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The countercurrent mechanism in the loop of Henle and vasa recta acts to concentrate urine by producing a hyperosmotic renal medullary interstitium of up to 1200 mosm/L. The loop of Henle uses countercurrent exchange to actively transport ions into the interstitium while allowing water to diffuse out, concentrating the interstitium. The vasa recta maintain this gradient by countercurrent exchange of fluid and solutes. In dilute urine production, the kidneys continue reabsorbing solutes while failing to reabsorb water, excreting up to 20 L/day of dilute urine.
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Urine Concentration and dilution. plasma clearance
The countercurrent multiplier system in the loops of Henle and vasa recta allows the kidney to concentrate urine by establishing and maintaining a high osmotic gradient in the renal medulla. Active transport of ions out of the thick ascending loop of Henle and passive reabsorption in the thin ascending loop contributes solutes to the interstitium. Repeating cycles through the loops of Henle multiply this effect, trapping more solutes. The U-shaped vasa recta further concentrate blood and exchange solutes with the interstitium, preserving the gradient. With antidiuretic hormone, water is reabsorbed along the nephron, allowing excretion of highly concentrated urine matching the medullary osm
counter-current-mechanism
1. The kidney concentrates urine through active transport mechanisms that create a hyperosmotic medullary interstitium and facilitate water reabsorption in the presence of ADH.
2. The loop of Henle acts as a countercurrent multiplier, trapping solutes in the medulla through sequential transport and creating an osmotic gradient.
3. Urea recycling and the countercurrent exchange function of vasa recta help maintain the high solute concentration in the medullary interstitium, allowing further water reabsorption and concentrated urine production.
Urine concentration
The kidney can concentrate urine by continuing to excrete solutes while reabsorbing more water, producing urine 4-5 times more concentrated than plasma. This ability is essential for terrestrial mammals to survive on land. The countercurrent mechanism in the loops of Henle and vasa recta allows solutes like urea to accumulate in the renal medulla, establishing a high osmotic gradient for water reabsorption. When ADH increases collecting duct permeability, this gradient enables production of highly concentrated urine, minimizing water loss and fluid intake needs.
urine concentration and dilution
The document discusses the formation of concentrated urine through a countercurrent system and urea recycling in the kidneys. It explains that concentrated urine is formed through (1) high levels of ADH hormone and (2) development and maintenance of a hyperosmotic renal medullary interstitium. This gradient is established through a countercurrent system using the loop of Henle and vasa recta blood vessels, as well as urea recycling back into the medulla. Sodium and other solutes are deposited in the medulla through these mechanisms to draw water out of the urine as it passes through the kidneys, resulting in highly concentrated urine.
Counter current mechanism
The countercurrent mechanism in the kidney produces a hyperosmotic renal medullary interstitium through three key processes: 1) the countercurrent multiplier effect of the thick ascending loop of Henle which repetitively reabsorbs sodium chloride, 2) active transport of ions from the collecting ducts into the medullary interstitium, and 3) facilitated diffusion of urea from the inner medullary collecting ducts into the medullary interstitium. This hyperosmotic interstitium is maintained by the countercurrent exchange function of the vasa recta blood vessels.
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The countercurrent multiplier mechanism involves the repetitive reabsorption of sodium chloride in the thick ascending loop of Henle, increasing the concentration of sodium chloride in the renal medulla. Fluid exiting the loop of Henle is dilute, but becomes concentrated as it passes through the distal tubules and collecting ducts, where water is reabsorbed depending on ADH levels. When ADH is high, urine osmolarity matches the 1200 mOsm/L osmolarity of renal medullary interstitial fluid, allowing excretion of concentrated urine.
L8_urine_conc.pptx
The key mechanisms that allow the kidney to concentrate urine include the countercurrent multiplier in the loop of Henle, urea recycling in the inner medullary collecting ducts, and the countercurrent exchange function of the vasa recta blood vessels. The countercurrent multiplier establishes an osmotic gradient in the renal medulla through active transport of ions out of the thick ascending limb. Urea recycling contributes to high osmolarity by facilitating urea movement into the medullary interstitium. The vasa recta maintain the hyperosmotic medulla through countercurrent exchange that prevents washout of solutes. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) promotes water reabsorption in the collecting ducts and
Overview Of Excretion In Mammals
1. Filtration of blood in the nephrons produces a filtrate that is filtered in the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule. Various processes of reabsorption and secretion then alter the filtrate as it passes through the renal tubules.
