This is Sumaiya Nahid hail from Chittagong, Bangladesh.It's my M.Pharm (Thesis) presentation slide. This is the total display of my hard works.I tried my best to summarize my one year enthusiastic workings.Any suggestions and corrections will be cordially accepted. Thank you all.
This thesis report examines antibiotic resistance due to spices like garlic and turmeric. The objectives were to extract the spices using solvents, test their antimicrobial properties, and determine the minimum inhibitory concentration. Garlic, turmeric, and a combination were extracted using distilled water, ethanol, and chloroform. Extracts showed antibacterial effects against E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with ethanol and distilled water being most effective. The minimum inhibitory concentration of extracts was lower than standard antibiotics, indicating they may help reduce antibiotic resistance.
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS SOLVENT EXTRAC...IJSIT Editor
The document summarizes a study on the phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts from Annona reticulata. Key findings:
1) Leaves were extracted using ethyl acetate, butanol, and methanol. Phytochemical screening found alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, and coumarins present.
2) Antimicrobial testing found the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed the highest inhibitory activity against E. coli, P. putida, and L. acidophilus compared to butanol.
3) FT-IR analysis revealed the presence of functional groups like -CH, -OH, CH-OH and –NH2, indicating
This document reports on a study that evaluated the phytochemical content and antioxidant activities of different extracts of Jatropha curcas leaves. Qualitative phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, saponins, coumarins, sterols and triterpenes in the leaves. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were highest in the successive methanolic extract and crude methanolic extract, respectively. The successive methanolic extract exhibited the strongest antioxidant activities in DPPH radical scavenging, total antioxidant, and reducing power assays. HPLC analysis of the successive methanolic extract identified catechin as a major polyphenolic compound. The results confirm the presence of
Antioxidant and antiproliferative effects on human liver hepg2epithelial cell...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antioxidant and antiproliferative effects of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) and its byproducts on human liver (HePG2) epithelial cells. The study found that the free phenolic extract of artichoke bracts showed significant antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging and iron chelating assays. This extract also exhibited the highest antiproliferative effects against HePG2 cells, reducing viability by 78.3%, higher than the heart extract's effect of 36.7%. Therefore, artichoke byproducts contain compounds with antioxidant and anticancer properties and may provide nutritional supplements.
PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF LEAVES EXTRACT FROM Pong...Siva Dharshini R
This document presents the results of a study analyzing the phytochemicals and antibacterial activity of extracts from the leaves of Pongamia glabra. Testing found that acetone and chloroform extracts of P. glabra exhibited antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. The acetone extract showed stronger antibacterial effects than the chloroform extract. Phytochemical screening identified the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and polyphenols in the extracts. The results support the traditional use
Natural products, including medicinal plants, have traditionally played an important role in drug discovery. Even today with advanced technology, we rely on natural products to develop drugs, though we can now modify them. The document examines the plant Schumannianthus dichotomus, determining its phytochemicals, evaluating its pharmacological properties beyond traditional uses, and comparing activities between leaf and rhizome extracts. It finds the plant shows antioxidant, membrane stabilizing and thrombolytic activities, suggesting it warrants further study for new drug development.
This is Sumaiya Nahid hail from Chittagong, Bangladesh.It's my M.Pharm (Thesis) presentation slide. This is the total display of my hard works.I tried my best to summarize my one year enthusiastic workings.Any suggestions and corrections will be cordially accepted. Thank you all.
This thesis report examines antibiotic resistance due to spices like garlic and turmeric. The objectives were to extract the spices using solvents, test their antimicrobial properties, and determine the minimum inhibitory concentration. Garlic, turmeric, and a combination were extracted using distilled water, ethanol, and chloroform. Extracts showed antibacterial effects against E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with ethanol and distilled water being most effective. The minimum inhibitory concentration of extracts was lower than standard antibiotics, indicating they may help reduce antibiotic resistance.
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS SOLVENT EXTRAC...IJSIT Editor
The document summarizes a study on the phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts from Annona reticulata. Key findings:
1) Leaves were extracted using ethyl acetate, butanol, and methanol. Phytochemical screening found alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, and coumarins present.
2) Antimicrobial testing found the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed the highest inhibitory activity against E. coli, P. putida, and L. acidophilus compared to butanol.
3) FT-IR analysis revealed the presence of functional groups like -CH, -OH, CH-OH and –NH2, indicating
This document reports on a study that evaluated the phytochemical content and antioxidant activities of different extracts of Jatropha curcas leaves. Qualitative phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, saponins, coumarins, sterols and triterpenes in the leaves. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were highest in the successive methanolic extract and crude methanolic extract, respectively. The successive methanolic extract exhibited the strongest antioxidant activities in DPPH radical scavenging, total antioxidant, and reducing power assays. HPLC analysis of the successive methanolic extract identified catechin as a major polyphenolic compound. The results confirm the presence of
Antioxidant and antiproliferative effects on human liver hepg2epithelial cell...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antioxidant and antiproliferative effects of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) and its byproducts on human liver (HePG2) epithelial cells. The study found that the free phenolic extract of artichoke bracts showed significant antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging and iron chelating assays. This extract also exhibited the highest antiproliferative effects against HePG2 cells, reducing viability by 78.3%, higher than the heart extract's effect of 36.7%. Therefore, artichoke byproducts contain compounds with antioxidant and anticancer properties and may provide nutritional supplements.
PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF LEAVES EXTRACT FROM Pong...Siva Dharshini R
This document presents the results of a study analyzing the phytochemicals and antibacterial activity of extracts from the leaves of Pongamia glabra. Testing found that acetone and chloroform extracts of P. glabra exhibited antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. The acetone extract showed stronger antibacterial effects than the chloroform extract. Phytochemical screening identified the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and polyphenols in the extracts. The results support the traditional use
Natural products, including medicinal plants, have traditionally played an important role in drug discovery. Even today with advanced technology, we rely on natural products to develop drugs, though we can now modify them. The document examines the plant Schumannianthus dichotomus, determining its phytochemicals, evaluating its pharmacological properties beyond traditional uses, and comparing activities between leaf and rhizome extracts. It finds the plant shows antioxidant, membrane stabilizing and thrombolytic activities, suggesting it warrants further study for new drug development.
This is an Engg Biotechnology project based on medicinal plant i.e singapore cherry or jamaican cherry tree (scientific name Muntingia calabure ), we did in 2013 in GMIT college Davangere, karanataka, India. i have complete project detail what we did..,
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes a study on the antioxidant and DNA protective properties of extracts from four Mauritian fruits - olive, bilimbi, amla, and mangosteen. Chemical profiling of the extracts found a variety of phytochemicals including phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenes. Mangosteen extracts had the highest total phenol and flavonoid contents. Mangosteen and bilimbi extracts also showed the strongest antioxidant activities in DPPH radical scavenging assays. Certain extracts, especially dichloromethane and hexane fractions of mangosteen, demonstrated good protection of plasmid DNA against free radical damage. Overall, the study found the selected fruits to have promising antioxidant
37.Studies on the chemical and medicinal value of Vitex negundo Linn.Annadurai B
This document summarizes a study on the chemical and medicinal value of Vitex negundo Linn leaves. The study found that the leaves contain phytochemicals like glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, and volatile oils. Extracts of the leaves showed antioxidant properties like superoxide scavenging and anti-inflammatory effects in mice models. Glycosides isolated from the leaves also demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified the phytochemical constituents in the volatile oil. The results support the traditional use of V. negundo for its long-term antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential anti-cancer properties.
Phytochemical Screening, Isolation & Characterization of the compounds from e...Saptarshi Das
This document describes research on the isolation and characterization of compounds from the seeds of Annona squamosa. The objectives were to extract compounds from the seeds, perform phytochemical screening of the extracts, and isolate and evaluate the chemical structure of any cardiac glycosides present. The methodology included extraction of the seeds using solvents, phytochemical analysis, thin layer chromatography, column chromatography, and various spectroscopic techniques. Analysis indicated the presence of cardiac glycosides and characterization suggested the isolated compound was a bufadienolide with a probable structure similar to other known cardiac glycosides.
Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity on Stem Bark E...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on the preliminary phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of stem bark extracts of Ceiba pentandra. The stem bark was extracted using n-hexane, acetone, and ethanol. Phytochemical analysis found flavonoids, steroids, saponins, and triterpenes in the acetone extract. The extracts were tested for antibacterial activity against three bacteria. The acetone extract showed the highest activity, inhibiting all three bacteria at 300mg/ml. The phytochemicals identified, like flavonoids, saponins, and triterpenes have been shown to have antibacterial properties and may be responsible for the antibacterial activity observed.
