Vaccines work by inducing active immunity through antibody and cell-mediated immune responses. Antibodies are produced by B cells to help eliminate antigens, while T cells have cytotoxic and helper functions. There are two main types of vaccines - live attenuated vaccines, which activate all phases of the immune system but carry a risk of mutation; and inactivated vaccines, which are safer but require boosters. An ideal vaccine would provide lifelong protection against all variants of a pathogen by preventing disease transmission through rapid, effective, and safe induction of immunity in all individuals.
Developing vaccines against infectious and epidemic diseases with the aid of Bioinformatics is now possible, by predicting epitopes on an antigen and finding possible targets for the antibody to bind. A new era of vaccine production is just ahead of us.
Watch out the ppt to know more!!!
Developing vaccines against infectious and epidemic diseases with the aid of Bioinformatics is now possible, by predicting epitopes on an antigen and finding possible targets for the antibody to bind. A new era of vaccine production is just ahead of us.
Watch out the ppt to know more!!!
Basic Vaccinology: Why Vaccines Work or Don't WorkDAIReXNET
Dr. Dan Grooms presented this information for DAIReXNET on January 13th, 2014. For more information, please see our archived webinars page at www.extension.org/pages/15830/archived-dairy-cattle-webinars.
The science of maternal vaccination - Slideset by prof Kathryn EdwardsWAidid
Pregnancy is a time of immunologic changes with an increased susceptibility to some infections, and maternal immunization can provide protection to the baby through the transfer of IgG induced by vaccine across the placenta. Prof. Edwards tackles in this slide set the fundamentals of maternal immunization.
Learn more on www.waidid.org
Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines: A Future of Possibilities Haunted By A History o...Michael Sheckler
These slides provide an overview of 100 therapeutic cancer vaccines in development, a look at some of the failures, what's been and is being done to address the clinical development of these vaccines and a snapshot of some deals, terms and the number of companies seeking commercializations partners.
Overview of vaccine and vaccination, types of vaccines with examples, vaccine production technique, adverse effects of vaccination, precautions
Email: jeevan@smail.nchu.edu.tw
poultry immune system in brief
under the advanced rearing of poultry and some changes in breeds gene to give high meat and egg production some bad events appear on the surface which called immunosuppressive reaction from virus infection like avaian flu and I.B and other virus infection and from bad grade feed pellets containig high amount of aflatoxin so must understand good the immune system in brief to over come this problem
thank you
dr abdelaziz
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Rare inherited skin disorder due to defective repair of DNA
characterized by; photosensitivity, pigmentary changes, premature skin aging, early malignant tumor development
Immunology and Microbiology,Host-Microbe Interactionsvarinder kumar
Immunology and Microbiology
Host-Microbe Interactions
Cellular Immunity
Principles of Immunization
Vaccines
Examples of bacterial exotoxins
Genetics of Pathogenicity
Mechanisms of Pathogenicity
Future developments & information
Applications of Principles of Immunity
Effects of Antigen-Antibody Interactions-2
The word “Immuis” means free from burden and “immunitas” means exemption from government taxes and this provided the English terminology Immunity.
Immunity is a broad definition: This is a protective or defense mechanism of our body, which leads us to a healthy life.
Inborn or Innate immunity: It is present at birth; This is our First Line Of Defense.
Acquired or Specific: It is not present at birth but becomes part of our immune system as the lymphoid system develops.
1970: WHO defined immunity as immune response to antigen ( Foreign body) in form of:-
Humoral (activation of B-lymhocytes).
Cellular (by activation of T-lymphocytes).
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
3. Active Immunity
• Antibody mediated
– B cells
• Cell mediated
– T cells
Cytotoxic (destroy infected cells and viruses)
Helper (stimulate and direct activity of B cells)
4. What is Antigen ?
A live or inactivated substance (e.g. protein or
polysaccharide) capable of producing an
immune response .
5. What are Antibodies ?
Produced by B cells to help eliminate an antigen
• Different types
• IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE
• Functions :
Neutralize toxins
Block adhesion/cell entry of the antigen
Neutralize and prevent viral replication
• Antigen specificity :
Cannot cross-protect different types of micro-
organism
6. Immune response following exposure
to antigen
Primary response
• rapid
• mainly IgM
Secondary response
• faster and more
powerful
• mainly IgG
7. -It aims to protect the host from disease upon exposure to
noxious microorganisms .
