. Childhood immunization in Ghana protects against diseases like measles, whooping cough, tetanus, diphtheria, polio, yellow fever, hepatitis B through vaccines administered according to an age-based schedule. Proper cold chain storage of vaccines is important to maintain their effectiveness.
Similar to Vaccines, antisera and immunoglobulins (20)
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
The droplets have a tendency to conglomerate to one big mass, but on being shaken they fall apart into countless little droplets again. It is used to ignite explosives, like mercury fulminate, the explosive character is one of its general themes.
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3. INTRODUCTION
Vaccines, Antisera and Toxoids are biological
products which act by reinforcing the
immunological defence of the body against
foreign agencies.
Mostly used in public health programmes
Potentially dangerous, strictly supervised and
highly standardised production, distribution and
administration.
Need cold storage to maintain potency
14. BACILLUS CALMETTE-GUERIN
(BCG) VACCINE
Live vaccine, attenuated bovine strain of M.
tuberculosis
Calmette and Guerin – 1921, France
Supplied as 0.5 to 1mg dry powder to be
suspended in 1ml sterile water
Neonate: 0.05ml and Older individuals: 0.1ml,
intra-cutaneous in deltoid region
Tuberculin sensitivity testing required in children
and adults
15. TUBERCULIN SENSITIVITY TESTING
Evaluation of
testing Site:
48-72 hrs
Also known
as Mantoux
Screening
Test, Mendel
Mantoux,
Pirquet, PPD
test
19. BACILLUS CALMETTE-GUERIN
(BCG) VACCINE
Injection Site
o7-10 days: red painless papule
o5 weeks: reaches 8mm, axillary L/N swelling
o3 months: Scales and dries
o6 Months: total heal
Partial, non permanent, non predictable.
Children benefited more
Also used for enhancement of immunity (non
specifically)
C/I: tuberculin positive, compromised host
20. VIRAL VACCINE
•Poliomyelitis Oral Live (OPV, Sabin)
•Measles, Mumps and Rubella
LIVE ATTENUATED
•Poliomyelitis inactivated (IPV, Salk)
•Rabies (Brain Substance, Chick embryo cell, Human diploid Cell-HDCV, Vero
Cell)
•Influenza
•Hepatitis B
•Hepatitis A
KILLED INACTIVATED
21. VACCINE FOR POLIOMYELITIS
Virus type 1, 2 and 3
Grown in monkey kidney cell culture
Two vaccines
oOral Polio Vaccine (OPV; Sabin vaccine): 0.5ml oral
drops at 6 10 and 14 weeks. Booster dose in15 to 18
months
oInactivated Poliomyelitis Vaccine (IPV, Salk Vaccine): 3
doses of 1ml s.c. injection in deltoid region at 4-6
weeks intervals. 4th dose 6-12 months later. Booster
dose every 5 years.
25. POST EXPOSURE
PROPHYLAXIS
1ml of PCEV or
HDCV or 0.5ml of
PVRV per dose
given on day 0, 3,
7, 14, 30, 90
PRIMARY
IMMUNIZATION
PCEV: 3 doses of
1ml inj. at intervals
of 1 month.