Annona squamosa as botanical pesticide;
Annonaceous acetogenins; annonin/squamocin;
Advancement in botanical research;
Structure activity relationship of squamocin/annonin; Chemistry and mode of action of squamocin/annonin
Antibacterial activity of Isolated Phytochemicalsmaninder1991
This document discusses the antibacterial activity of phytochemicals isolated from various plants. It begins by defining phytochemicals as biologically active chemical compounds found naturally in plants. It then describes different types of phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, and terpenes. The document examines the antibacterial mechanisms and activity of phytochemicals from several plants against pathogens. It finds that phytochemicals inhibit microbes through various mechanisms like disrupting membranes and inhibiting energy metabolism. The phytochemicals from plants like garlic, citrus, peppermint, and moringa show activity against bacteria like MRSA and E. coli. The document concludes that optimizing these compounds
PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTI-MICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF MURRAYA KOI...Hima Haridasan
This document summarizes a study on the antimicrobial properties of Murraya koenigii leaves. Phytochemical analysis of the methanolic extract of the leaves revealed the presence of tannins, phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, quinones, steroids, carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids. Antibacterial analysis showed the extract inhibited the growth of 3 gram-positive bacteria, with Staphylococcus being the most susceptible. The extract did not inhibit the 2 gram-negative bacteria or 3 fungal strains tested. The study demonstrates antimicrobial activity of M. koenigii leaves, supporting its traditional uses.
A comparative study of In-vitro Thrombolytic activity and Anti-inflammatory a...Anindya_shuvo773
The document presents research on the thrombolytic and anti-inflammatory properties of methanolic leaf extracts of Blumea lacera and Acanthus ilicifolius. In vitro assays found that the B. lacera extract had 49.27% clot lysis compared to 38.25% for A. ilicifolius, with streptokinase as the positive control at 69.34%. Anti-inflammatory assays showed the B. lacera extract inhibited protein denaturation by 64.56% versus 45.27% for A. ilicifolius, compared to the standard acetyl salicylic acid. Overall, the results indicate the leaf extracts of both plants show significant thrombolytic and anti-
Hepatoprotective activity of aegles mermelos in nanomaterial inducedDr. sreeremya S
1) The document discusses a study on the hepatoprotective effects of Aegles mermelos leaf extract against indium titonate nanomaterial-induced liver damage in rats.
2) Key experiments included pre-treating rats with different doses of the leaf extract before inducing liver damage with indium titonate nanomaterial, and analyzing biochemical and histological liver parameters.
3) Preliminary results found the leaf extract contained several active compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, and steroids, and future work was planned to quantify liver enzymes and antioxidants, and examine liver histopathology.
Phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activity of extracts of jasm...SriramNagarajan16
Objectives
The aims of this research were to carry out the preliminary phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity
of different extracts of J. sessiliflorum. The different anti-oxidant methods carried out were DPPH
scavenging method, NBT dye reduction method and nitric oxide scavenging method
Methods
Extracts were prepared by reflux method using different polarity solvents. The extracts were evap orated
using rotary evaporator. Antioxidant activities using DPPH, NBT dye reduction method and nitric oxide
scavenging methods and the correlation of their IC50 values with standards were carried out.
Results
The ethanolic herbs extract of J. sessiliflorum had the lowest IC50 values in all the anti-oxidant methods.
Moreover, the ethanolic extracts showed the presence greatest amount of phytochemical constituents. The
IC50 values were correlated with the IC50 values of standards in all the anti- oxidant activity determination
methods.
Conclusions
The results of the present study indicate that the extracts of J.sessiliflorum exhibited strong antioxidant
activity and thus it is a good source of antioxidant.
Total phenolic, flavonoids and tannin content of various extracts from Pyrus ...pharmaindexing
1) The study determined the total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content in chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of Pyrus communis fruit.
2) The results showed that the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts contained significantly higher levels of phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins compared to the aqueous and chloroform extracts.
3) Specifically, the ethyl acetate extract had the highest concentration of total phenolics, while the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts had similar high levels of total flavonoids.
Phytochemical characterization & antimicrobial assay of some indigenous ...PRITAM AON
Phytochemical screening refers to the extraction, screening and identification of the medicinally active substances found in plants. Some of the bioactive substances that can be derived from plants are flavonoids, alkaloids, carotenoids, tannin, antioxidants and phenolic compounds.
Analysis of Organophosphate Pesticides Residue on Crops in Abakaliki, Ebonyi ...IOSR Journals
This document analyzes organophosphate pesticide residue found on pumpkin crops in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Samples of pumpkin leaves were collected 3 days after being sprayed with organophosphate pesticides and analyzed using gas chromatography. Sample A contained dioxabenzeofos and phenanthrene. Sample B contained chlorethoxyfos, oxydeprofos, sulfotep, phenanthrene, and dioxabenzofos. Sample C contained chlonethoxy fos, oxydeprofos, sulfotep, phenanthrene, and dioxabenzofos. All residues were below the LD50 toxicity range for organophosphates. The
The document presents a project report on Cassia grandis. It includes an introduction to the plant, literature review on previous studies conducted on it, overview of the project which involves collection of leaves, extraction, yield calculation, phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial study using TLC and column chromatography. Materials and methods for each experiment are detailed along with the respective results obtained. The project was aimed at studying the phytochemical properties and antimicrobial activity of C. grandis leaves.
Studies on Phytochemical Constituents of Medicinal PlantsGaurav kumar sharma
This document describes a study on the phytochemical constituents of four medicinal plants - Justica adhatoda, Momordica charantia, Nordostachys jatamansi, and Tephrosia purpurea. Qualitative analysis found that all plants contained terpenoids, steroids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds and alkaloids. Coumarin glycosides were present in N. jatamansi and J. adhatoda but absent in the others. Anthraquinone glycosides were present in J. adhatoda, M. charantia, and N. jatamansi but absent from
El documento resume la historia de los computadores desde su creación en 1943 hasta los sistemas operativos y computadores portátiles modernos. Explica que los primeros computadores fueron creados por ENIAC, luego IBM y Mcintosh innovaron con computadores portátiles. En el siglo XXI llegaron los computadores portátiles y sus procesadores se hicieron más pequeños. Los sistemas operativos más populares son Windows, Mac OS, y Linux. Los computadores varían en diseño, seguridad, compatibilidad y costo dependiendo de la marca.
This document contains short phrases that express common sentiments shared between people on an annual basis. It includes positive phrases like "I hope you have a wonderful time!" and "You look wonderful, dear!" as well as apologies and gratitude like "I'm sorry. Please forgive me." and "Thank you for inviting me." The document encourages expressing care, courtesy and kindness to others throughout the year.
This is an Engg Biotechnology project based on medicinal plant i.e singapore cherry or jamaican cherry tree (scientific name Muntingia calabure ), we did in 2013 in GMIT college Davangere, karanataka, India. i have complete project detail what we did..,
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes a study on the antioxidant and DNA protective properties of extracts from four Mauritian fruits - olive, bilimbi, amla, and mangosteen. Chemical profiling of the extracts found a variety of phytochemicals including phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenes. Mangosteen extracts had the highest total phenol and flavonoid contents. Mangosteen and bilimbi extracts also showed the strongest antioxidant activities in DPPH radical scavenging assays. Certain extracts, especially dichloromethane and hexane fractions of mangosteen, demonstrated good protection of plasmid DNA against free radical damage. Overall, the study found the selected fruits to have promising antioxidant
37.Studies on the chemical and medicinal value of Vitex negundo Linn.Annadurai B
This document summarizes a study on the chemical and medicinal value of Vitex negundo Linn leaves. The study found that the leaves contain phytochemicals like glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, and volatile oils. Extracts of the leaves showed antioxidant properties like superoxide scavenging and anti-inflammatory effects in mice models. Glycosides isolated from the leaves also demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified the phytochemical constituents in the volatile oil. The results support the traditional use of V. negundo for its long-term antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential anti-cancer properties.
Phytochemical Screening, Isolation & Characterization of the compounds from e...Saptarshi Das
This document describes research on the isolation and characterization of compounds from the seeds of Annona squamosa. The objectives were to extract compounds from the seeds, perform phytochemical screening of the extracts, and isolate and evaluate the chemical structure of any cardiac glycosides present. The methodology included extraction of the seeds using solvents, phytochemical analysis, thin layer chromatography, column chromatography, and various spectroscopic techniques. Analysis indicated the presence of cardiac glycosides and characterization suggested the isolated compound was a bufadienolide with a probable structure similar to other known cardiac glycosides.
Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity on Stem Bark E...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on the preliminary phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of stem bark extracts of Ceiba pentandra. The stem bark was extracted using n-hexane, acetone, and ethanol. Phytochemical analysis found flavonoids, steroids, saponins, and triterpenes in the acetone extract. The extracts were tested for antibacterial activity against three bacteria. The acetone extract showed the highest activity, inhibiting all three bacteria at 300mg/ml. The phytochemicals identified, like flavonoids, saponins, and triterpenes have been shown to have antibacterial properties and may be responsible for the antibacterial activity observed.
Annona squamosa as botanical pesticide;
Annonaceous acetogenins; annonin/squamocin;
Advancement in botanical research;
Structure activity relationship of squamocin/annonin; Chemistry and mode of action of squamocin/annonin
Antibacterial activity of Isolated Phytochemicalsmaninder1991
This document discusses the antibacterial activity of phytochemicals isolated from various plants. It begins by defining phytochemicals as biologically active chemical compounds found naturally in plants. It then describes different types of phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, and terpenes. The document examines the antibacterial mechanisms and activity of phytochemicals from several plants against pathogens. It finds that phytochemicals inhibit microbes through various mechanisms like disrupting membranes and inhibiting energy metabolism. The phytochemicals from plants like garlic, citrus, peppermint, and moringa show activity against bacteria like MRSA and E. coli. The document concludes that optimizing these compounds
PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTI-MICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF MURRAYA KOI...Hima Haridasan
This document summarizes a study on the antimicrobial properties of Murraya koenigii leaves. Phytochemical analysis of the methanolic extract of the leaves revealed the presence of tannins, phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, quinones, steroids, carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids. Antibacterial analysis showed the extract inhibited the growth of 3 gram-positive bacteria, with Staphylococcus being the most susceptible. The extract did not inhibit the 2 gram-negative bacteria or 3 fungal strains tested. The study demonstrates antimicrobial activity of M. koenigii leaves, supporting its traditional uses.
A comparative study of In-vitro Thrombolytic activity and Anti-inflammatory a...Anindya_shuvo773
The document presents research on the thrombolytic and anti-inflammatory properties of methanolic leaf extracts of Blumea lacera and Acanthus ilicifolius. In vitro assays found that the B. lacera extract had 49.27% clot lysis compared to 38.25% for A. ilicifolius, with streptokinase as the positive control at 69.34%. Anti-inflammatory assays showed the B. lacera extract inhibited protein denaturation by 64.56% versus 45.27% for A. ilicifolius, compared to the standard acetyl salicylic acid. Overall, the results indicate the leaf extracts of both plants show significant thrombolytic and anti-
Hepatoprotective activity of aegles mermelos in nanomaterial inducedDr. sreeremya S
1) The document discusses a study on the hepatoprotective effects of Aegles mermelos leaf extract against indium titonate nanomaterial-induced liver damage in rats.
2) Key experiments included pre-treating rats with different doses of the leaf extract before inducing liver damage with indium titonate nanomaterial, and analyzing biochemical and histological liver parameters.
3) Preliminary results found the leaf extract contained several active compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, and steroids, and future work was planned to quantify liver enzymes and antioxidants, and examine liver histopathology.
Phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activity of extracts of jasm...SriramNagarajan16
Objectives
The aims of this research were to carry out the preliminary phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity
of different extracts of J. sessiliflorum. The different anti-oxidant methods carried out were DPPH
scavenging method, NBT dye reduction method and nitric oxide scavenging method
Methods
Extracts were prepared by reflux method using different polarity solvents. The extracts were evap orated
using rotary evaporator. Antioxidant activities using DPPH, NBT dye reduction method and nitric oxide
scavenging methods and the correlation of their IC50 values with standards were carried out.
Results
The ethanolic herbs extract of J. sessiliflorum had the lowest IC50 values in all the anti-oxidant methods.
Moreover, the ethanolic extracts showed the presence greatest amount of phytochemical constituents. The
IC50 values were correlated with the IC50 values of standards in all the anti- oxidant activity determination
methods.
Conclusions
The results of the present study indicate that the extracts of J.sessiliflorum exhibited strong antioxidant
activity and thus it is a good source of antioxidant.
Total phenolic, flavonoids and tannin content of various extracts from Pyrus ...pharmaindexing
1) The study determined the total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content in chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of Pyrus communis fruit.
2) The results showed that the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts contained significantly higher levels of phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins compared to the aqueous and chloroform extracts.
3) Specifically, the ethyl acetate extract had the highest concentration of total phenolics, while the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts had similar high levels of total flavonoids.
Phytochemical characterization & antimicrobial assay of some indigenous ...PRITAM AON
Phytochemical screening refers to the extraction, screening and identification of the medicinally active substances found in plants. Some of the bioactive substances that can be derived from plants are flavonoids, alkaloids, carotenoids, tannin, antioxidants and phenolic compounds.
Analysis of Organophosphate Pesticides Residue on Crops in Abakaliki, Ebonyi ...IOSR Journals
This document analyzes organophosphate pesticide residue found on pumpkin crops in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Samples of pumpkin leaves were collected 3 days after being sprayed with organophosphate pesticides and analyzed using gas chromatography. Sample A contained dioxabenzeofos and phenanthrene. Sample B contained chlorethoxyfos, oxydeprofos, sulfotep, phenanthrene, and dioxabenzofos. Sample C contained chlonethoxy fos, oxydeprofos, sulfotep, phenanthrene, and dioxabenzofos. All residues were below the LD50 toxicity range for organophosphates. The
The document presents a project report on Cassia grandis. It includes an introduction to the plant, literature review on previous studies conducted on it, overview of the project which involves collection of leaves, extraction, yield calculation, phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial study using TLC and column chromatography. Materials and methods for each experiment are detailed along with the respective results obtained. The project was aimed at studying the phytochemical properties and antimicrobial activity of C. grandis leaves.
Studies on Phytochemical Constituents of Medicinal PlantsGaurav kumar sharma
This document describes a study on the phytochemical constituents of four medicinal plants - Justica adhatoda, Momordica charantia, Nordostachys jatamansi, and Tephrosia purpurea. Qualitative analysis found that all plants contained terpenoids, steroids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds and alkaloids. Coumarin glycosides were present in N. jatamansi and J. adhatoda but absent in the others. Anthraquinone glycosides were present in J. adhatoda, M. charantia, and N. jatamansi but absent from
El documento resume la historia de los computadores desde su creación en 1943 hasta los sistemas operativos y computadores portátiles modernos. Explica que los primeros computadores fueron creados por ENIAC, luego IBM y Mcintosh innovaron con computadores portátiles. En el siglo XXI llegaron los computadores portátiles y sus procesadores se hicieron más pequeños. Los sistemas operativos más populares son Windows, Mac OS, y Linux. Los computadores varían en diseño, seguridad, compatibilidad y costo dependiendo de la marca.
This document contains short phrases that express common sentiments shared between people on an annual basis. It includes positive phrases like "I hope you have a wonderful time!" and "You look wonderful, dear!" as well as apologies and gratitude like "I'm sorry. Please forgive me." and "Thank you for inviting me." The document encourages expressing care, courtesy and kindness to others throughout the year.
A fraction represents a part of a whole or group, with the top number called the numerator representing the part and the bottom number called the denominator representing the whole or group. The document instructs students to complete pages 5, 6 and 7 of an assignment on how to read fractions such as one half, one over two, and one out of two, with the numerator on top and denominator on bottom.
The document discusses three exercises from a quantitative analysis lecture. Exercise I introduces a multiple regression model to test the relationship between an asset's returns, market returns, and currency exchange rates. Exercise II examines whether book-to-market ratio and size can explain cross-sectional variation in asset returns using another multiple regression model. Exercise III predicts the decline in stock exchange spreads based on company size, pre-decimalization spreads, and declines in other market spreads.
