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The kidney can excrete urine with a concentration ranging from 50 to 1400 mOsm/L without major changes to solute excretion. Concentrated urine excretion requires a hyperosmotic renal medulla created by a countercurrent multiplier system and increased levels of the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin. The countercurrent multiplier system relies on the anatomical arrangement of loops of Henle and vasa recta to generate tubule-interstitial osmotic gradients as high as 200 mOsm/L. Vasopressin increases water permeability in the late distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct, while urea recirculation within the medulla raises urea concentrations and diffusion. Dilute urine
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Similar to urine changes
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urine concentration and dilution
The document discusses the formation of concentrated urine through a countercurrent system and urea recycling in the kidneys. It explains that concentrated urine is formed through (1) high levels of ADH hormone and (2) development and maintenance of a hyperosmotic renal medullary interstitium. This gradient is established through a countercurrent system using the loop of Henle and vasa recta blood vessels, as well as urea recycling back into the medulla. Sodium and other solutes are deposited in the medulla through these mechanisms to draw water out of the urine as it passes through the kidneys, resulting in highly concentrated urine.
8-Urine concentration and dilution.ppt
The document discusses the urine concentration mechanism. It describes how the loop of Henle acts as a countercurrent multiplier system to concentrate urine using countercurrent exchange. As fluid passes through the loop of Henle and collecting duct, the countercurrent multiplier system and presence of ADH work to either concentrate or dilute urine by modifying the osmolarity of tubular fluid and medullary interstitial fluid. Factors like ADH levels, loop of Henle length, and blood flow can impact urine concentration. The document also differentiates between water and osmotic diuresis.
Urine concentration
The kidney can concentrate urine by continuing to excrete solutes while reabsorbing more water, producing urine 4-5 times more concentrated than plasma. This ability is essential for terrestrial mammals to survive on land. The countercurrent mechanism in the loops of Henle and vasa recta allows solutes like urea to accumulate in the renal medulla, establishing a high osmotic gradient for water reabsorption. When ADH increases collecting duct permeability, this gradient enables production of highly concentrated urine, minimizing water loss and fluid intake needs.
L8_urine_conc.pptx
The key mechanisms that allow the kidney to concentrate urine include the countercurrent multiplier in the loop of Henle, urea recycling in the inner medullary collecting ducts, and the countercurrent exchange function of the vasa recta blood vessels. The countercurrent multiplier establishes an osmotic gradient in the renal medulla through active transport of ions out of the thick ascending limb. Urea recycling contributes to high osmolarity by facilitating urea movement into the medullary interstitium. The vasa recta maintain the hyperosmotic medulla through countercurrent exchange that prevents washout of solutes. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) promotes water reabsorption in the collecting ducts and
Counter current mechanism.docx
The document summarizes the countercurrent mechanism in the kidney. It describes:
1) How the loop of Henle acts as a countercurrent multiplier, trapping solutes in the medullary interstitium through active transport and increasing the osmolarity to 1200-1400 mosm/L.
2) How ADH increases collecting duct permeability, allowing water reabsorption and concentration of a urine as high as the medullary interstitium.
3) How the vasa recta acts as a countercurrent exchanger, maintaining the osmolarity gradient through solute exchange with the descending and ascending limbs.
Counter current mechanism in kidney
The document discusses countercurrent exchange systems in various organs and tissues of the body including the kidney. It describes how the countercurrent multiplier system in the loop of Henle establishes a gradient that is maintained by the countercurrent exchanger system of the vasa recta, allowing the kidney to produce concentrated urine through the medullary countercurrent system. It also discusses how diuretics work by targeting different sites along the nephron to increase urine output.
Dilution and concentration of urine for dental
The kidney regulates urine concentration and dilution by adjusting the reabsorption of water independently of solutes. Urine concentration occurs through antidiuretic hormone increasing water reabsorption in the collecting duct, with the loop of Henle and vasa recta creating a hypertonic medullary environment. This medullary gradient and countercurrent exchange allow the kidneys to excrete both dilute and concentrated urine.
