2. Introduction
One of the mostcommon afflictions of modern
society
The lifetime prevalenceof kidney stone disease is estimated
at 1% to15%
The age of peak incidence in men 30 to 69 years and in women 50
to 79years.
4. Diagnostic evaluation
Must identify associated metabolic
disorders responsible for recurrent stone
disease.
Medications
Dietary excesses, inadequate fluid intake or
excessive fluid loss
5. Indications for Metabolic Evaluation
Strong family history ofstones
Recurrent stoneformers
Intestinal disease (particularly chronicdiarrhea)
Solitary kidney
Renal insufficiency
Anatomicabnormalities
6. Pathological skeletal fractures
Osteoporosis
History of urinary tract
infection with calculi
Personal history ofgout
Infirm health (unable to tolerate repeat
stone episodes)
Stones composed of cystine, uricacid,
struvite
10. X-ray KUB
Most common imagingtechnique
Used in the follow up of patientsduring or after
treatment for stones, particularly after ESWL.
Limited value if the stone isradiolucent.
13. CT urography
Investigation of
choice inthe
imaging of kidney
stones.
Sensitivity : ~95%
Specificity: ~98%
Information regarding the composition of
stones
Confirms the diagnosis in which USG in
equivocal
14. MRI
Provide 3D image withoutradiation
Lower accuracyand
Expensive
16. Conservative medical management
Made for all patients regardless of the underlying etiology of their
stonedisease
Calculi smallerthan 0.5 cm pass spontaneously
20. Obesity
Increase risk of stoneepisodes
Metabolicsyndromeand stone disease: potential
correlation
Dietary calcium restriction actually increases stone
recurrence risk.
21. Evaluationn of conservative management
Re-evaluation after 3-4months
If metabolic or environmental abnormalitieshave
been corrected:
Continue treatment and thepatient
Followup every 6 to 12 monthswith repeat 24-hour
urine testing.
23. Selective medical therapy
Narcotic
Relieves pain, dulls the senses and causes drowsiness. May become addictive.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
Relieves pain, decreases inflammation and reduces fever.
Diuretic
Increases urine production to get rid of excess salt and water.
24. Surgical management
(Ureteroscopy for Urolithiasis Outpatient Surgery)
Symptomatic renal stones in patientswithout any other etiology ofpain.
Ureteroscopy (URS) is a form of minimally invasive surgery using a small
telescope that is passed through the urethra and into the ureter to remove
a stone. Often the stone requires fragmentation with a laser which then allows
the smaller fragments to removed with a grasping device. Only about 10-15%
or urethral stones require surgical intervention. URS is approximately 95%
successful in removing stones in the lower ureter and about 85-90%
successful in treating and removing stones in the upper ureter and kidney.
28. Pre-procedural antimicrobials
Bacteriologic evaluation of the urine is mandatory for all
patients
Antimicrobial prophylaxis for all cases of percutaneous
renal surgery (Wolf et al, 2008).
29. Antimicrobial coverage should includeorganisms
common to the urinarytract:
Escherichia coli,
Proteus sp.,
Klebsiella sp.,
Enterococcus sp.
and theskin:
Staphylococcus aureus,
coagulase-negative Staphylococcus sp.,
group A Streptococcus sp.)
31. Complications:
Acute and delayed hemorrhage
Collecting system injury
Visceral injury
Pleural injury
Metabolic and physiologic complications
32. Post op fever and sepsis
Neuromusculoskeletal complications
Venous thromboembolism
Tube dislodgement
Collecting system obstruction
Loss of renal function
Death
35. Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy
Most patients harboring “simple” renal
calculi can be treated satisfactorily with
SWL
Outpatient procedure
Indication
stone size < 2 cm size
42. Anatrophic nephrolithotomy
Gold standard for staghorn calculi
Removal of all calculi and open surgical correction of the anatomical
obstruction
43. Complications:
Pulmonary complications
Post op renal hemorrhage
Stone recurrences
Urinary extravasation