27. Vaccine Types
• There are several different types of
vaccines.
• Each type is designed to teach your
immune system how to fight off
certain kinds of germs—and the
serious diseases they cause.
• When scientists create vaccines, they
consider:
• How your immune system responds to
the germ
• Who needs to be vaccinated against
the germ
• The best technology or approach to
create the vaccine
• Based on a number of these factors,
scientists decide which type of vaccine
they will make.
• There are several types of vaccines,
including:
• Inactivated vaccines
• Live-attenuated vaccines
• Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines
• Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide,
and conjugate vaccines
• Toxoid vaccines
• Viral vector vaccines
28. Inactivated vaccines
• Inactivated vaccines use the killed version of the germ that causes a
disease.
• Inactivated vaccines usually don’t provide immunity (protection)
that’s as strong as live vaccines. So you may need several doses
over time (booster shots) in order to get ongoing immunity against
diseases.
• Inactivated vaccines are used to protect against:
• Hepatitis A
• Flu (shot only)
• Polio (shot only)
• Rabies
29. Live-attenuated vaccines
• Live vaccines use a weakened (or attenuated) form of the germ that causes a disease.
• Because these vaccines are so similar to the natural infection that they help prevent, they
create a strong and long-lasting immune response. Just 1 or 2 doses of most live
vaccines can give you a lifetime of protection against a germ and the disease it causes.
• They need to be kept cool, so they don’t travel well. That means they can’t be used in
countries with limited access to refrigerators.
• Live vaccines are used to protect against:
• Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR combined vaccine)
• Rotavirus
• Smallpox
• Chickenpox
• Yellow fever
30. Messenger RNA vaccines—also called
mRNA vaccines
• Researchers have been studying and working with mRNA
vaccines for decades and this technology was used to make
some of the COVID-19 vaccines. mRNA vaccines make
proteins in order to trigger an immune response. mRNA
vaccines have several benefits compared to other types of
vaccines, including shorter manufacturing times and, because
they do not contain a live virus, no risk of causing disease in the
person getting vaccinated.
• mRNA vaccines are used to protect against:
• COVID-19
31. Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide,
and conjugate vaccines
• Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines use specific pieces of the germ—like
its protein, sugar, or capsid (a casing around the germ).
• Because these vaccines use only specific pieces of the germ, they give a very strong immune
response that’s targeted to key parts of the germ. They can also be used on almost everyone who
needs them, including people with weakened immune systems and long-term health problems.
• One limitation of these vaccines is that you may need booster shots to get ongoing protection
against diseases.
• These vaccines are used to protect against:
• Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b) disease
• Hepatitis B
• HPV (Human papillomavirus)
• Whooping cough (part of the DTaP combined vaccine)
• Pneumococcal disease
• Meningococcal disease
32. Toxoid vaccines
• Toxoid vaccines use a toxin (harmful product) made by the
germ that causes a disease. They create immunity to the parts
of the germ that cause a disease instead of the germ itself. That
means the immune response is targeted to the toxin instead of
the whole germ.
• Like some other types of vaccines, you may need booster shots
to get ongoing protection against diseases.
• Toxoid vaccines are used to protect against:
• Diphtheria
• Tetanus
33. Viral vector vaccines
• For decades, scientists studied viral vector vaccines. Some vaccines
recently used for Ebola outbreaks have used viral vector technology,
and a number of studies have focused on viral vector vaccines
against other infectious diseases such as Zika, flu, and HIV.
Scientists used this technology to make COVID-19 vaccines as well.
• Viral vector vaccines use a modified version of a different virus as a
vector to deliver protection. Several different viruses have been used
as vectors, including influenza, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV),
measles virus, and adenovirus, which causes the common cold.
Adenovirus is one of the viral vectors used in some COVID-19
vaccines being studied in clinical trials. Viral vector vaccines are
used to protect against:
• COVID-19
34.
35. stages of vaccine development;
• 1.exploratory-2 to 4 yrs
• 2.preclinical-
• 3.clinical
• 4.approval
• 5.pharmacovigilance
36. • 1.exploratory-
• Period-2 to 4 yrs;
• Where lab testing is conducted to identify an antigen which is a
substance capable of stimulating an immune response to help the
body develop antibodies.
• 2.preclinical- usually takes 1-2 yrs
• Diff experiments are conducted on CELLS,TISSUES ANIMALS at this
level.this decides the efficacy of the vaccine,how to
administer,patients dosage and how effectively it contributes to an
immune reaction-immunogenecity
37. • 3.clinical- after a vaccine has been approved to progress to the clinical
stage,it is safe for human testing.
• Subphases are;
• Phase-I-2 YRS
• Phase-II-2-3 YRS
• Phase-III-10 YRS
• 4.approval- drug controller general of india-DCGI
• 5.pharmacovigilance- BOTH THE COMPANY AND OUR GOVERNMENT
SHOULD TAKE THE VIGILANCE
47. • What is the difference between immunisation and vaccination?
• The terms ‘vaccination’ and ‘immunisation’ are similar, but don’t exactly mean
the same thing.
• Vaccination is the term used for getting a vaccine — that is, actually having
the injection or taking an oral vaccine dose.
• Immunisation is the process of both getting the vaccine and becoming
immune to the disease after vaccination.