El documento resume tres limitantes principales de las franquicias: 1) Los altos costos iniciales relacionados con establecer y operar el negocio, 2) Las restricciones que el franquiciador impone sobre las operaciones del franquiciado, limitando su independencia y creatividad, y 3) La pérdida general de independencia que experimenta el franquiciado al ceder el control sobre ciertos aspectos del negocio al franquiciador. Además, señala que a pesar de estas limitaciones, las franquicias siguen siendo una buena
El documento describe un problema de especificaciones de proceso (SPC) en una empresa de papitas. La empresa recibió un pedido de 200,000 bolsas de papitas de un cliente con especificaciones de un tamaño de 10.5 cm con una tolerancia de 0.23 cm. Para verificar si el pedido cumple con las especificaciones, la empresa tomó una muestra de 1800 bolsas y creó un histograma que muestra que la demanda cumple con las especificaciones del cliente.
Este documento habla sobre la definición de proceso, capacidad, medición y producto. Explica que la capacidad de un proceso se evalúa analizando las variables de salida y que los índices Cp y Cpk miden la variabilidad del proceso y facilitan la comparación entre proveedores. El índice Cp mide si las mediciones están dentro de las especificaciones mientras que el Cpk considera si están en el punto medio.
La empresa ha experimentado un crecimiento en los últimos años, con más personal y mayores ventas aunque estas varían estacionalmente. Para posicionarse, se ha enfocado en la atención al cliente, calidad de productos y renovación de la imagen pública. No ha cambiado su diseño organizacional pero considera expandirse a la zona industrial. Cuenta con asesoría externa en aspectos industriales y estrategias de calidad de productos y servicio al cliente para mantener ventaja competitiva. Toma decisiones de forma conjunta al ser un negocio familiar y busca implementar re
El documento describe los diferentes libros contables y su propósito. El Libro Mayor registra la información del libro diario. El Auxiliar de Compras y Ventas registra información detallada solicitada por impuestos. El Auxiliar de Vencimientos contiene información sobre cuentas por pagar y cobrar. El Libro de Actas registra actas de reuniones en orden cronológico. El Libro de Inventarios registra inventarios al menos una vez al año. El Libro Diario registra diariamente todas las operaciones de la contabilidad.
El documento resume los resultados de una encuesta realizada a 828 líderes empresariales sobre cómo las empresas están manejando la crisis económica global. La encuesta encontró que muchas empresas no están tomando las medidas adecuadas para preservar efectivo o aprovechar oportunidades, y que los ejecutivos tienen poca confianza en el liderazgo de sus compañías. El documento concluye recomendando que las empresas realicen un diagnóstico preciso de su situación, tomen acciones simples pero efectivas, y comuniquen y ejecuten
La Unión Europea ha acordado un embargo petrolero contra Rusia en respuesta a la invasión de Ucrania. El embargo prohibirá las importaciones marítimas de petróleo ruso a la UE y pondrá fin a las entregas a través de oleoductos dentro de seis meses. Esta medida forma parte de un sexto paquete de sanciones de la UE destinadas a aumentar la presión económica sobre Moscú y privar al Kremlin de fondos para financiar su guerra.
El modelo pedagógico de la FCECEP se fundamenta en formar sujetos autónomos, históricos y sociales a través de un aprendizaje significativo. Busca que los estudiantes construyan nuevos saberes relacionándolos con sus experiencias y estructuras de conocimiento previas. El profesor actúa como administrador de los saberes que enseña mediante la práctica, normas y prospectiva, mientras que la evaluación es formativa y se realiza de forma diagnóstica, procesual y al final del semestre.
EFFECTS OF MET DATA PROCESSING IN AERMOD CONCENTRATIONSSergio A. Guerra
This document summarizes the results of a sensitivity analysis using AERMOD to model pollutant concentrations from three hypothetical emission sources under nine different meteorological data processing scenarios. The analysis found that: 1) Changing the meteorological station location had a modest effect on modeled concentrations for short and tall stacks. 2) Surface roughness category (urban vs. rural) had the largest effect on concentrations for tall stacks. 3) Varying the anemometer height resulted in small concentration changes, while surface moisture variation did not significantly affect outcomes. 4) For tall stacks, use of AERMINUTE data to include low wind hours led to much higher modeled concentrations compared to excluding this data.
Présentation du 3 mars 2010.
Intervention dans le cadre de la conférence "J'existe sur le web (avantages et dangers)" organisée par Career-Women à Yverdon.
Career-Women est un réseau de professionnelles des Hautes écoles spécialisées Suisses:
www.Career-Women.ch
Matthew is applying for an Assistant Technician position at Priestley College. He has experience volunteering at the college setting up lighting and sound equipment for performances. Most recently, he helped with lighting operations for a play directed by Paul Pope. Matthew believes he is well-suited for the job due to his enthusiasm, determination, and good attendance record. He is willing to take on a variety of technical roles and would not let the college down if hired.
El decreto de urgencia emitido por el Ejecutivo establece que los cambios en la ley concursal se aplicarán a todos los procesos en trámite. Esto significa que los acreedores no vinculados podrían solicitar una nueva reunión de la junta de acreedores para modificar decisiones tomadas anteriormente, como acuerdos de reestructuración o planes de liquidación. El decreto busca evitar que acreedores vinculados a la empresa deudora abusen de su posición en la junta, aunque INDECOPI debe interpretar estrictamente el
La investigación cubrió los procesos básicos para elaborar pulpa y papel a partir de fibras de cabuya y banano, incluyendo la extracción mecánica y química de las fibras, preparación de pulpa y formación del papel. Se optimizó experimentalmente la extracción química de las fibras variando la cantidad de NaOH y tiempo de cocción. Los mejores resultados para cabuya fueron 10% NaOH y 100 minutos, obteniendo un papel con 5.61% de lignina residual y 79.2 kPa de resistencia a la explosión
This document provides information about getting fully solved assignments from a company called Assignment Drive. It lists the contact details and instructions for students to send their semester and specialization to get assignments. It then provides details of subjects, codes, credits and marks for assignments in Database Management Systems for semester 3.
The study investigated the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Fagonia indica through biochemical, phytochemical, and antioxidant analyses as well as testing antibacterial properties. Biochemical analysis found the aqueous fraction contained the highest reducing sugars and methanol fraction the highest proteins. Phytochemical analysis identified tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and ascorbic acid in different fractions. Antioxidant analysis revealed the methanol extract had the highest total phenolics and antioxidants as well as strongest DPPH, ABTS, and superoxide radical scavenging activities. The antibacterial assay tested fractions against Streptococcus pyogenes using disc diffusion and serial dilution methods.
ABSTRACT- The invitro anti-inflammatory activity of various solvent fractions of Parkia biglobosa fruit bark was investigated using human red blood cell membrane stabilization, heat-induced hemolysis and protein denaturation methods. All the extracts of P. biglobosa fruit bark showed a concentration dependent increase in anti-inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory activity of the crude extract (60.8%, 58.3%, 78.2%) and last remaining aqueous extract (61.1%, 54.1%, 77.2%) have the maximum membrane stabilization, protection against hemolysis and albumin denatura-tion respectively which was comparable to Diclofenac sodium (61.4%, 60.6%, 100%) at 400μg/ml concentration. This study suggests that P. biglobo-sa fruit bark posses enough potential to reduce inflammation, hence directs the importance of further research and development of novel anti-inflammatory agents. Key words- Invitro anti-inflammatory, fruit bark, HRBC membrane stabilization, hemolysis, protection
This study analyzed 31 Thai medicinal plant species commonly used in traditional medicine in northeast Thailand. The plants were grouped into digestive tonic, diarrheal relief, anti-tussive, and anti-inflammation categories based on their traditional uses. The study determined total antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content, ascorbic acid content, and levels of some phytochemicals for the plants. The results showed variation in these biochemical parameters among the different plant groups. Anti-tussive plants generally had higher total antioxidant activity and phenolic/ascorbic acid levels than diarrheal relief and anti-inflammation plants. Digestive tonic plants exhibited strong free radical scavenging activity.
Phytochemical composition and antiradical activity of Sakersia africana Hook....Open Access Research Paper
The valorization of the medicinal plants of our country and determination of their impact on health due to their abundance of substances with various pharmacological effects are our principal objective. This study was evaluated the phytochemical screening and radical 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity of different extracts of Sakersia africana Hook. f.. The results revealed that Sakersia africana Hook. f. is rich in phenols compounds, sterols, triterpenes, alkaloids and reducing compound. The values in total phenols and proanthocyanidines are ranging respectively from 391.58 ± 0.04 to 777 ± 0.03 mg/100 g of drugs and 113.5 ± 3.17 to 653.5 ± 36.83 mg/100 g of drugs. Results also show that different extracts tested present antiradical activity with values of IC50 ranging from 164.21± 0.014 to 195.54± 0.012 % and abundance in bioactive compounds. This study could justify the use of Sakersia africana of some chronic diseases.
