The Lymphatic System & Lymphoid Organs And Tissues
Lec44
1. Clearance Measurements Clearance compares the rate at which the glomeruli filter a substance with the rate that the kidneys excrete it into the urine. If we measure difference in amount of substance filtered and excreted, we can estimate the net amount reabsorbed or secreted by renal tubules. Gives us information about the 3 basic functions of the kidneys: Glomerular filtration Tubular reabsorption Tubular secretion
2. Renal Clearance 2 Renal Clearance= plasma volume completely cleared of that substance per minute Typically expressed as ml/min Cs = Us x V Ps Cs: Clearance rate of a substance s Ps: Plasma concentration of the substance Us: Urine concentration of that substance V: Urine flow rate
3. U (urea concentration in the urine) = 6mg/ml V (rate of urine output) = 2 ml/min P (urea concentration in plasma) = 0.2mg/ml Renal clearance (C) is C = UV/P = 60 ml/min
9. Changes in average concentrations of different substances at different points in the tubular system relative to the concentration of that substance in the plasma and in the glomerular filtrate. A value of 1.0 indicates that the concentration of the substance in the tubular fluid is the same as the concentration of that substance in the plasma. Values below 1.0 indicate that the substance is reabsorbed more avidly than water, whereas values above 1.0 indicate that the substance is reabsorbed to a lesser extent than water or is secreted into the tubules
10. The Kidneys Excrete Excess Water by Forming a Dilute Urine When there is excess water in the body and body fluid osmolarity is reduced, the kidney can excrete urine with an osmolarity as low as 50 mOsm/L When there is a deficit of water and extracellular fluid osmolarity is high, the kidney can excrete urine with a concentration of 1200 to 1400 mOsm/L Kidney regulate water excretion independently of solute excretion
11. Antidiuretic Hormone Controls Urine Concentration Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): when osmolarity of the body fluids increases above normal more ADH will secreted When there is excess water in the body and extracellular fluid osmolarity is reduced, the secretion of ADH by the posterior pituitary decreases The rate of ADH secretion determines whether the kidney excretes a dilute or a concentrated urine
12. Water diuresis in a human after ingestion of 1 liter of water. After water ingestion, urine volume increases and urine osmolarity decreases, causing the excretion of a large volume of dilute urine; however, the total amount of solute excreted by the kidneys remains relatively constant. These responses of the kidneys prevent plasma osmolarity from decreasing markedly during excess water ingestion
13. Formation of a dilute urine when antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels are very low. The ascending loop of Henle, the tubular fluid becomes very dilute. In the distal tubules and collecting tubules, the tubular fluid is further diluted by the reabsorption of sodium chloride and the failure to reabsorb water when ADH levels are very low. The failure to reabsorb water and continued reabsorption of solutes lead to a large volume of dilute urine
14. Requirements for Excreting a Concentrated Urine-High ADH Levels and Hyperosmotic Renal Medulla Body The basic requirements for forming a concentrated urine are (1) a high level of ADH, which increases the permeability of the distal tubules and collecting ducts to water (2) a high osmolarity of the renal medullary interstitial fluid, which provides the osmotic gradient necessary for water reabsorption to occur in the presence of high levels of ADH
15. Countercurrent Mechanism The countercurrent mechanism depends on the special arrangement of the loops of Henle and the vasa recta, the specialized peritubular capillaries of the renal medulla. The collecting ducts, which carry urine through the hyperosmotic renal medulla before it is excreted, also play a critical role in the countercurrent mechanism
16. Countercurrent Mechanism Produces a Hyperosmotic Renal Medullary Interstitium Factors contribute to built up of solute concentration: Active transport of sodium ions and co-transport of potassium, chloride, and other ions out of the thick portion of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle into the medullary interstitium Active transport of ions from the collecting ducts into the medullary interstitium Facilitated diffusion of large amounts of urea from the inner medullary collecting ducts into the medullary interstitium Diffusion of only small amounts of water from the medullary tubules into the medullary interstitium far less than the reabsorption of solutes into the medullary interstitium
17. Summary of tubule characteristics 0, minimal level of active transport or permeability; +, moderate level of active transport or permeability; ++, high level of active transport or permeability; +ADH, permeability to water or urea is increased by ADH.
