The document summarizes a seminar presentation on vaccines. It begins with an introduction to vaccines and defines them as biological preparations that provide active acquired immunity against diseases. It then discusses different types of vaccines such as live attenuated, killed, subunit, and DNA vaccines. The mechanisms of how vaccines work and provide immunization are also summarized. Common immunization programs for diseases like BCG, polio, hepatitis B, measles are outlined. The presentation concludes with emphasizing the importance of vaccines in providing protection from pathogens and immunity.

1. SEMINAR PRESENTATION ON:
PRESENTING BY :
SHWETHA C Y
M.Sc. Biotechnology
BANGALORE UNIVERSITY
WITH GUIDANCE OF :
Dr . S . T GIRISHA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
BANGALORE UNIVERSITY

2. Contents :
• Introduction
• Definitions
• Vaccines and its types
• Mechanism of vaccines
• ISCOMs
• Common immunization programmes
• Conclusion

3. Have you all been vaccinated?
d

4. What are vaccines ?
A vaccine is a biological preparation that
provides active acquired immunity to a
particular disease.
A vaccine typically contains an agent that
resembles a disease-causing microorganism
and is often made from weakened or killed
forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its
surface proteins.

5. Vaccines are one of the most successful
and cost effective public health tools for
saving lives and preventing debilitating
illness.

6. What is immunization ?
Immunization is the process of
eliciting a long-lived state of
protective immunity against a disease-
causing pathogen.

7. What is vaccination ?
Vaccination is intentional exposure
to forms of a pathogen that do not cause
disease by stimulating an individual's
immune system to develop adaptive
immunity towards a particular
pathogen.

8. Contribution to vaccines:
Contribution of two person have a great
role in the field of immunology, and they
are……

9. English doctor who helped create and popularise a vaccination
for smallpox. Through his pioneering work, he helped save the
lives of countless people, and over time became known as the
'father of immunology'
Edward Jenner

10. Louis Pasteur
French biologist, microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of
the principles of vaccination, During 19th century Pasteur
demonstrated that microorganisms cause disease and
discovered how to make vaccines from weakened, or attenuated,
microbes. He developed the earliest vaccines against fowl
cholera, anthrax, and rabies

11.  The terms vaccine and vaccination are
derived from Variolae vaccinae
(smallpox of the cow),
 Coined by Louis Pasteur
 VACCINE is a Latin (vacca), meaning
(“cow”),
 In honour of Jenner’s work with cowpox
inoculation.

12. Classification :
Vaccines have been classified into 3 types of
generations :
 First generation
 Second generation
 Third generation

13. Whole organism used as vaccines – which
maybe either live , weakened, or killed forms.
E.g. : smallpox and polio vaccines.
This vaccines are able to induce killer T-cell
responses , and helper T-cell (TH) responses.
First generation vaccines

14. Second generation vaccine :
This vaccines are subunit vaccines, consisting
of defined protein antigen
E.g. tetanus or diphtheria toxoids
This type of vaccines generate only T helper
response(TH)and antibody responses, but not
killer T cell responses.

15. Third generation vaccine
This vaccines are DNA vaccines and
are made up of a small, circular
piece of bacterial DNA (called a
plasmid) that has been genetically
engineered to produce one or two
specific proteins (antigens) from a
micro-organism.

16. Thus, Vaccination is an event, whereas
Immunization (the development of a
protective memory response) is a potential
outcome of that event.

17. Vaccine Strategies :
Three key factors must be adapted to develop
successful vaccine:
 The vaccine must be safe,
 It must be effective in preventing infection,
 The strategy should be that it is reasonably
achievable in given set of population , cost
effective.

18. First generation vaccines:
Conventional vaccines have been based
on live attenuated pathogens, or
laboratory-weakened versions of the
original pathogen , which include:
• Live attenuated vaccines
• Killed vaccines

19. LIVE ATTEUATED VACCINES

20. Live, Attenuated Vaccines
Microorganisms can be attenuated or
disabled so that they lose their ability to
cause significant disease(pathogenicity) but
retain their capacity for transient growth
within an inoculated host.

21. Attenuation is a process often achieved by
growing a pathogenic bacterium or virus
for prolonged periods under abnormal
culture conditions.
WHAT IS ATTENUATION ?

22. Examples :
The measles, mumps, and rubella
(MMR) vaccine and the varicella
(chickenpox) vaccine.

23. Advantage and disadvantages

24. Advantages :
Because of their capacity for transient
growth, these vaccines provide prolonged
immune system exposure to the individual
antigen and they mimic the growth patterns
of “real” pathogen, resulting in increased
Immunogenicity and efficient production of
memory cells.
Thus, these vaccines often require only a
single immunization.