Luteolin isolate from the methanol extract identified as the single-carbon co...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Hepatoprotective Effect of Cestrum parqui L. aerial parts and Phytochemical ...Jing Zang
This study deals with the investigation of hepatoprotective effect of 70% methanolic extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts and determination of the bioactive components of the plant. The hepatoprotective effect of Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) was analysed on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury. The administration of a single dose of 40% CCl4 (1ml/kg b.w.) causes an increase in the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspirate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes and so pretreated orally of a dose from Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) and silymarin (200 mg/kg) for three consecutive days prior to The administration of a single dose of CCl4 significantly prevented the increase in the activities of these enzymes. Histological analysis showed that Cestrum parqui methanol extract at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg and silymarin reduced the incidence of liver lesions including vacuole formation, neutrophil infiltration and necrosis of hepatocytes induced by CCl4. The extract cause a negative result on the antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRd) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level in liver, as compared to those in the CCl4-treated group and this suggests that the hepatoprotective activity of the extract is due to the antioxidant effect of the extract. Phytochemical analysis of the methanol extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts showed that it contained different phytoconstituents, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenes and carbohydrates.
The word “banana” is a general term comprising a number of species or hybrids in the genus Musa of family Musaceae. Many studies reported that banana is a good source of phenolic compounds, which are having potential health benefits in human beings. The phytochemical composition of eight banana varieties was investigated. Quantitative estimation of phytochemicals revealed that highest alkaloid and tannin content was noticed in variety Nendran (3.76% and 4.40 mg/100g respectively). Whereas, variety Rasakadali exhibited highest flavonoid content (9.49 mg/100). Total phenol and saponin content was found higher in variety Kadali (0.82% and 11.6 mg/100g respectively).
Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activities of Organic Extracts from Ammodaucus ...CrimsonAlternativemedicine
Aromatic and medicinal plants are a good source of natural preparations containing effective bioactive compounds which can be used for different applications. This work aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of some organic extracts of Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss & Dur fruit part. The whole plant was collected from the region of Beni Abbas (Bechar-Algeria). Five organic extracts were obtained and the evaluation of the antioxidant activity was performed by six conventional methods. Polar organic extracts exhibited more antioxidant power then non polar extracts. The level of phenolic compounds was moderate in all extracts. The investigation of the antioxidant activity of organic extracts from fruit part of Ammodaucus leucotrichusrevealed a moderate activity tested by six conventional methods.
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more articles in open access Complementary Medicine journals please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/acam/
Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activities of Organic Extracts from Ammodaucus ...CrimsonAlternativemedicine
Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activities of Organic Extracts from Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss & Dur Fruit Part Harvested from the Algerian Sahara by Imad Abdelhamid El Haci in Advances in Complementary & Alternative medicine
Aromatic and medicinal plants are a good source of natural preparations containing effective bioactive compounds which can be used for different applications. This work aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of some organic extracts of Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss & Dur fruit part. The whole plant was collected from the region of Beni Abbas (Bechar-Algeria).
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more articles in open access Complementary Medicine journals please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/acam/
Profiling and Characterization Antioxidant Activities in Anoectochilus formos...Cây thuốc Việt
Phytochemical characteristics and antioxidant activities of the crude and fractionated plant extracts of Anoectochilus formosanus were evaluated using five different assay systems. An acid-treatment (2 N HCl in 95% ethanol) was employed to treat a butanol fraction (BuOH), creating an acid-hydrolyzed
BuOH fraction. The IC50 values for DPPH radicals in the BuOH and acid-hydrolyzed BuOH fractions were 0.521 and 0.021 mg/mL, respectively. The acid-hydrolyzed BuOH exhibited approximately 5-fold higher activity in scavenging superoxide anion than catechin. The acid-hydrolyzed BuOH fraction
also effectively protected φ x174 supercoiled DNA against strand cleavage induced by H2O2 and reduced oxidative stress in HL-60 cells. Metabolite profiling showed that the aglycones of flavonoid glycosides in BuOH were produced after acid hydrolytic treatment, and this resulted in a significant increase in antioxidant activities of acid-hydrolyzed BuOH. One new diarylpentanoid, kinsenone, and three known flavonoid glycosides and their derivatives were identified for the first time from A. formosanus, with strong antioxidant properties
Membrane Stabilizing And Antimicrobial Activities Of Caladium Bicolor And Che...IOSR Journals
The crude methanol extracts of whole plant of Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. and leaf of Chenopodium album L. as well as their pet-ether, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous soluble fractions were evaluated for membrane stabilizing and antimicrobial activities. At concentration 1.0 mg/ml, the carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of C. bicolor inhibited 43.92±1.63% and 38.08±0.83 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs, respectively. Among the extractives of C. album, the aqueous soluble fraction inhibited 47.11±0.49 % and 36.73±0.76 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs as compared to 72.79 % and 42.12 % by acetyl salicylic acid (0.10 mg/ml), respectively. C. bicolor test samples demonstrated zone of inhibition ranging from 6.0 to 20.0 mm. The chloroform soluble fraction showed the highest zone of inhibition (20.0 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus. The test samples of C. album displayed zone of inhibition ranging from 7.0 to 13.0 mm. The highest zone of inhibition (13.0 mm) was showed by the chloroform soluble fraction against Salmonella paratyphi
1) The study investigated the polyphenolic content of rose hip (Rosa canina L.) tea extracts obtained using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and Soxhlet extraction with different solvents.
2) The highest extract yield was obtained using UAE with water at 619.37 mg/g dried matter. The highest total phenolic content was obtained using Soxhlet extraction with a 50% methanol mixture at 59.69 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dried matter.
3) UAE and Soxhlet extraction with various solvents, including water, ethanol, methanol, and mixtures, were tested on three commercial brands of rose hip tea. Total phenolic content and extract yields
Anti-Oxidant and Antimicrobial Studies of Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi/Giloy...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Plants produce a diverse range of bioactive molecules, making them a rich source of
different types of medicines and healing properties. The present study was aimed to
evaluate the anti-oxidant and antimicrobial properties of stem and root of T. cordifolia.
Total phenolic contents of different solvent extracts were determined and found that ethanol
extract had the highest phenolic content of 0.3213 mg g-1. Antioxidant assays were also
carried out by using different in vitro models such as total reducing power, hydrogen
peroxide scavenging activity assay and hydroxyl redical scavenging activity. The Ethanol
extract showed the highest total antioxidant activity. The H2O2 scavenging and hydroxyl
free radical scavenging activity was maximum 87.2 % and 91.0% found in case of ethanolic
steam extract respectively. The antimicrobial activity of ethanolic and methanolic extract of
root and stem of T. cordifolia were also evaluated against some pathogenic microorganisms
viz. E. coli, B. subtilis, A. niger and Candida sp. it was found that the various concentration
of extract viz. 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg ml-1 were tested. It was observed that the
increasing in concentration there was also increasing in antimicrobial activity reveled by
increase in size of zone of inhibition. The methanolic stem extract exhibits highest
antimicrobial activity against all four pathogens. The study shown that the extract of T.
cordifolia has a wide range of anti-oxidant as well as antimicrobial activity against bacterial
as well as fungal pathogens.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Curative Effect of Parinari curatellifolia Leaf Extract on EpiglottitisIOSR Journals
The curative effect of Parinari curatellifolia leaf extract on epiglottitis was investigated. The air dried leaf of Parinari curatellifolia was extracted using the soxhlet extractor. Crude extract of the plant was found to be rich in phytochemicals of medicinal importance such as alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, and cardiac glycosides. Acetic acid extract had the highest antimicrobial activity with zones of inhibition ranging from 20.0 ± 0.6 to 28.3 ± 0.3 against the test organisms. This activity was not significantly (P<0.05) different from leofloxacin with zones of inhibition ranging from 25.0 ± 0.6 to 29.3 ± 0.3 which was the highest activity among the standard drugs used. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract was found to be 5mg/ml against Pseudomonas sp and Staphylococcus aureus, indicating broad spectrum activity. Results were discussed in respect to traditional treatment of epiglottitis.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Screening of immunomodulatory activity of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. whole plantiosrjce
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the immunomodulatory activity of the methanolic extract of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. (MESI) whole plant in rats. The study assessed the effects of MESI at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg on humoral immunity (antibody titers, plaque forming cells), cellular immunity (delayed type hypersensitivity, T-cell populations), and myelosuppression. MESI showed significant increases in circulating antibody titers, plaque forming cells, delayed type hypersensitivity responses, and T-cell populations compared to control, indicating immunostimulatory effects. The results suggest that Sphaeranthus indicus has potential as
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
The study evaluated the antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of organic solvent extracts of Calotropis gigantea leaves. Ethanol and methanol extracts showed the highest antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungal pathogens compared to chloroform and n-hexane extracts. The ethanol extract was most effective against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Proteus mirablis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of cardiac glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, steroids and terpenoids in the extracts. The results confirm the antimicrobial activity of C. gigantea extracts against human pathogens.
