This document provides information on urine examination and urinalysis. It discusses sample collection methods including free catch, urethral catheterization, and cystocentesis. Physical examination of the urine includes analyzing color, clarity, odor, specific gravity, pH, protein, glucose, and other substances. A urine sediment examination evaluates for red blood cells, white blood cells, epithelial cells, casts, crystals, and infectious organisms. Specific gravity ranges are provided for cats, dogs, and cattle. Quality control and microscope calibration are also addressed. The procedure for urine sediment analysis is outlined, and example results for certain parasites are described.

1. Urine Examination
Muzammal Tariq

2.  Swine Kidney Worm Infection
 Stephanurus dentatus
 Dioctophyme renale
 Schistosomiasis
 Filariasis
 Capillaria
Parasites

3.  Free Catch / Voided Sample
 Urethral Catheterization
 Cystocentesis
Collection

4. Urethral Catheterization

5. Cystocentesis

6.  evaluated within 30 min, but if this is not possible, it
may be refrigerated for up to 24 hr
 Color
 Clarity
 Odor
Physical Examination

7.  Specific gravity
 Semiquantitative, Colorimetric Reagent Strips
 Ph
 Protein
 Glucose
 Ketone
 Bilirubin/ urobilonogen
Other TEST

8.  Urine SedimentRed Blood Cells:
 White Blood Cells
 Epithelial Cells
 Cylindruria (Casts)
 Infectious Organisms
 Crystals
 Lipids
 Plant Material
 Bladder Tumor Antigen Test

9.  Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight of
a volume of liquid to the weight of an equal volume of
distilled water
 The urine specific gravity (SG) is determined using a
refractometer designed for veterinary samples
 Cat= 1.015 to 1.050
 Dog= 1.015 to 1.040
 Cattle= 1.030–1.045
Specific gravity

10.  The saline should be clear and free of any visible
contamination.
 The microscope should have been calibrated within
the last 12 months, and the objectives and oculars
used for the calibration procedure should be used for
all measurements on the microscope. Calibration
factors should be pasted in front of or on the body of
the microscope.
QUALITY CONTROL

11.  If a 24 hour urine sample was collected, allow the
specimen to sediment for 2 hours, and decant the
major portion of the supernatant. There may be 100
to 200 ml of sediment left. If a first voided urine
specimen is recieved, use the entire specimen.
 Place the remaining urine specimen (sediment) in
centrifuge tubes.
 Centrifuge the specimen at 500 x g for 5 min
PROCEDURE

12.  Decant the supernatant fluid
 With a pipette, mix and aspirate the sediment
 Place a drop of the sediment on a microscope slide
 Place a cover glass on top of the sediment
 Observe the specimen under the cover glass at
magnifications of x100 and x400. Examine the entire
coverslip at x100 and at least half the coverslip at
x400

13.  trichomoniasis = motlie flagellates are seen
 schistosoma haematobium = Eggs(eggs for flame
activity (motile cilia) or live miracidia)
 D. renalae= eggs
 Stephanurus dentatus = eggs
Results

14.  Urine pH is typically acidic in dogs and cats and
alkaline in horses and ruminants, but varies
depending on diet, medications, or presence of
disease.
Urine pH

15.  http://www.msdvetmanual.com/clinical-pathology-and-
procedures/diagnostic-procedures-for-the-private-practice-
laboratory/urinalysis
 http://parasitologyillustrated.com/procedures/urine_parasi
tes_procedure.html
 http://parasitologyillustrated.com/classes_of_parasites/pro
tozoa/Flagellates/t_vaginalis.html
 http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1
984-29612016005010104&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
For More Info