2. As the filtrate passes through the proximal tubule, descending loop of Henle, and thick ascending loop of Henle, processes like reabsorption of NaCl, H2O, and other nutrients occur, altering the filtrate concentration. Countercurrent exchange in the loop of Henle aids in water conservation.
3. Hormones like ADH and components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system help regulate water
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Urine Concentration and dilution. plasma clearance
The countercurrent multiplier system in the loops of Henle and vasa recta allows the kidney to concentrate urine by establishing and maintaining a high osmotic gradient in the renal medulla. Active transport of ions out of the thick ascending loop of Henle and passive reabsorption in the thin ascending loop contributes solutes to the interstitium. Repeating cycles through the loops of Henle multiply this effect, trapping more solutes. The U-shaped vasa recta further concentrate blood and exchange solutes with the interstitium, preserving the gradient. With antidiuretic hormone, water is reabsorbed along the nephron, allowing excretion of highly concentrated urine matching the medullary osm
counter-current-mechanism
1. The kidney concentrates urine through active transport mechanisms that create a hyperosmotic medullary interstitium and facilitate water reabsorption in the presence of ADH.
2. The loop of Henle acts as a countercurrent multiplier, trapping solutes in the medulla through sequential transport and creating an osmotic gradient.
3. Urea recycling and the countercurrent exchange function of vasa recta help maintain the high solute concentration in the medullary interstitium, allowing further water reabsorption and concentrated urine production.
Urine concentration
The kidney can concentrate urine by continuing to excrete solutes while reabsorbing more water, producing urine 4-5 times more concentrated than plasma. This ability is essential for terrestrial mammals to survive on land. The countercurrent mechanism in the loops of Henle and vasa recta allows solutes like urea to accumulate in the renal medulla, establishing a high osmotic gradient for water reabsorption. When ADH increases collecting duct permeability, this gradient enables production of highly concentrated urine, minimizing water loss and fluid intake needs.
urine concentration and dilution
The document discusses the formation of concentrated urine through a countercurrent system and urea recycling in the kidneys. It explains that concentrated urine is formed through (1) high levels of ADH hormone and (2) development and maintenance of a hyperosmotic renal medullary interstitium. This gradient is established through a countercurrent system using the loop of Henle and vasa recta blood vessels, as well as urea recycling back into the medulla. Sodium and other solutes are deposited in the medulla through these mechanisms to draw water out of the urine as it passes through the kidneys, resulting in highly concentrated urine.
Counter current mechanism
The countercurrent mechanism in the kidney produces a hyperosmotic renal medullary interstitium through three key processes: 1) the countercurrent multiplier effect of the thick ascending loop of Henle which repetitively reabsorbs sodium chloride, 2) active transport of ions from the collecting ducts into the medullary interstitium, and 3) facilitated diffusion of urea from the inner medullary collecting ducts into the medullary interstitium. This hyperosmotic interstitium is maintained by the countercurrent exchange function of the vasa recta blood vessels.
Lec45
The countercurrent multiplier mechanism involves the repetitive reabsorption of sodium chloride in the thick ascending loop of Henle, increasing the concentration of sodium chloride in the renal medulla. Fluid exiting the loop of Henle is dilute, but becomes concentrated as it passes through the distal tubules and collecting ducts, where water is reabsorbed depending on ADH levels. When ADH is high, urine osmolarity matches the 1200 mOsm/L osmolarity of renal medullary interstitial fluid, allowing excretion of concentrated urine.
L8_urine_conc.pptx
The key mechanisms that allow the kidney to concentrate urine include the countercurrent multiplier in the loop of Henle, urea recycling in the inner medullary collecting ducts, and the countercurrent exchange function of the vasa recta blood vessels. The countercurrent multiplier establishes an osmotic gradient in the renal medulla through active transport of ions out of the thick ascending limb. Urea recycling contributes to high osmolarity by facilitating urea movement into the medullary interstitium. The vasa recta maintain the hyperosmotic medulla through countercurrent exchange that prevents washout of solutes. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) promotes water reabsorption in the collecting ducts and
Overview Of Excretion In Mammals
1. Filtration of blood in the nephrons produces a filtrate that is filtered in the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule. Various processes of reabsorption and secretion then alter the filtrate as it passes through the renal tubules.