Booster: 1 year
HDCV: 3 doses 1ml
injection at 1week
26. HEPATITIS VACCINES
HEPATITIS B
•Aluminium
hydroxide
adsorbed Hep B
virus surface
antigen
•Prepared in yeast
cells
•1ml i.m. deltoid at
0, 1 and 6 months
•Children: 0.5ml in
HEPATITIS A
•Inactivating with
formaldehyde
•Hep A virus grown
in Human Diploid
Cell Culture
•0.5ml injection
i.m. deltoid
•Booster: 6 months
29. MEASLES-MUMPS-RUBELLA (MMR)
VACCINE
MUMPS VIRUS VACCINE LIVE ATTENUATED
•Virus grown in chick embryo cell culture
•Live attenuated, dose of 5000 TCID50
•Affords protection for up to 10 years
•Not to be given in immune deficiency syndrome
or after exposure
•Occasional febrile reaction
30. MEASLES-MUMPS-RUBELLA (MMR)
VACCINE
MEASLES VACCINE LIVE ATTENUATED
•Virus grown in chick embryo cell culture –
Edmonston Schwarz strain or Edmonston
Zagreb strain
•Live attenuated, dose of 1000 TCID50
•Affords protection for up to 8 years
•Not to be given in immune deficiency, history
of febrile convulsion or family history of
epilepsy
•Affords some protection even when given post
31. MEASLES-MUMPS-RUBELLA (MMR)
VACCINE
RUBELLA VACCINE
•Live attenuated, Wistar RA27/3 strain
•1000 TCID50 , more specifically for girls
•Contraindicated in pregnancy, febrile illness and
untreated tuberculosis
•A/E: fever, malaise, sore throat, joint pain and
lymphadenopathy
33. PENTAVALENT VACCINE
DIPTHERIA TOXOID ADSORBED
•Modified diphtheria exotoxin
adsorbed onto aluminium
hydroxide
•Reactions: local erythema, pain
and induration, axillary lymph
nodes may enlarge, fever, chills,
malaise, aches and pains
34. PENTAVALENT VACCINE
PERTUSIS (WHOOPING CHOUGH)
VACCINE
•Killed B. pertussis
•Also induces diminished adrenergic
reactivity and aids sensitization to
other antigens
•Reactions: local pain, induration,
rarely severe systemic reactions –
high fever, shock like state,
convulsions, altered consciousness,
focal neurological signs
35. PENTAVALENT VACCINE
TETANUS TOXOID
•Formalin treated exotoxin of tetanus bacilli
•Two types: fluid and adsorbed
•Reactions are similar to diphtheria toxoid
adsorbed
•Concomitant administration of chloramphenicol is
avoided as it interferes with antibody response
•Unimmunized or inadequately immunized
individual: inject after every injury that is likely to
36. PENTAVALENT VACCINE
INFLUEZAE VIRUS VACCINE
•Contains inactivated influenza virus A and B
•Efficacy inconsistent because of the frequent
antigenic changes
•A/E: Local induration and tenderness, fever,
malaise and myalgia, allergic reactions to egg
protein
41. ANTISERA
Purified and concentrated preparations of serum of
horses actively immunized against a specific antigen
A/E
1.Immediate type of allergic reactions: adrenaline
1:1000 on standby, proper sensitivity history, intra-
cutaneous/scratch test required – C/I in positive
2.Serum Sickness: with large doses and frequent
administration. Fever, rash, joint pain,
lymphadenopathy 7-12 days later
42. IMMUNOGLOBULINS
oSeparated human gamma globulins which carry
the antibodies.
oNon specific (normal) or specific (hyperimmune)
against a particular antigen
oMore efficacious than antisera
oUsually no hypersensitivity
oTendency increases with large and repeated
dosing: adrenaline to be kept on standby
44. ANTI-SNAKE VENOM POLYVALENT
Purified, enzyme refined and concentrated equine
globulins
Lyophilized vials with 10 ml ampule of distilled
water
ml neutralizes
1. 0.6 mg of standard Cobra(Naja naja) venom
2. 0.6 mg of standard Russel’s Viper (Vipera russelli)
venom
3. 0.45 mg of standard Sawscaled viper (Echis
46. ANTI-SNAKE VENOM POLYVALENT
Dose: 20ml i.v. (1ml/min injections) repeated at
1-6 hourly intervals till symptoms of envenomation
disappear
Upto 300ml/patient. Max
In viper bite: some serum around the bite site as
well
Allergic reactions including anaphylactic shock
possible
Sensitivity testing or adrenaline s.c injection
according to the situation
48. NORMAL HUMAN GAMMA GLOBULIN
Concentrated IG obtained by fractionation in cold
From pooled human plasma
Indicated use in: Viral hepatitis A and B, Measles,
Mumps, Poliomyelitis, Chicken Pox
Valuable in agammaglobinemia, premature infants,
leukaemia, immunosuppression
Also augments response to antibiotics
Dose: 0.02 – 1ml/kg i.m