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
This study evaluated the antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of Calotropis gigantea leaf extracts. The leaves were extracted using ethanol, methanol, chloroform and n-hexane solvents. The extracts were tested for antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and fungi using the agar well diffusion method. The ethanol extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity against pathogens like Candida albicans and Proteus mirablis. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds like alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids in the extracts. The results confirm that C. gigantea extracts have antibacterial and antifungal properties against human pathogens.
Extraction of Secondary Metabolites from Roots of Acanthus Ilicifolius L and ...inventionjournals
The root extracts of Acanthus ilicifolius L finds a prominent place in folk medicine. In this study, we
extracted alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin and total phenols in benzene, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol and
ethanol, their antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity was evaluated. The antioxidant activity is executed
by FRAP assay and agar well diffusion method is done to study the antibacterial activity against Enterobacter
aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus
pyogenes. The antibacterial activity of all the extracts was compared with standard antibiotic gentamicin.
The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration [MIC] was determined by serial dilution method. Alkaloids are rich in
acetone and Flavonoids are high in methanol extracts. The acetone extract showed higher antioxidant activity,
while benzene extract was identified to contain lower antioxidant activity. The extent of inhibition by the root
extracts diverge between the solvents used, among them ethanol extracts exhibited higher level of inhibition
against the gram positive test cultures compared to gram negative test cultures employed. Whereas, the acetone
extracts efficacy is more on gram negative test cultures than the gram positive cultures. The MIC was found to
be between 1mg/100µl to 5mg/100µl. This study gives the source for purification and characterization of
bioactive principles that possess antioxidant and antibacterial action from the root of Acanthus ilicifolius.
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Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
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Novel natural anti gout medication extract from momdica
1. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.4, No.17, 2014
Novel Natural Anti Gout Medication Extract from Momdica
charantia
Intisar Reehem Alsultanee, Mufeed Jalil Ewadh, Maha Fahdil Mohammed
Babylon University, College Of Medicine , Biochemistry Dept. , Hilla , Iraq
E-mail : mewadh@yahoo.com
Abstract
Medicinal plants were evaluated for their Xanthine Oxidase (XO) inhibitory potential. Their aqueous extracts,
prepared from used parts, were tested in vitro, at 100 μg/mL concentration, for their inhibition potencies
expressed as % inhibition of XO activity. Two of the test plants were found inhibition% activity of xanthine
oxidase. Namely Zingiber officinat (81.56±3.76) , Momdica charantia (96.5±2.17).Total Phenolic of Momdica
charantia (80.83±0.30) was more than Zingiber officinat (62.18±0.65).Fraction of Momdica charantia
(coumarin) was achieved the highest activity (inhibition activity of xanthine oxidase 97%) based on analysis
HPLC. Screening of xanthine oxidase activity by coumarin in terms of kinetic parameter revealed uncompetitive
mode of inhibition where Km 25Mm-1,Vmax 0.38 Mm min-1.Data showed that coumarin (0.5 mg/kg) treatment
cause significant reduction in the serum uric acid level of hyperuricemia in normal mice. These finding suggest
that Momdica charantia extract possess prominent medicinal properties and can be exploited as natural drug to
treat diseases associated with free radical formation , oxidative stress and xanthine oxidase activity.
Keywords : Gout , Allpurinol , Xanthine Oxidase , Momdica charantia
1. INTRODUCTION
Gout is a common disease with a worldwide distribution. Hyperuricemia, associated with gout, is present in 5-
30% of the general population [1]. It seems to be increasing worldwide and is considered an important risk factor
in serious disorders like to phaceous gout, gouty nephropathy and nephrolithiasis18-20. Hyperuricemia results
from the overproduction or under excretion of uric acid and is greatly influenced by the high dietary intake of
foods rich in nucleic acids, such as meats, leguminous seeds and some types of seafood. During the last step of
purine metabolism, XO catalyses the oxidation of xanthine and hypoxanthine into uric acid .
Uricosuric drugs which increase the urinary excretion of uric acid, or XO inhibitors which block the
terminal step in uric acid biosynthesis, can lower the plasma uric acid concentration, and are generally employed
for the treatment of gout [2]. Moreover, XO serves as an important biological source of oxygen derived free
radicals that contribute to oxidative damage of living tissues causing various pathological states such as hepatitis,
inflammation, ischemia reperfusion carcinogenesis, and aging [3].
Natural products are excellent sources of lead compounds in the search for new medications for some
kinds of clinical disorders. The renewed interest in natural therapeutic methods and the use of natural product
treatments has led to a steadily growing interest in medicinal plants and the classical methods of plant extract
preparations [4].However, systematic exploitation of these natural resources for their human health benefits has
not been carried out to a significant degree.Most phytoantioxidants belong either to polyphenols or terpenes and
form a family of multiple factors from multiple plants .Polyphenols aresynthesized by plants, participate in their
metabolism, and contribute to their defense against environmental stresses[5].
Allopurinol is the only clinically used XO inhibitor in the treatment of gout [6]. However, this drug
causes many side effects such as hepatitis, nephropathy, and allergic reactions [7]. Thus, the search for novel XO
inhibitors with higher therapeutic activity and fewer side effects are desired not only to treat gout but also to
combat various other diseases associated with XO activity.
The main aim of the present study was to screen some plant species growing wild with respect to their
XO inhibition activity as potential sources of natural XO inhibitors which may be potentially useful for the
treatment of gout or other XO- induced diseases. The extracts of ten different plants were tested as potential
inhibitors of XO enzyme.
16
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Plant Materials
Plant material consists of dried powered leaves of celery (apium gravelens), parsly (petroselium crispum)
,rosemary , seed of flax (linum usitatissmun) , pumpkin (cucurbita pepo) , rhizome of ginger (zingiber officinale
rose) , turmeric (curcurma longa) ,cinnamon , pulp of bitter gourd (momodica charantia ) , . These plant were
collected from different geographical places of Asia. The plant materials were cleaned , soaked in water and
oven dried .The powder materials were stored in a dark place , at room temperature , until extraction.
2.2. Plant Extraction
The plant were soaked in water, washed to get rid of any adhering dust and impurities, and then oven dried at
2. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.4, No.17, 2014
40ºC for 72 hours. The dried were Ground to fine powder using mill and pass through 24 mesh sieve to generate
a homogenous powder. The finely powdered plant are kept in a dark place at room temperature until the time of
use. About 1g of the dried powdered was soaked with 50 ml of methanol: water (7:3) for 48hrs was incubated in
room temperature .The extract was filtered using Whatman No.1 filter paper , the solution was evaporated by
rotary evaporator in 40 ºC .All extract were kept in vacuum desiccators over anhydrous calcium chloride and
were kept in the fridge in 4 ºC to be test.
2.3. Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity assay
The inhibitory effect on XO was measured spectrophotometrically at 295 nm under aerobic condition, with
some modifications, following the method reported by Umamaheswari M., et al [8]. A well known XOI,
allopurinol (100 μg/ml) was used as a positive control for the inhibition test. The reaction mixture consisted of
300 μl of 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5), 100 μl of sample solution dissolved in distilled water or
DMSO, 100 μl of freshly prepared enzyme solution (0.2 units/ml of xanthine oxidase in phosphate buffer) and
100 μl of distilled water. The assay mixture was pre-incubated at 37°C for 15 min. Then, 200 μl of substrate
solution (0.15 mM of xanthine) was added into the mixture. The mixture was incubated at 37°C for 30 min.
Next, the reaction was stopped with the addition of 200 μl of 0.5 M HCl. The absorbance was measured using
UV/VIS spectrophotometer against a blank prepared in the same way but the enzyme solution was replaced with
the phosphate buffer. Another reaction mixture was prepared (control) having 100 μl of DMSO instead of test
compounds in order to have maximum uric acid formation.
The inhibition percentage of xanthine oxidase activity was calculated according to the formula =(A control-A sample
) / A control × 100% [9].