-It can be achieved successfully if the host generated
available immune effector elements such as :
Antibodies .
- Antibodies are able to immediately recognize and
neutralize this pathogen .
Avian Immunology , Fred Davison P 374
What is the Aim of Vaccination ?
8. How do vaccines mediate protection?
• Long-term immunity is conferred by the
maintenance of antigen-specific immune
effectors and/or by the induction of immune
memory cells that can rapidly reactivated into
immune effectors in case of next pathogen
exposure.
9. The main effectors of vaccine
responses
• The nature of the vaccine exerts a direct
influence on the type of immune effectors
that are predominantly elicited and mediate
protective efficacy .
10. Effector Mechanisms Triggered by Vaccines
Antibodies prevent or reduce infections by extra-
and intracellular agents and clear extracellular
pathogens through :
Binding to the enzymatic active sites of toxins or
preventing their diffusion
Neutralizing viral replication, e.g. preventing viral
binding and entry into cells
Promoting opsonophagocytosis of extracellular
bacteria, i.e. enhancing clearance by
macrophages and neutrophils
Activating the complement cascade
11. CD8+ T cells do not prevent but reduce, control
and clear intracellular pathogens by:
• Directly killing infected cells (release of
perforin, granzyme, etc.)
• Indirectly killing infected cells through
antimicrobial cytokine release
Effector Mechanisms Triggered by Vaccines
12. CD4+ T cells do not prevent but participate to
the reduction, control and clearance of extra-
and intracellular pathogens by :
• Producing IFN-γ, TNF-α/-β, IL-2 and IL-3 and
supporting activation and differentiation of B
cells, CD8+T cells and macrophages.(Th1 cells )
• Producing IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-6 and IL-10 and
supporting B cell activation and differentiation
(Th2 cells)
Effector Mechanisms Triggered by Vaccines
13. Initiation of Vaccine Response
World Health Organization WHO , Vaccine Immunology ,
http://www.who.int/immunization/documents/Elsevier_Vaccine_immunology.pdf
14. Recognition of Vaccine Determinants by Pattern
Recognition Receptors
LigandsReceptors
Certain bacterial lipoproteinsTLR1
Peptidoglycan, lipoproteins, glycolipids, lipopolysaccharideTLR2
Viral double-stranded RNATLR3
Bacterial lipopolysaccharidesTLR4
TLR5
Bacterial flagellinsTLR6
Lipotechoic acid, lipopeptidesTLR7
Single-stranded RNATLR8
TLR9
Single-stranded RNATLR10
CpG olignucleotides Unknown PeptidoglycansNOD1 , NOD2
World Health Organization WHO , Vaccine Immunology ,
http://www.who.int/immunization/documents/Elsevier_Vaccine_immunology.pdf
15. Determinants of Primary Vaccine Antibody Responses
in Healthy Individuals
MechanismDeterminant
Higher intensity of innate responses, higher antigen
content following replication and more prolonged antigen
persistence generally result into higher Ab responses to
live than inactivated vaccines.
Vaccine type
Live vs inactivated.
Recruitment of T cell help and induction of GCs results
into higher Ab responses to protein than to PS vaccines.
Protein vs polysaccharide
Modulation of antigen delivery and persistence (depot or
slow-release formulations) or enhancement of Th
responses (immunomodulator) may support or limit Ab
responses
Adjuvants
World Health Organization WHO , Vaccine Immunology ,
http://www.who.int/immunization/documents/Elsevier_Vaccine_immunology.pdf
16. Determinants of Primary Vaccine Antibody Responses
in Healthy Individuals
MechanismDeterminant
Failure to induce GCs limit immunogenicity.Antigen nature
Polysaccharide antigens
Inclusion of epitopes readily recognized by B cells,
inclusion of epitopes readily recognized
by follicular helper T cells, elicitation of efficient follicular
T cell help and the capacity of antigen to associate/
persist in association to FDCs result into higher Ab
responses.