Regulation of urine concentration and volume ].pdf
The document discusses several key mechanisms involved in regulating urine concentration and volume by the kidneys:
1) The kidneys use countercurrent mechanisms like the countercurrent multiplier and countercurrent exchanger to regulate solute concentration and maintain osmotic balance.
2) Hormones like antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stimulate water reabsorption in the collecting duct to concentrate urine when needed.
3) Clearance studies can assess how quickly substances are filtered and excreted by the kidneys, providing insight into renal function.
C&D OF URINE.pptx
The document discusses the mechanism of urine concentration and dilution in the kidney. It describes how the countercurrent multiplier system in the loop of Henle establishes an osmotic gradient in the renal medulla. The countercurrent exchange system of the vasa recta helps maintain this gradient. The collecting ducts are able to produce either concentrated or dilute urine using this gradient in conjunction with the hormone vasopressin. Collectively, these processes constitute the medullary countercurrent system, which allows the kidney to concentrate urine and adapt to life on land.
Urinary system+ formation of concentrated urine
The document discusses urine concentration and the urinary system. It describes how the kidney regulates water and electrolyte balance through processes like glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion in the nephron. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) allows the kidney to concentrate urine by promoting water reabsorption in the collecting duct. A countercurrent mechanism in the loop of Henle also helps build up solute concentration. Disorders can occur if there are issues with ADH signaling or the countercurrent system that prevent proper urine concentration.
Renal handling of water
kidney tubule
Collecting
duct
lumen
Filtrate
300 mOsm
Medullary
interstitial
fluid
Collecting duct cell
Vasa
recta
600 mOsM
600 mOsM
700 mOsM
1. The kidney plays a pivotal role in maintaining water homeostasis by conserving water during deprivation and excreting excess water. This is accomplished through a complex anatomical arrangement of the nephron and renal vasculature.
2. Key elements include a hypertonic medullary interstitium generated by active transport of solutes out of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle and collecting
countercurrentmechanism-130412012707-phpapp01.pptx
The countercurrent mechanism in the loop of Henle and vasa recta acts to concentrate urine by producing a hyperosmotic renal medullary interstitium of up to 1200 mosm/L. The loop of Henle uses countercurrent exchange to actively transport ions into the interstitium while allowing water to diffuse out, concentrating the interstitium. The vasa recta maintain this gradient by countercurrent exchange of fluid and solutes. In dilute urine production, the kidneys continue reabsorbing solutes while failing to reabsorb water, excreting up to 20 L/day of dilute urine.
Urophysiology 4
The document discusses the mechanisms of urine concentration and dilution. It explains that 180L of glomerular filtrate is formed daily but urine needs to be concentrated to not deplete the body's water stores. Urine concentration depends on water content and antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Dilute urine forms when water increases by inhibiting ADH, preventing water reabsorption. Concentrated urine forms when water decreases by developing a medullary osmotic gradient maintained by countercurrent exchange in the loop of Henle and vasa recta, and secreting ADH to allow water reabsorption in the collecting duct.
Lec44
The document discusses renal clearance and how it is used to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Renal clearance is the volume of plasma completely cleared of a substance per minute, typically expressed in ml/min. It can be calculated using the urine and plasma concentrations and urine flow rate. Tests like inulin clearance are used to directly measure GFR. The kidneys concentrate urine using a countercurrent mechanism in the loop of Henle and vasa recta, which creates a hyperosmotic renal medulla. Antidiuretic hormone regulates water reabsorption to allow excretion of dilute or concentrated urine depending on the body's water needs.
Lec45
The countercurrent multiplier mechanism involves the repetitive reabsorption of sodium chloride in the thick ascending loop of Henle, increasing the concentration of sodium chloride in the renal medulla. Fluid exiting the loop of Henle is dilute, but becomes concentrated as it passes through the distal tubules and collecting ducts, where water is reabsorbed depending on ADH levels. When ADH is high, urine osmolarity matches the 1200 mOsm/L osmolarity of renal medullary interstitial fluid, allowing excretion of concentrated urine.