25. These live forms may mutate and revert to
virulent forms in vivo, resulting in paralytic
disease in the vaccinated individual and
serving as a source of pathogen
transmission.
Disadvantage:

26. KILLED/INACTIVATED VACCINE

27. Killed / Inactivated vaccine
This type of vaccines kills the pathogen, by
making it incapable of replication, but still
allows it to induce an immune response
within the host.

28.  It is critically important to maintain the
structure of epitopes on surface antigens
during inactivation.
 Heat inactivation is often unsatisfactory
because it causes extensive denaturation of
proteins;

29.  Killing is done both by physical and
chemical methods.
 Chemical inactivation with formaldehyde
or various alkylating agents has been
successful.

30. Unlike the live attenuated the, killed
vaccines require repeated boosters to
achieve a protective immune status.
Because they do not replicate in the host,
killed vaccines typically induce
Humoral antibody response and are less
effective in inducing Cell-mediated
immunity

31. • The Safety of inactivated vaccines is
greater than that of live attenuated
vaccines.
• They are stable and easy with storage and
transport.

32. Examples for killed vaccines are
viral: polio vaccine (Salk vaccine) and
influenza vaccine.
bacterial: typhoid vaccine, cholera
vaccine, plague vaccine, and pertussis
vaccine.

33. Second Generation Vaccines:
Subunit Vaccine

34. Subunit vaccines, like inactivated whole-cell
vaccines they do not contain live components of
the pathogen. They differ from inactivated
whole-cell vaccines, by containing only the
antigenic parts of the pathogen.
These parts are necessary to elicit a protective
immune response.
SUBUNIT VACCINE :

35. Many of the risks associated with
attenuated or killed whole organism
vaccines can be avoided with a strategy
that uses only specific, purified
macromolecules derived from the
pathogen.
Example : Hepatitis B (HepB)

36. One limitation of subunit vaccines, is their
inability to activate T Helper cells
(TH) cells.

37. Third Generation vaccines:

38. These are the vaccines that are made up of
a small, circular piece of bacterial DNA
(called a plasmid) that has been genetically
engineered to produce one or two specific
proteins (antigens) from a micro-organism.
DNA vaccines:

39. They are injected directly into the muscle of
the recipient. This strategy relies on the
host cells to take up the DNA and produce
the immunogenic protein in vivo, thus
directing the antigen MHC class
presentation pathways, helping to activate
better responses.

41. Advantages
1.They can be made in a short time span
2.DNA vaccines are easy to transport and
store
3.DNA vaccines may be very cheap to make
4.It is directed to the antigen exactly as it is
expressed by the pathogen, inducing both
humoral and cell-mediated immunity

42. Disadvantages
• Initial attempts to create DNA vaccines
have not worked .
• No DNA vaccine has been licenced for
use in humans yet - although some
DNA vaccines are now in clinical trials.

43. How do vaccines work?

44. When inactivated or weakened disease-
causing microorganisms enter the body,
they initiate an immune response.
This mimics the body’s natural response to
infection, But unlike disease-causing
organisms, vaccines are made of
components that have limited ability, or are
completely unable, to cause disease.
Mechanism of vaccines

45. The components of the disease-causing
organisms or the vaccine which trigger the
immune response are known as “antigens”
These antigens trigger the production of
“antibodies” by the immune system.
Antibodies bind to corresponding antigens
and induce their destruction by other
immune cells.

46. Mechanism of vaccines

48. What is the delivery mechanism ?

49. Vaccine antigen can also be delivered to a
broad range of host cells by packaging it has
an IMMUNOSTIMULATING COMPLEX
( ISCOMs)

50. WHAT IS ISCOMs ?

51. ISCOMs
An ISCOM is a highly versatile and
effective antigen presentation system, which
is a spherical open cage-like structure (30–
40 nm in diameter) formed by
spontaneously mixing cholesterol, a lipid
such as (phosphatidyl choline), and the
mixture of saponins.

52. When saponin is mixed with cholesterol,
stable rings are formed in aqueous solution
that combine to form a circular structure
with strong negative charge.
Phospholipid is added to soften the rigidity
of the cholesterol - saponin rings allow the
protein immunogens to insert into the cage-
like structure.

53. The immune system, recognize the ISCOMs
as a multivalent antigen which invites
phagocytosis by APCs.

54.  The saponins in the ISCOM is a
powerful adjuvant and activator of
APCs.
 When an APC engulfs an ISCOM,
upregulation of MHC class II and
secretion of IL-12 and IFNγ are induced.

55. This in turn promotes long-lasting
functional antibody responses as well as
powerful T-cell responses, including
enhanced cytokine secretion and T cells
activation

56. Structure of ISCOMs

57. Routes of administration of
Vaccines

58. A vaccine administration may be oral, by
injection (intramuscular, intradermal,
subcutaneous), by puncture, transdermal
or intranasal.