2. As the filtrate passes through the proximal tubule, descending loop of Henle, and thick ascending loop of Henle, processes like reabsorption of NaCl, H2O, and other nutrients occur, altering the filtrate concentration. Countercurrent exchange in the loop of Henle aids in water conservation.
3. Hormones like ADH and components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system help regulate water
C&D OF URINE.pptx
The document discusses the mechanism of urine concentration and dilution in the kidney. It describes how the countercurrent multiplier system in the loop of Henle establishes an osmotic gradient in the renal medulla. The countercurrent exchange system of the vasa recta helps maintain this gradient. The collecting ducts are able to produce either concentrated or dilute urine using this gradient in conjunction with the hormone vasopressin. Collectively, these processes constitute the medullary countercurrent system, which allows the kidney to concentrate urine and adapt to life on land.
Overview of excretion in mammals
The mammalian kidney filters blood in the glomerulus and regulates water and salt balance through selective reabsorption and secretion in the nephron's tubule segments. In the proximal tubule, most reabsorption occurs, while the thin ascending loop of Henle secretes salt and the thick ascending loop reabsorbs salt actively. The collecting duct determines salt excretion, reabsorbing water passively. Osmoreceptors detect blood osmolarity and volume changes, triggering antidiuretic hormone and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system respectively to regulate water and salt balance. Through selective tubule transport, the kidney maintains homeostasis.
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The document discusses renal clearance and how it is used to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Renal clearance is the volume of plasma completely cleared of a substance per minute, typically expressed in ml/min. It can be calculated using the urine and plasma concentrations and urine flow rate. Tests like inulin clearance are used to directly measure GFR. The kidneys concentrate urine using a countercurrent mechanism in the loop of Henle and vasa recta, which creates a hyperosmotic renal medulla. Antidiuretic hormone regulates water reabsorption to allow excretion of dilute or concentrated urine depending on the body's water needs.
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The late distal tubule and cortical collecting tubule are composed of principal and intercalated cells. Principal cells reabsorb sodium and secrete potassium, while intercalated cells secrete hydrogen and reabsorb bicarbonate and potassium. The permeability of these segments to water is controlled by ADH levels. They play key roles in electrolyte balance and acid-base regulation.
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The late distal tubule and cortical collecting tubule are composed of principal and intercalated cells. Principal cells reabsorb sodium and secrete potassium, while intercalated cells secrete hydrogen and reabsorb bicarbonate and potassium. The permeability of these segments to water is controlled by ADH levels. They play key roles in electrolyte balance and acid-base regulation.
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The document discusses the urine concentration mechanism. It describes how the loop of Henle acts as a countercurrent multiplier system to concentrate urine using countercurrent exchange. As fluid passes through the loop of Henle and collecting duct, the countercurrent multiplier system and presence of ADH work to either concentrate or dilute urine by modifying the osmolarity of tubular fluid and medullary interstitial fluid. Factors like ADH levels, loop of Henle length, and blood flow can impact urine concentration. The document also differentiates between water and osmotic diuresis.
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The kidneys regulate fluid volume through urine production and reabsorption. They can conserve water by producing concentrated urine or eliminate excess water by producing dilute urine. Hormones like ADH, aldosterone, and ANH control this. Sodium levels are regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and ADH. When sodium is retained, potassium is excreted and vice versa. Reabsorption and secretion occur through different mechanisms along the nephron, determining what passes into urine.
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Renal clearance is used to measure the excretory function of the kidneys and renal blood flow rate. It is calculated using urine and plasma concentrations and urine flow rate. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can be estimated by measuring clearance of substances like inulin and creatinine that are freely filtered but not reabsorbed. Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) clearance estimates renal plasma flow. Filtration fraction is the ratio of GFR to renal plasma flow. Tubular reabsorption and secretion can be calculated from clearances and filtered loads. Antidiuretic hormone and a hyperosmotic medullary interstitium allow the kidneys to excrete concentrated urine.
