visual pathways
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The visual pathway contains the retinogeniculate pathway which projects from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus and onto the primary visual cortex. The lateral geniculate nucleus contains magnocellular, parvocellular, and koniocellular layers which project to different areas of the visual cortex and are involved in motion perception, color vision, and visual acuity. The optic radiation carries signals from the lateral geniculate nucleus to the occipital lobe via Meyer's loop. The dorsal and ventral visual pathways in the occipital lobe are involved in motion detection and object identification respectively. Lesions at different points in the visual pathway can cause specific visual field defects such as right eye vision loss or left hom
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Hepatitis e
The document summarizes hepatitis E virus (HEV), including its virology, epidemiology, transmission, clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, and prevention. HEV is an RNA virus endemic in Asia and causes acute, self-limiting hepatitis but can develop into acute liver failure, especially in pregnant women. It is transmitted primarily through contaminated food or water. Acute hepatitis E presents with jaundice and liver enzyme abnormalities and typically resolves within 1-6 weeks, though complications can include acute liver failure, chronic hepatitis may occur in immunosuppressed patients. Pregnant women are at higher risk for more severe outcomes. Management involves supportive care and chronic hepatitis may be treated with antivirals.
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- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
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1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
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visual pathways
- 2. OBJECTIVES • Visual pathway • Effect of transection at different level
- 3. PRIMARY VISUAL PATHWAY (RETINOGENICULOSTRIATE PATHWAY)
- 6. LAYER OF LATERAL GENICULATE 1. Magnocellular layer - motion perception 2. Parvocellular layer – color vision and visual acuity 3. koniocellular layer - unknown Project to primary visual cortex as their pathway
- 7. OPTIC RADIATION Meyer’s loop Swipe around lateral horn of ventricle to project into occipital lobe
- 9. 1. Dorsal pathway Direction and speed of movement 2. Ventral pathway High resolution and object identification V8 – region for color perception
- 10. A. Rt. Eye vision loss B. Bi-temporal hemianopsia c. Left homonymous hemianopsia d. L. Superior Quadrantanopsia e. L. homonymous Hemianopsia With macular
- 13. REFERENCES • 1. Medical physiology, guyton • Costanzo physiology • Neuroscience, purves et.al,5e
- 14. •Thank you