Protein antigens
higher Ag doses increase the availability of Ag for B / T
cell binding and activation, as well as for
association with FDCs
Antigen dose
World Health Organization WHO , Vaccine Immunology ,
http://www.who.int/immunization/documents/Elsevier_Vaccine_immunology.pdf
17. MechanismDeterminant
A 3 week minimal interval between primary doses avoids
competition between successive waves of primary
responses.
Vaccine schedule
Interval between doses.
.
Gene polymorphisms in molecules
critical for B and T cell activation/differentiation are
likely to affect Ab responses
Genetic determinants
Mostly yet identifiedEnvironmental factors
Early life immune immaturity .Age at immunization
Determinants of Primary Vaccine Antibody Responses
in Healthy Individuals
World Health Organization WHO , Vaccine Immunology ,
http://www.who.int/immunization/documents/Elsevier_Vaccine_immunology.pdf
18. Types of viral Vaccines
1- Live attenuated vaccine (MLV).
2- Inactivated vaccines (Killed).
3- Molecular-Based Vaccines
19. Live attenuated vaccine (MLV).
A-Naturally occurring virus used as vaccines
(e.g. Lentogenic strain of NDV).
B- Immunologically related virus from different
species “Heterotypic vaccines” (e.g. Turkey
herpes virus against Marek’s disease virus,
Sheep pox against LSD in cattle).
C- Attenuated vaccines: Attenuation is usually
achieved by passage of the virus in foreign
host such as ECE or tissue culture cells.
Reference : Prof.Dr.M.Shalaby Lecture2005
20. Advantages of Live Vaccines
1- Activates all phases of immune system can get
humoral IgG and local IgA.
2- Raises immune response to all protective antigens,
inactivation by formaldhyde may alter antigenicity.
3- Induction of interferons.
4- Low cost.
5- Quick immunity in majority of vaccines.
6- Easily administrated by all routes.
7- Easy transport in field.
8- Can lead to elimination of wild type virus from the
community.
Reference : Prof.Dr.M.Shalaby Lecture2005
21. Disadvantaged of live vaccines
1- Mutation, reversion to virulence (Major disadvantage).
2- Spread to contacts of vaccines who have not
vaccinated.
3- Spread vaccine not standardized-may be mutated.
4- Poor uptake in tropical areas.
Reference : Prof.Dr.M.Shalaby Lecture 2005
22. Inactivated vaccines (Killed).
• Made from virulent virus by eliminating its infectivity
and retaining its immunogenicity.
• Inactivating agents :
most commonly used are :
1- B-propiolactone
2- Formaldehyde
3- Ethylenimine and azuridine
Reference : Prof.Dr.M.Shalaby Lecture2005
23. Advantages of Killed Vaccines
1- Gives sufficient humoral immunity if boosters
given.
2- No mutation of reversion ( A big advantage).
3- Safe for pregnant animals.
4- Better to be applied in tropical countries.
Ref : Prof.Dr.M.Shalaby Lecture 2005
24. Disadvantages of killed vaccines
1- Booster doses are needed (Short immunity).
2- No local immunity.
3- Administration only by injection.
4- Adjuvants is essential to provoke cell
mediated immunity.
Reference : Prof.Dr.M.Shalaby Lecture2005
25. Live attenuated Vs Killed Vaccine
Inactivated vaccinesLiving vaccines
1-Stable on storage
2-Unlikely to cause disease
through residual
virulence.
3-Unlikely to contain live
contaminating organisms.
1-Few inoculating doses
required.
2-Adjuvants unnecessary
3-Less chance of
hypersensitivity.
4-Induction of interferon.
5-Relatively cheap.
Reference : Prof.Dr.M.Shalaby Lecture2005
26. Molecualr Based Vaccines
• Acc .to USDA classification of Genetically Engineered
Veterinary Biologics:
Category I: Vaccines that contain inactivated
recombinant organisms or purified antigens derived
from recombinant organisms.
Category II: Vaccines containing live organisms that
contain gene deletion or heterologous marker genes.
Category III: Vaccines that contain live expression
vectors containing heterologous genes for immunizing
antigens or other immune stimulants.
Reference : Prof.Dr.M.Shalaby Lecture2005
27. Novel Molecular Based Vaccines
• Examples of Novel molecular based vaccines
in veterinary Field :
1- VP1 Protective antigen of FMDV
2- VP2 of IBDV
4- H5 Gene of Avian influenza virus
3- Thymidine Kinase TK Gene of Pseudorabies
virus in swine .