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The kidney maintains homeostasis through 6 main functions: ion balance, osmotic balance, blood pressure control, pH balance, excretion of wastes, and hormone production. The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which filters blood in the glomerulus and reabsorbs and secretes solutes along the renal tubule. Hormones and the kidney's intrinsic regulatory mechanisms precisely control urine production and composition to match the body's needs. The kidney's structure and function can also adapt to environmental conditions like varying water availability.
Renal physiology 4
I am a medical student. I have one friend who is persuing his MBBS degree in Taishan Medical UNiversity. I got these notes from him.
These notes are by Dr. Bikesh, He is a famous lecturer of TMU.
These notes have helped me a lot and i also watch his lecture videos , which are great; highly simple and huge content.
I am uploading with Renal physiology. If you want some other topics i would upload for you.
"Let the Knowledge be spread" Dr. Bikesh
Lecture 3.pdfdrhsdysehsryryrdyryryryrdyr
The document summarizes key aspects of the loop of Henle and distal tubule in the kidney nephron. It discusses how the loop of Henle regulates salt concentration in urine by reabsorbing sodium, chloride, potassium and other electrolytes. The descending limb is permeable to water but not solutes, increasing osmolality. The thick ascending limb reabsorbs 25% of filtered sodium load. The distal tubule and collecting duct further regulate urine concentration and composition by reabsorbing substances like sodium, water, calcium and secreting drugs and uric acid, controlled by hormones like aldosterone and ADH.
Counter current mechanism in kidney
The document discusses countercurrent exchange systems in various organs and tissues of the body including the kidney. It describes how the countercurrent multiplier system in the loop of Henle establishes a gradient that is maintained by the countercurrent exchanger system of the vasa recta, allowing the kidney to produce concentrated urine through the medullary countercurrent system. It also discusses how diuretics work by targeting different sites along the nephron to increase urine output.
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The document discusses the mechanisms of urine concentration and dilution. It explains that 180L of glomerular filtrate is formed daily but urine needs to be concentrated to not deplete the body's water stores. Urine concentration depends on water content and antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Dilute urine forms when water increases by inhibiting ADH, preventing water reabsorption. Concentrated urine forms when water decreases by developing a medullary osmotic gradient maintained by countercurrent exchange in the loop of Henle and vasa recta, and secreting ADH to allow water reabsorption in the collecting duct.
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1. The kidney plays a pivotal role in maintaining water homeostasis by conserving water during deprivation and excreting excess water. This is accomplished through a complex anatomical arrangement of the nephron and renal vasculature.
2. Key elements include a hypertonic medullary interstitium generated by active transport of solutes out of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle and collecting
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The document summarizes the countercurrent mechanism in the kidney. It describes:
1) How the loop of Henle acts as a countercurrent multiplier, trapping solutes in the medullary interstitium through active transport and increasing the osmolarity to 1200-1400 mosm/L.
2) How ADH increases collecting duct permeability, allowing water reabsorption and concentration of a urine as high as the medullary interstitium.
3) How the vasa recta acts as a countercurrent exchanger, maintaining the osmolarity gradient through solute exchange with the descending and ascending limbs.
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The document discusses urine concentration and the urinary system. It describes how the kidney regulates water and electrolyte balance through processes like glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion in the nephron. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) allows the kidney to concentrate urine by promoting water reabsorption in the collecting duct. A countercurrent mechanism in the loop of Henle also helps build up solute concentration. Disorders can occur if there are issues with ADH signaling or the countercurrent system that prevent proper urine concentration.
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The kidney regulates water and salt balance in the body through osmoregulation. The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which is composed of a glomerulus and renal tubule. The tubule filters blood, reabsorbs necessary molecules and ions, and excretes waste through specialized transport properties along its sections. Hormones like antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone control water and salt balance by regulating permeability and reabsorption in the kidney tubules.
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The document discusses the mechanism of urine concentration and dilution in the kidney. It describes how the countercurrent multiplier system in the loop of Henle establishes an osmotic gradient in the renal medulla. The countercurrent exchange system of the vasa recta helps maintain this gradient. The collecting ducts are able to produce either concentrated or dilute urine using this gradient in conjunction with the hormone vasopressin. Collectively, these processes constitute the medullary countercurrent system, which allows the kidney to concentrate urine and adapt to life on land.