2.4. Determination of total Phenolic contents in extract plant
Total Phenolic content in extract were estimated by Folin-Ciocalteau reagent as method described by
Singleton& Rossi (1965) [10]. Gallic acid stock solution (1000 μ g/ml) was prepared by dissolving 100mg of
gallic acid in 100ml of ethanol. Various dilution of standard gallic acid were prepared by mixing folin reagent
with phenol reagent (1:1), and diluted 1:1 in distilled water , before use.
Calibration curve was plotted by mixing 1ml aliquots of 1.o,2.5,5.0,10,25,50 &100 μ g/ml of gallic acid
solutions with 5.0 ml of folin-Ciocalteu reagent and 4.0 ml of sodium carbonate solution (75g/l). the absorbance
was measured after 30 min at 200 C at 765 nm.
One ml of extract (1.0g/100ml) was mixed separately , with the 5.0 ml of Folin reagent diluted and 4.0 ml of
sodium carbonate solution as did in construction of calibration curve , and after 1hour, the absorbance was
measured after 30 min at 765 nm. for the determination of total Phenolic compound in the extract by using
formula:
17
C=C1*V/m
C=total content of Phenolic compounds in mg/g, in GAE .
C1=the concentration of Gallic acid from the calibration curve in mg/ml.
V=the volume of extract in ml. M=the weight of plant extract in g.
2.5. Phenolic compound Analysis
Samples were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) system , model Shimadzu
10AV-LC equipped with binary delivery pump model LC-10AV, the eluted peaks were monitored by UV-VIS
10A-SPD spectrophotometer. Standards of suspected compound were run similarly for identification and
quantification ,concentration of each isolated compound.
2.6. Fractionation of plant extract
The fractions containing low-molecular weight phenolic compounds(5 ml) were collected using a fraction
collector and their absorbance was measured at 278 nm. The fractions was eluted from the column with
acetonitrile-water (80:20; v/v) [11] . The elutes were then pooled into major fractions. Organic solvents were
evaporated at 45°C using rotary evaporator and the water solution of the fractions was lyophilized.
2.7. The kinetic inhibition to XO
The kinetic conducted only selected fraction of plant , which gave the highest inhibition effect. To determine
the mode of inhibition by active compound from the plant , Line weaver-Burk plot analysis was performed .This
kinetics study was carried out in the absence and presence of active compounds with varying concentration of
xanthine (20 μg/ml , 40 μg/ml, 50 μg/ml ,75 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml ) as the substrate.
2.8. Laboratory Animals
Albino Swiss male mice (30) were obtained from National Center for Drug Control and research / Ministry of
Health / Baghdad. Their age at the start of experiments was 6-8 weeks, and their weight 28±1.5 gram. They were
divided into groups , and each group was kept in a separate plastic cage (details of these group are described
below ). The animals were maintained at a temperature of 23-25 ºC and they had free excess to food (standard
pellets) and water .
2.8.1. Animal model of hyperuricemia in mice
Experimentally –induced hyperuricemia in mice (due to inhibition of uricase with potassium oxonate ) was used
3. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.4, No.17, 2014
to study anti-hyperuricemia and antioxidant effects of coumarin [12] .Briefly , 150 mg/kg potassium oxonate
(PO) dissolved in 0.9% saline solution was administrated intra-peritoneal to animal 1 hour before administration
of test compound.
2.9. Experimental design
Mice were randomly divided into four group equal group (6 mice per group) .In group 1, the normal
group ,each animal received only water as vehicle .Group 2 ,the hyperuricemia group ,PO (150 mg/kg) was
administrated intra-peritoneal .In group 3,each animal was first injected intra-peritoneal the same dose of PO 1
hour before administration of test compound and after 3 hour received 0.5 mg/kg coumarin .The group 4,each
animal was first injected intra-peritoneal the same dose of PO 1 hour before administration of test compound and
after 3 hour received 5 mg/kg Allopurinol. The group 5, each animal was injected intra- peritoneal the same dose
of PO and the same dose of coumarine in the same time. The freshly prepared samples were administered to the
corresponding groups for 3 days .
2.10. Sample preparation
Blood sample was taken from each mice , mice were anesthetized with ether and decapitated .The blood was
allowed to clot for 1 hour at room temperature and the centrifuged at 3500×g for 5 min to obtain serum. The
serum was stored at -80ºC for future laboratory measurements.
2.11. Determination of serum uric acid
Uricase acts on uric acid to produce allantion, carbon dioxide and hydrogen peroxide . Hydrogen peroxide
in the presence of peroxidase reacts with a chromogen (amino – antipyrine and dichloro – hydroxybenzen
sulfnate ) to yield quinoneimine, a red colored complex .The absorbance measured at 520 nm ( 490 – 530 ) is
proportional to the amount of uric acid in the specimen [13] .
Statistical analysis
Data obtained were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and statistically analyzed to verify the accuracy and
sensitivity of the measurements. The protocol for the statistical analysis applied throughout the experimental part
by SPSS version 17 by using t test . The probability (P) of the measurements was considered to be significant(
at < 0.05).
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. In vitro xanthine oxidase inhibitory (XOI) activity
Xanthine oxidase is the enzyme that catalyzes the metabolism of hypoxanthine to xanthine and then
xanthine to uric acid in the presence of molecular oxygen to yield superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide [14]
that contribute to oxidative damage of living tissues [3]. It has been shown that XO inhibitors may be useful for
the treatment of hepatic diseases, gout, which are caused by the generation of uric acid and superoxide anion
radical [15].
In this study, the extracts of 9 different plants belonging to different families were investigated as potential XO
inhibitors. The selected plants and their XO inhibition assay results are summarized in Table( 1)The degree of
XO inhibition was evaluated for all extracts at concentration of 100 μg/ml.
The highest XO activity was shown by 70% methanol extract of Momodica charantia (bitter ) with 96.5±2.17
comparison with positive control (Allopurinol) significant ≤ 0.001, Zingiber officinat (ginger) 81.56±3.76
comparison with Allopurinol significant ≤ 0.01, . Leaf of Cinnamomum cinnamon, Curcurma longa (turmeric),
leaves of Apium gravelen (celery),leave of Petro selium (parsly) , seed of Cucurbita pepo (pumkin),seed of
Linum usitatissmum (flax), leaves of Rosemery have shown no inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity . Plup of
Momodica charantia (bitter ) have demonstrated the best source of raw material for obtaining the XOI
compound as each exhibits more than 90% inhibition of XO under extraction solvents. In fact, plup of plant
under evaluation have shown considerable activity for XO inhibition ,substantiate the fact that secondary
metabolites in the plup contain diverse classes of bioactive Phenolic compounds such as polyphenols,
tocopherols and alkaloids [16 ], which may act as XOI.
18
4. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.4, No.17, 2014
Table ( 1). Comparison of xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of crude extracts of ten parts of plant using 70%
methanol as the extraction solvent .with positive control (Allopurinol)
% xanthine Extract of plant Parts of plant oxidase inhibition
1-Zingiber officinat (ginger) rhizome 81.56±3.76**
2-Curcurma longa (turmeric) Whole plant 28.31±7.70***
3-Cinnamomum cinnamon leaf 44.34±3.96 ***
4-Apium gravelen (celery) leaves 37.92±4.18***
5-Petro selium (parsly) leaves 28.63±2.91***
6-Momodica charantia (bitter ) plup 96.5±2.17***
7-Cucurbita pepo (pumkin) seed 27.33±4.46***
8-Linum usitatissmum (flax) seed 36.66±2.99 ***
9-Rosemery leaves 40.33±3.51***
10-Allopurinol (positive control) - 69.33±4.04
Result are expressed as mean ±SD(n=3),**indicates p≤ 0.01, ***indicates p≤0.001
3.2. Comparison of XO inhibitory activity between allopurinol and optimized extract
The XO inhibitory activity of allopurinol and optimized 70% methanol extract of Momodica charantia (bitter )
at various concentrations was represented in Table 2. Each has demonstrated more than 50% XO inhibition
starting from a concentration of 50 μg /ml. The highest residual or percentage difference between allopurinol and
the optimized sample was at 50.00 μg/ml with 62.70%, followed by 75 μg/ml with 79.46% and 100 μg/ml with
96.5%. The high significant at various concentration with Allopurinol p≤ 0.001. Overall, these small percentages
are encouraging for Momodica charantia (bitter ) to be utilized for large-scale purposes for the production of
anti-gout supplement, an alternative to allopurinol. In folk medicine, Momodica charantia (bitter ) has been
used as an important traditional herbal medicine due to its vast bioactive compounds found including
kaempferol,quercetin, 5, 7-dimethoxycoumarin, alkaloids,carpaine and pseudocarpaine. Any of these bioactive
compounds may contribute to XO inhibitory activities, they have previously received considerable attention
because of their physiological functions such as antioxidant activity [16].