59. COMMAN IMMUNIZATION
PROGRAMMES
 BCG
 POLIO
 HEPATITS B
 MEASLES

60. BCG Vaccines

61. What it is?
BCG vaccine protects against tuberculosis
in infants.
Letters, B, C and G stand for bacillus,
Calmette and Guérin.
“Bacillus”describes shape of a bacterium,
Calmette and Guérin are the names of the
people who developed the vaccine.

62. When it is given ?
BCG vaccine is given right after
birth, followed by repeated boosters.
Dosage : 0.05 ml of BCG at birth and
followed by 0.1 ml of BCG for infants
of 4-6 weeks

63. Where and how it is given ?
BCG vaccine is usually injected in the top
layer of the skin of the upper left arm.

64. Side-effects :
When BCG vaccine is injected a small raised
lump appears at the injection site, disappears
within 30 minutes.
After two weeks a red sore develops which is
10 mm diameter, this leaving behind a Small
scar, which indicates that the child has been
effectively immunized.

66. Polio vaccine
Polio (also known as poliomyelitis) is a highly
contagious disease caused by a virus that
attacks the nervous system.
Children younger than 5 years old are more
likely to contract the virus than any other
group.

67. Poliomyelitis is a enterovirus that occurs in
three serotypes called 1,2,3 which are
distinguished based on their viral coat
protein

68. There are two general types
• INACTIVATED POLIO VACCINE
(IPV) also called as Salk vaccine
• ORAL POLIO VACCINE (OPV) also
called as Sabin vaccine

69. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THIS ?
 IPV : This is administrated by
intramuscular injection , they requires
repeated boosters .
 OPV : This is administrated orally, does
not require boosters .

70. When it is given ?
 OPV should be given right after the
birth followed by repeated boosters;
Dosage : Polio vaccine is given in a series
of shots. Children should receive a total of
4 shots. The first shot is usually given
when the child is 2 months old. The
booster shots are then given at 4 months, 6
to 18 months, and then at 4 to 6 years of
age.

71. Route of administration through
mouth with the dropper

72. Side effects :
OPV has no side-effects.

74. • Immunization to protect against diphtheria,
pertussis (whooping cough), and tetanus is
jointly known as DPT vaccine.
• Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis are
serious diseases caused by bacteria.
• Diphtheria and pertussis are spread from
person to person.
• Tetanus enters the body through cuts or
wounds.

75. When it is given ?
Children should get 5 doses of DTP
vaccine, one dose at each of the following
ages: 6 months, 15 to 18 months, 4 to 6
years

76. Where and how it is given ?
DPT is injected into the muscle in the
outer part of the thigh.

77. Reactions to DPT vaccine are usually mild.,
They include:
• Fever
• Soreness: Some children have pain,
redness or swelling at the injection site.
Side-effects

79. What it is ?
Hepatitis B is a serious disease caused by a
virus hepatitis B virus that attacks the
liver causing lifelong infection, cirrhosis
(scarring) of the liver, liver cancer, liver
failure, and death.

80. Dosage : During birth and repeated booster
dose , Three doses each of 0.5 ml.
Where and how it is given ?
Hepatitis B vaccine is injected in the
muscle of the upper thigh.

81. Side-effects:
A child may develop a mild fever for one
or two days after an injection of hepatitis
B vaccine.

83. What it Measles vaccine ?
Measles is a very contagious disease
caused by a virus. It spreads through the
air when an infected person coughs or
sneezes.

84. Measles starts with fever. Soon after, it
causes a cough, runny nose, and red
eyes. Then a rash of tiny, red spots
breaks out. It starts at the head and
spreads to the rest of the body . Measles
can be prevented with MMR vaccine.

85. Measles, mumps, and rubella.
Dosage : One dose of 0.5 ml is given
Children get two doses of MMR vaccine,
starting with the first dose at 12 through 15
months of age, and then repeater booster
been given at 4 through 6 years of age.
.
MMR vaccine protects against three diseases:

86. Measles vaccine is injected into the
subcutaneous layer of the upper left arm.
Route of administration :

87. A mild fever and rash lasting one to three
days may occur approximately a week
after immunization.
Side-effects :

88. Conclusion:
• Immunity is the state of protection against
foreign pathogens or substances
(antigens).This is done by biological
agents called vaccines and the method of
injecting these are called Vaccination.
• Vaccines are developed based on their
method of improvements.

89. • Classified as First generation, Secondary
Generation and Third generation.
• This vaccines provide us the immunization
against pathogens both in terms of humoral
mediated protection as well as cell mediated.
• ISCOMs are the synthetic adjuvant molecule
which elicits the immune system.
• Common immunization programmes are
conducted across the country to prevent the
diseases.

90. TIME CHART FOR THE VACCINATION PROGRAMME

91. Reference’s :
A
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