Overview of excretion in mammals
The mammalian kidney filters blood in the glomerulus and regulates water and salt balance through selective reabsorption and secretion in the nephron's tubule segments. In the proximal tubule, most reabsorption occurs, while the thin ascending loop of Henle secretes salt and the thick ascending loop reabsorbs salt actively. The collecting duct determines salt excretion, reabsorbing water passively. Osmoreceptors detect blood osmolarity and volume changes, triggering antidiuretic hormone and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system respectively to regulate water and salt balance. Through selective tubule transport, the kidney maintains homeostasis.
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The document discusses renal clearance and how it is used to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Renal clearance is the volume of plasma completely cleared of a substance per minute, typically expressed in ml/min. It can be calculated using the urine and plasma concentrations and urine flow rate. Tests like inulin clearance are used to directly measure GFR. The kidneys concentrate urine using a countercurrent mechanism in the loop of Henle and vasa recta, which creates a hyperosmotic renal medulla. Antidiuretic hormone regulates water reabsorption to allow excretion of dilute or concentrated urine depending on the body's water needs.
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The late distal tubule and cortical collecting tubule are composed of principal and intercalated cells. Principal cells reabsorb sodium and secrete potassium, while intercalated cells secrete hydrogen and reabsorb bicarbonate and potassium. The permeability of these segments to water is controlled by ADH levels. They play key roles in electrolyte balance and acid-base regulation.
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The late distal tubule and cortical collecting tubule are composed of principal and intercalated cells. Principal cells reabsorb sodium and secrete potassium, while intercalated cells secrete hydrogen and reabsorb bicarbonate and potassium. The permeability of these segments to water is controlled by ADH levels. They play key roles in electrolyte balance and acid-base regulation.
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The document discusses the urine concentration mechanism. It describes how the loop of Henle acts as a countercurrent multiplier system to concentrate urine using countercurrent exchange. As fluid passes through the loop of Henle and collecting duct, the countercurrent multiplier system and presence of ADH work to either concentrate or dilute urine by modifying the osmolarity of tubular fluid and medullary interstitial fluid. Factors like ADH levels, loop of Henle length, and blood flow can impact urine concentration. The document also differentiates between water and osmotic diuresis.
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The kidneys regulate fluid volume through urine production and reabsorption. They can conserve water by producing concentrated urine or eliminate excess water by producing dilute urine. Hormones like ADH, aldosterone, and ANH control this. Sodium levels are regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and ADH. When sodium is retained, potassium is excreted and vice versa. Reabsorption and secretion occur through different mechanisms along the nephron, determining what passes into urine.
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Renal clearance is used to measure the excretory function of the kidneys and renal blood flow rate. It is calculated using urine and plasma concentrations and urine flow rate. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can be estimated by measuring clearance of substances like inulin and creatinine that are freely filtered but not reabsorbed. Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) clearance estimates renal plasma flow. Filtration fraction is the ratio of GFR to renal plasma flow. Tubular reabsorption and secretion can be calculated from clearances and filtered loads. Antidiuretic hormone and a hyperosmotic medullary interstitium allow the kidneys to excrete concentrated urine.
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The kidney maintains homeostasis through 6 main functions: ion balance, osmotic balance, blood pressure control, pH balance, excretion of wastes, and hormone production. The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which filters blood in the glomerulus and reabsorbs and secretes solutes along the renal tubule. Hormones and the kidney's intrinsic regulatory mechanisms precisely control urine production and composition to match the body's needs. The kidney's structure and function can also adapt to environmental conditions like varying water availability.
Renal physiology 4
I am a medical student. I have one friend who is persuing his MBBS degree in Taishan Medical UNiversity. I got these notes from him.
These notes are by Dr. Bikesh, He is a famous lecturer of TMU.
These notes have helped me a lot and i also watch his lecture videos , which are great; highly simple and huge content.
I am uploading with Renal physiology. If you want some other topics i would upload for you.