Table (2). XO inhibitory activity of allopurinol and optimized methanol extract of Momodica charantia (bitter )
, Zingiber officinat (ginger), at various concentrations.
Extract of plant % xanthine oxidase inhibition
50 μg/ml 75 μg/ml 100 μg/ml
1-Zingiber officinat (ginger) 53.12± 3.03 ** 71.34 ± 3.72 *** 81.56±3.76**
2- Momodica charantia (bitter ) 62.70±3.90*** 79.46±0.51*** 96.5±2.17***
Result are expressed as mean ±SD (n=3) ,**indicate p≤0.01.***indicate p≤0.001.
3.3. Determination of total Phenolic contents in extract plant
Table 3- showed the contents of total phenolic as mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g dry weight of different
studied plants. Momodica charantia (bitter )showed the highest content of total phenolic compounds
(80.83±0.30mg/100 g sample) followed by Zingiber officinat (ginger) (62.18±0.65), was of the lowest content
of phenolic compounds.
Table ( 3). Total phenolic contents of plants under investigation.
Extract of plant Total Phenolic (mg gallic acid equivalent /100g)
1-Zingiber officinat (ginger) 62.18±0.65
2- Momodica charantia (bitter ) 80.83±0.30
19
Result are expressed as mean ±SD
Previously Momodica charantia (bitter ) has been shown to contain different phenolic compounds such as
carnosol, rosmarinic acid and carnosic acid in addition of their terpene metabolites, and flavones [17]. Carnosol
has been reported to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity [18] . Rosmarinic acid and carnosic acid
have been shown to have very high antioxidant activity [19].
3.4 Phenolic compound Analysis
Results obtained by HPLC shown that Momodica charantia (bitter ) extract had Phenolic compounds which
were ( coumarin , tannin , glycoside , flavonoids) figures (1 and 2) The Phenolic compounds recovered from
column C-18 and the concentration of these compounds showed in table (4).These result discovered high
differentiation between concentration of these compound , coumarin (156.6) than other compound followed by
5. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.4, No.17, 2014
tannin (46.42). The result revealed multiple peaks contrasted in
retention time (4.517,5.22,9.553.10.795) some peaks converged with peaks of retention time for standard
solution (4.5 ,5.22,9.553,10.795) for compounds which were injected in same column.
Table (4). The sequence of Phenolic compounds found on the sample of Momodica charantia (bitter ) extract
using HPLC assay.
Concentration Subjects Retention time (minute) Area μvolt μg/ml
1-Tannin 5.22 4615363 46.42
2-Coumarin 4.517 5105033 156.6
3-Flavonoid 9.553 664367 26.5
4-Glycoside 10.795 1380129 23.32
The result suggest that Momodica charantia (bitter ) act as a good source of natural due to the high levels of
tocopherols , alkaloid ,terpen , coumarin ,strong epidemiological evidence shows that compounds may help to
protect the human body against damage by reactive oxygen species [16].
Highly reactive free radicals and oxygen species are present in biological free radicals may oxidize protein ,
lipid can initiate degenerative disease. Antioxidant compounds scavenge free radicals such as peroxide , hydro
peroxide and thus inhibit the oxidative mechanism that lead to degenerative diseases [20].
From the above argument we can suggest that compounds in the Momodica charantia (bitter ) extract had
protective effect against gout and other disease originate from free radical because these compound have free
radicals sc avenger activity.
20
(B)
(C)
(D)
Figure (1). standard of Phenolic compounds
6. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.4, No.17, 2014
used in the study, (A),standard of coumarin, its retention time (RT) is 4.517.(B), standard Of tannin ,RT is
5.22.(C),standard glycoside , RT is 10.795.(D), standard of flavonoids ,RT is 9.553.and analyzed by HPLC
.
Figure (2). chromatogram of HPLC for sample of Momodica charantia (bitter ) the RT for coumarin is 4.517 ,
tannin is 5.22 , flavonoids is 9.553 , glycoside is 10.795.
3.5. Fractionation of plant extract
Fractionation of methanol Momodica charantia (bitter ) extract was done in mixture of eluents to obtain good
separation pattern. Fractionation of 10 mg extract resulted four fractions and gave the fraction (coumarin , 5 mg),
(tannin, 3mg),( glycoside , 1.5mg), (flavonoids , 1mg), these fraction were assayed for their inhibition activity
against xanthine oxidase. Inhibition activity of fraction (coumarin, tannin, glycoside ,flavonoids ) is depicted in
figure (3).
Figure (3). inhibition activity of fractions (coumarin, tannin, glycoside , flavonoids ) against xanthine oxidas
The results showed that coumarine had the strongest inhibition activity (97.29 %) against xanthine oxidase , next
was tannin and glycoside compared with Allopurinol with inhibition of (69.33%) .The coumarin inhibition
activity is suspected to be caused by existence of active compound in coumarin which was potent antigout.
21
7. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
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Vol.4, No.17, 2014
22
3.6. The kinetic inhibition to xanthine oxidase
Coumarin having the highest inhibition activity against xanthine oxidase was assayed for inhibition kinetic
.Figure (4) showed the Line weaver-Burk plot for xanthine oxidase with addition of coumarin.
Figure (4). Line weaver-Burk plot of xanthine oxidase activity with coumarin that Vmax 0.38 mM min -1, km 25
mM-1
In the kinetic analysis using Line weaver-Burk plot revealed that coumarin displayed high inhibitory
activity that Vmax of coumarin (0.38 mM min -1, Km 25 Mm-1).The pattern of inhibition is a type of un-competitive
of inhibition in presence of coumarin were in Vmax is decreased and Km appears to be unaltered with
respect to xanthine as substrate .
It indicates that binding of coumarin may occur with the free enzyme or the enzyme-substrate
complex. The significant inhibition of xanthine oxidase by coumarin may suppress the production of active
oxygen species or uric acid in vivo under the condition that xanthine oxidase works, the inhibition percentage by
coumarin is comparable to that of Allopurinol ,a therapeutic drug used to treat gout.
3.7 Effects of coumarin and allopurinol on serum urate levels in hyperuricemic mice induced by
potassium oxonate
As the results presented ,coumarin exhibited a potent XOD inhibitory activity ,the serum uric acid
reducing effect by coumarin in oxonate- induced mice by coumarin was further investigated. The serum level of
uric acid in mice was induced by uricase inhibitor potassium oxonate (PO).As shown in table 5, initial serum
uric acid level in mice was2.47±0.38 mg/dl. After intraperitoneal injection of PO caused a significant increase of
serum uric acid level in PO-treated mice ,the level of uric acid was reached at 7.77±0.26mg/dl after injection of
PO for 3 hrs.
Table (5) . The hypouricemia effects of coumarin and allopurinol on the serum uric acid levels in hyperuricemia
mice
group Uric acid mg/dl
1-Control 2.47±0.38###
2-Hyperuricemia 7.77±0.26***
3-coumarin 3±0.26*###
4- Hyperuricemia + coumarine 2.93±0.38*###
5-Allopurinol 5.37±0.27 ***###
Result are expressed as mean ±SD (n=6) *indicate p≤0.05,**indicate p≤0.01.***indicate p≤0.001
vs. with control group; # ## indicate p≤0.001 vs. with hyperuricemia group.
After administration of coumarin at a dosage of 0.5mg/kg in hyperuricemia mice, the serum uric acid value
was reduced to 3±0.26mg/dl, significant (p ≤0.001) as compared to the hyperuricemia control group .In the same
treatment ,allopurinol at a dosage of 10mg/kg, the serum uric acid of mice was reduced to 5.37±0.27 mg/dl
.significant (p≤0.001), as compared to hyperuricemia the control group, in group hyperuricemia and coumarin in
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same time ,the uric acid level reduced to 2.93±0.38 mg/dl , significant (p≤0.001) as compared to hyperuricemia
.the control group that improvement to kinetic of coumarin. These results suggest that the coumarin were capable
of reducing the accumulation of purine metabolites in blood following oxonate induction.
Conclusion
It is concluded that the phytochemical present in this plant extract may also be useful for the treatment of gout
and hyperuricemia. The data investigated in this study provides the basis for further investigation on this plant to
isolate the active constituents and drug developments against the disease related to oxidative stress, inflammation
and gout.
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