32. Ideal Vaccine Characterstics
1- Produce effective resistance to infection in vaccinated
animal or bird.
2- Have long lasting resistance (stabilizers and/or heat
resistant mutants).
3- Safe for vaccinated animals ( no reversion to virulence).
4- Should be pure from other adventitious viruses (e.g.
BVD).
5- Sterile from bacteria, fungal and mycoplasma
contamination.
6- Stable.
7- Reasonably cheap to produce.
Reference : Prof.Dr.M.Shalaby Lecture2005
33. Ideal Vaccine Characterstics
• Give life-long immunity
• Broadly protective
against all variants of
organism
• Prevent disease
transmission
• Rapidly induce
immunity
• Effective in all subjects
(the old & very young)
34. • Transmit maternal
protection to the foetus
• Require few
immunizations to induce
protection
• Not need to be
administered by
injection (oral,
intranasal,
transcutaneous)
• Stable, cheap & safe
Ideal Vaccine Characterstics
35. Vaccine Assessment
• Efficacy of a vaccine is called preventable fraction.
% of controls dying - % of vaccinated dying
PF =
% of controls dying
• Good effective vaccines should have a PF of at
least 80%, Obviously less effective vaccines are
acceptable if no better is available.
Reference : Prof.Dr.M.Shalaby Lecture2005
36. Other Vaccine components
• Conjugating agents :
Carrier proteins which combine with antigens to
improve immunogenicity
• Suspension fluid :
Fluid (water, saline, tissue-culture mixture)
• Preservatives, stabilizers, antimicrobial agents
– Trace amounts used to stabilize vaccine
– May cause allergic reaction
37. Other Vaccine components
• Adjuvants :
Aluminium salt used to increase
immunogenicity of vaccines containing
inactivated micro-organisms or their products.
38. Other Vaccine components
Thiomersal
– Used in vaccine production since the 1930s
– Mercury containing compound used in some
vaccines to prevent bacterial and fungal
growth.
– Also used as inactivating agent in early stage
of production of some killed vaccines
– In 1999 EU and U.S. manufacturer’s decision
to decrease thiomersal levels in vaccines
39. Routes of Vaccination
• S/C and I/M Routes
• Intranasal ------ Mucosal immunity
• Eye drops , drinking water ( Poultry )
40. Vaccination Timing
1- Varies according to the species of animal and whether
a live or inactivated vaccine is used. It is most
important to bypass the maternal immunity
2- Activity of passive antibodies is determined by the
level of Abs in the dam, how much is transferred via
colostrum and its capacity to neutralize the vaccine.
Passive antibodies wanes because circulating IgG has a
half life of 10-20 days in domestic animals and 2-4 days
in poultry.
3- Action of passive immunity may be avoided by given
vaccines via the respiratory tract.
4- Increasing passive immunity may be a deliberate part
of the control program, thus neonatal diarrhea might
be reduced by vaccinating the dams.
Reference : Prof.Dr.M.Shalaby Lecture2005
41.
42. Vaccination Failure
• Disease induced by strains of organisms or
antigens that differ from the strain in the
vaccine you used
• Faulty production of specific lot of vaccine
(not enough antigen; accidental inactivation
during manufacture)
• Unsatisfactory storage, exposure to heat
(keeping it in the cab of a truck during the
height of summer), freezing (esp. modified
live vaccines)
Reference : Prof.Dr.M.Shalaby Lecture 2005
43. Vaccination Failure
• Administration by unconventional routes (e.g.,
given intranasal vaccine intramuscularly, or
vice versa)
• Animals incubating disease at time of
vaccination
• Disease due to an agent other than the one in
the vaccine
• Blocking effects of maternal antibodies eg.,
IBD Vaccination.
Reference : Prof.Dr.M.Shalaby Lecture2005
44. Vaccination Failure
• Administration of antibiotics in conjunction
with live bacterial vaccines.
• Chemical sterilization of syringes
• Immune response is suppressed (heavily
parasitized or malnourished animals; stress of
pregnancy, extremes of cold and heat, and
fatigue)
Reference : Prof.Dr.M.Shalaby Lecture2005