"Let the Knowledge be spread" Dr. Bikesh
Lecture 3.pdfdrhsdysehsryryrdyryryryrdyr
The document summarizes key aspects of the loop of Henle and distal tubule in the kidney nephron. It discusses how the loop of Henle regulates salt concentration in urine by reabsorbing sodium, chloride, potassium and other electrolytes. The descending limb is permeable to water but not solutes, increasing osmolality. The thick ascending limb reabsorbs 25% of filtered sodium load. The distal tubule and collecting duct further regulate urine concentration and composition by reabsorbing substances like sodium, water, calcium and secreting drugs and uric acid, controlled by hormones like aldosterone and ADH.
Counter current mechanism in kidney
The document discusses countercurrent exchange systems in various organs and tissues of the body including the kidney. It describes how the countercurrent multiplier system in the loop of Henle establishes a gradient that is maintained by the countercurrent exchanger system of the vasa recta, allowing the kidney to produce concentrated urine through the medullary countercurrent system. It also discusses how diuretics work by targeting different sites along the nephron to increase urine output.
Urophysiology 4
The document discusses the mechanisms of urine concentration and dilution. It explains that 180L of glomerular filtrate is formed daily but urine needs to be concentrated to not deplete the body's water stores. Urine concentration depends on water content and antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Dilute urine forms when water increases by inhibiting ADH, preventing water reabsorption. Concentrated urine forms when water decreases by developing a medullary osmotic gradient maintained by countercurrent exchange in the loop of Henle and vasa recta, and secreting ADH to allow water reabsorption in the collecting duct.
Renal handling of water
kidney tubule
Collecting
duct
lumen
Filtrate
300 mOsm
Medullary
interstitial
fluid
Collecting duct cell
Vasa
recta
600 mOsM
600 mOsM
700 mOsM
1. The kidney plays a pivotal role in maintaining water homeostasis by conserving water during deprivation and excreting excess water. This is accomplished through a complex anatomical arrangement of the nephron and renal vasculature.
2. Key elements include a hypertonic medullary interstitium generated by active transport of solutes out of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle and collecting
Counter current mechanism.docx
The document summarizes the countercurrent mechanism in the kidney. It describes:
1) How the loop of Henle acts as a countercurrent multiplier, trapping solutes in the medullary interstitium through active transport and increasing the osmolarity to 1200-1400 mosm/L.
2) How ADH increases collecting duct permeability, allowing water reabsorption and concentration of a urine as high as the medullary interstitium.
3) How the vasa recta acts as a countercurrent exchanger, maintaining the osmolarity gradient through solute exchange with the descending and ascending limbs.
Urine Formation | Human Excretory System.pdf
Urine formation is an intricate and vital process that takes place in our kidneys. It involves the filtration of blood, reabsorption of essential substances, and the secretion of waste products. This remarkable mechanism ensures the balance of fluids and electrolytes in our bodies, aiding in the maintenance of overall health.
Urinary system+ formation of concentrated urine
The document discusses urine concentration and the urinary system. It describes how the kidney regulates water and electrolyte balance through processes like glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion in the nephron. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) allows the kidney to concentrate urine by promoting water reabsorption in the collecting duct. A countercurrent mechanism in the loop of Henle also helps build up solute concentration. Disorders can occur if there are issues with ADH signaling or the countercurrent system that prevent proper urine concentration.
role of kidney in osmoregulation
The kidney regulates water and salt balance in the body through osmoregulation. The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which is composed of a glomerulus and renal tubule. The tubule filters blood, reabsorbs necessary molecules and ions, and excretes waste through specialized transport properties along its sections. Hormones like antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone control water and salt balance by regulating permeability and reabsorption in the kidney tubules.
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Mechanisms of regulation of fluid volume through kidney
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Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and Synonyms
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
The Nervous and Chemical Regulation of Respiration
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptx
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
What is Obesity? How to overcome Obesity?
Obesity is a chronic complex disease defined by excessive fat deposits that can impair health.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapy
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Top Travel Vaccinations in Manchester
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
biomechanics of running. Dr.dhwani.pptx
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdf
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort. Medical Quiz ( Online Quiz for API Meet 2024 ).pdf
This quiz was conducted as a promotional event for the 2024 Annual Meet of Kerala Chapter of API.
More than 20 participants took part everyday !
Full Handwritten notes of RA by Ayush Kumar M pharm - Al ameen college of pha...