د. جنان Renal system-6 (Muhadharaty).ppt
Renal clearance is used to measure the excretory function of the kidneys and renal blood flow rate. It is calculated using urine and plasma concentrations and urine flow rate. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can be estimated by measuring clearance of substances like inulin and creatinine that are freely filtered but not reabsorbed. Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) clearance estimates renal plasma flow. Filtration fraction is the ratio of GFR to renal plasma flow. Tubular reabsorption and secretion can be calculated from clearances and filtered loads. Antidiuretic hormone and a hyperosmotic medullary interstitium allow the kidneys to excrete concentrated urine.
urine osmolarity
This document discusses urine osmolarity and the mechanisms involved in concentrating and diluting urine. It begins by introducing a clinical case of acute on chronic renal failure and the decision to check urine osmolarity. It then defines urine osmolarity and concentration and normal ranges. The mechanisms of excreting dilute or concentrated urine are described, involving antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and countercurrent multiplier and exchanger systems in the kidney. The role of urea and various transporters in concentrating the medullary interstitium is also covered. Key concepts like free water clearance and osmotic diuresis are defined. References are provided.
MECHANISM OF CONCENTRATION OF URINE
The document discusses the mechanism of urine concentration in the kidney through countercurrent flow. It explains how the loop of Henle acts as a countercurrent multiplier and the vasa recta acts as a countercurrent exchanger to generate and maintain an osmotic gradient in the renal medulla. This gradient allows water to be reabsorbed in the collecting ducts under the influence of ADH, resulting in concentrated urine when water intake is low. The kidney thus regulates urine concentration through countercurrent mechanisms to maintain water homeostasis.
Similar to urine changes (20)
Urine Concentration and dilution. plasma clearance
Urine Concentration and dilution. plasma clearance
Regulation of urine concentration and volume ].pdf
Regulation of urine concentration and volume ].pdf
countercurrentmechanism-130412012707-phpapp01.pptx
countercurrentmechanism-130412012707-phpapp01.pptx
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urine changes
- 1. URINE CONCENTRATION AND DILUTION PBL 6 2017 Oct 9
- 3. • Kidney can excrete urine As low as 50 mOsm/L (1/6th of plasma) WITHOUT MAJOR CHANGES IN SOLUTE EXCRETION As high as 1400 mOsm/L (> 4 times of Plasma)
- 4. •Excretion of concentrated urine
- 5. Requirements for concentrated urine excretion A. Hyperosmotic renal medulla provide high osmotic gradient for water reabsorption B. High ADH (vasopressin) increase water permeability to late DCT and CD
- 6. Hyperosmotic renal medullary interstitium (The countercurrent multiplier system)
- 7. COUNTERCURRENT MULTIPLIER SYSTEM Depends on the special anatomical arrangement of loops of Henle and vasa recta Thick ascending loop of Henle can reach upto 200 mOsm/L of tubule- interstitial gradient
- 8. osmosis
- 10. UREA RECIRCULATION Recirculation : from collecting duct to loop of Henle (corticopapillary osmotic gradient) ADH causes hyperosmotic urine in medullary collecting duct (inc. urea conc. so inc. urea diffusion.)
- 12. Fig. Very low ADH levelFig. High ADH level Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)
- 13. • Countercurrent exchanger in vasa recta
- 14. • Vasa recta – do not create the medullary hyper-osmolarity, but they do prevent it from being dissipated • U shape vessel minimize loss of solute from interstitium • Increased medullary blood flow reduces urine concentrating ability (vasodilators) • Urine concentration depends on rate of fluid flow in Loop of Henle
- 15. COUNTERCURRENT EXCHANGER IN VASA RECTA - Low medullary blood flow (minimize solute loss from medullary interstitium) and -Countercurrent exchanger (minimize solute washout from medullary interstitum)
- 18. Dilute Urine
- 19. ADH level control the urine concentration Tubular fluid remains isosmotic in proximal tubule Tubular fluid diluted in ascending loop of henle Tubular fluid diluted in distal and collecting tubules in low/absence of ADH Fig. Very low ADH level
- 20. REFERENCES • Guyton and Hall, a textbook of medical physiology,13e • Lippincott illustrated reviews flash cards physiology • Ganong’s review of medical physiology,25e
- 21. Thank you