Full Handwritten notes of RA by Ayush Kumar M pharm - Al ameen college of pha...ayushrajshrivastava7
Regulatory Affairs
Full hand written notes
M.pharm - 1st year .SENSORY NEEDS B.SC. NURSING SEMESTER II.
Sensation is the neurological process by which we become aware of surrounding environment.
Artificial Intelligence Symposium (THAIS)
Artificial Intelligence Symposium (THAIS). Parc Taulí. Sabadell
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
Patellar Instability: Diagnosis Management
Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
After getting it read you will definitely understand the topic.
Ageing, the Elderly, Gerontology and Public Health
Challenges associated with ageing from a public health perspective
Recently uploaded (20)
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and Synonyms
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and Synonyms
The Nervous and Chemical Regulation of Respiration
The Nervous and Chemical Regulation of Respiration
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdf
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdf
Medical Quiz ( Online Quiz for API Meet 2024 ).pdf
Medical Quiz ( Online Quiz for API Meet 2024 ).pdf
Full Handwritten notes of RA by Ayush Kumar M pharm - Al ameen college of pha...
Full Handwritten notes of RA by Ayush Kumar M pharm - Al ameen college of pha...
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7
Ageing, the Elderly, Gerontology and Public Health
Ageing, the Elderly, Gerontology and Public Health
countercurrentmechanism-130412012707-phpapp01.pptx
- 1. Countercurrent Mechanism countercurrent multipliers – The loop of henle produce high osmotic medullary gradient -1200 mosm / lit at the bottom. maintained by the operation of the vasa recta act as a countercurrent exchangers as the flow of fluid & solute is in the opposite direction
- 3. Renal Mechanisms for Excreting a Dilute Urine excrete as much as 20 L/day of dilute urine, continue reabsorbing solutes from the distal segments o f the tubular system while failing to reabsorb water. further diluted in the late distal tubule and collecting ducts, large volume of dilute urine is excreted.
- 4. The Kidneys Conserve Water by Excreting a Concentrated Urine b y continuing to excrete solutes while increasing water reabsorption c a n produce a maximal urine concentration of 1200 t o 1400 mOsm/L, Obligatory Urine Volume the minimal volume of urine that must be excreted – 500 ml a high level of ADH a high osmolarity of the renal medullary interstitial fluid T h e renal medullary interstitium surrounding the collecting ducts normally is very hyperosmotic,
- 5. Countercurrent Mechanism Produces a Hyperosmotic Renal Medullary Interstitium Active transport of sodium ions and co-transport o f potassium, chloride, and other ions Active transport of ions from the collecting ducts into the medullary interstitium Facilitated diffusion of large amounts of urea from the inner medullary collecting ducts into the medullary interstitium Diffusion of only small amounts of water from t h e medullary tubules into the medullary interstitium
- 6. the repetitive reabsorption of sodium chloride by the thick ascending loop of Henle and continued inflow of new sodium chloride from the proximal tubule into the loop of Henle is called the countercurrent multiplier. Countercurrent Mechanism
- 11. Important features of the concentrating process The descending limb of the loop of Henle has a high permeability t o water and a low permeability to solutes. The ascending limb of the loop of Henle has a low permeability t o water, but actively reabsorbs Na+. The distal tubule and collecting duct also actively reabsorb Na+. I n the presence of ADH they are permeable to water. The descending and thin ascending limbs of the loop of Henle ar e permeable to urea. The thick ascending limb and cortical part of the collecting duct have low permeability to urea . The medullary part of the collecting duct has a high permeability t o urea that can be increased by ADH.
- 12. The vasa recta The anatomical arrangement of these blood vessels means that they do not dissipate the interstitial osmotic gradient created by the loop of Henle. Large changes in blood flow in the vasa recta can reduce or increase the medullar interstitial osmolality beyond its normal value.
- 20. Stimuli for ADH Secretion
- 21. Regulation of ADH Secretion Increase ADH Decrease ADH Plasma osmolarity Plasma osmolarity Blood volume Blood volum Blood pressure Blood pressure Nausea Hypoxia Drugs: Drugs: Morphine Alcohol Nicotine Clonidine (antihypertensive drug) Cyclophosphamide Haloperidol (dopamine blocker)