This document provides an overview of urinalysis, including specimen collection, types of urine samples, physical and chemical examination, and microscopic examination. It discusses examining urine color, clarity, and specific gravity. Common tests including urine dipstick are outlined. Normal findings and discrepancies are highlighted. The microscopic examination section describes cells, casts, and crystals that may be observed, along with their clinical significance. In summary, the document is a comprehensive review of the various components of a urinalysis and their clinical relevance.
Urine is commonly used for diagnostic testing and monitoring disease. Proper collection and preservation of urine specimens is important to avoid preanalytical errors. There are various urine collection methods depending on the test and patient, including random, first morning, and timed collections. Preservatives like boric acid and hydrochloric acid are often used to maintain specimen stability, though some tests require no preservative. Careful instruction of patients and labeling of specimens is necessary when collecting 24-hour urine samples.
An illustrative presentation on Microscopic examination of Urine for Medical, Dental, Pharmacology and Biotechnology students to facilitate easy- learning and self-study..
Washed red blood cell suspensions are prepared to remove plasma proteins that could interfere with antigen-antibody reactions during blood typing tests. The red blood cells are separated from whole blood via centrifugation and washed with saline to remove plasma. This helps remove soluble antigens, interfering proteins, and substances that could cause false positive reactions. The washed red blood cells are then suspended in saline at a 3-5% concentration for use in blood typing tests.
This document discusses urine analysis including urine collection, 24 hour urine samples, specimen preservation, and urine examination. Key points include:
- Urine is formed in the kidneys and various samples can be collected including early morning, random, 24 hour, and catheterized samples.
- 24 hour urine samples are used to quantitatively estimate proteins, hormones, microalbumin, and metabolites.
- Preservatives like HCl, toluene, and boric acid can be used but may interfere with tests. Samples should be examined within 1-2 hours.
- Urine examination includes macroscopic tests of volume, color, odor, pH; microscopic tests; and chemical tests for proteins, sugars
Forward and reverse grouping by Negash AlaminNegash Alamin
This document describes the forward and reverse blood grouping method used to determine a patient's blood type. The method involves separating a patient's blood into plasma and red blood cell components, mixing them in test tubes with known antibodies and blood cells, and observing for agglutination to identify reactions. If agglutination occurs, the corresponding antibody has detected the patient's blood type antigen. This method allows determining a patient's ABO blood group but not other minor blood types. It is routinely used in medical labs to identify a patient's blood type for transfusion compatibility testing.
This document provides information about the Coombs test, which is used to detect antibody or complement coating of red blood cells. It describes the history and principles of the test, as well as the direct and indirect Coombs test procedures. The direct Coombs test detects in vivo coating of red blood cells and is used to diagnose conditions like hemolytic disease of the newborn. The indirect Coombs test detects in vitro coating of red cells and is used for compatibility testing and antibody screening. Factors affecting the tests and causes of false positive and negative results are also outlined.
All about blood collection and handling, lecture notes to Medical Laboratory Students at Medical Laboratory Technology, Middle Technical University, Baqubah, Iraq
This document discusses the Direct Antiglobulin (Coombs) Test and Indirect Antiglobulin (Coombs) Test. The Direct Antiglobulin Test detects in vivo sensitization of a patient's red blood cells by antibodies and is used to investigate hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn, transfusion reactions, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The Indirect Antiglobulin Test detects in vitro sensitization of reagent red blood cells by antibodies in a patient's serum and is used for full blood typing, antibody screening, and antibody identification. Both tests use antihuman globulin to detect antibody-coated red blood cells, but the Direct Test requires no incubation while the Indirect Test
Urine is commonly used for diagnostic testing and monitoring disease. Proper collection and preservation of urine specimens is important to avoid preanalytical errors. There are various urine collection methods depending on the test and patient, including random, first morning, and timed collections. Preservatives like boric acid and hydrochloric acid are often used to maintain specimen stability, though some tests require no preservative. Careful instruction of patients and labeling of specimens is necessary when collecting 24-hour urine samples.
An illustrative presentation on Microscopic examination of Urine for Medical, Dental, Pharmacology and Biotechnology students to facilitate easy- learning and self-study..
Washed red blood cell suspensions are prepared to remove plasma proteins that could interfere with antigen-antibody reactions during blood typing tests. The red blood cells are separated from whole blood via centrifugation and washed with saline to remove plasma. This helps remove soluble antigens, interfering proteins, and substances that could cause false positive reactions. The washed red blood cells are then suspended in saline at a 3-5% concentration for use in blood typing tests.
This document discusses urine analysis including urine collection, 24 hour urine samples, specimen preservation, and urine examination. Key points include:
- Urine is formed in the kidneys and various samples can be collected including early morning, random, 24 hour, and catheterized samples.
- 24 hour urine samples are used to quantitatively estimate proteins, hormones, microalbumin, and metabolites.
- Preservatives like HCl, toluene, and boric acid can be used but may interfere with tests. Samples should be examined within 1-2 hours.
- Urine examination includes macroscopic tests of volume, color, odor, pH; microscopic tests; and chemical tests for proteins, sugars
Forward and reverse grouping by Negash AlaminNegash Alamin
This document describes the forward and reverse blood grouping method used to determine a patient's blood type. The method involves separating a patient's blood into plasma and red blood cell components, mixing them in test tubes with known antibodies and blood cells, and observing for agglutination to identify reactions. If agglutination occurs, the corresponding antibody has detected the patient's blood type antigen. This method allows determining a patient's ABO blood group but not other minor blood types. It is routinely used in medical labs to identify a patient's blood type for transfusion compatibility testing.
This document provides information about the Coombs test, which is used to detect antibody or complement coating of red blood cells. It describes the history and principles of the test, as well as the direct and indirect Coombs test procedures. The direct Coombs test detects in vivo coating of red blood cells and is used to diagnose conditions like hemolytic disease of the newborn. The indirect Coombs test detects in vitro coating of red cells and is used for compatibility testing and antibody screening. Factors affecting the tests and causes of false positive and negative results are also outlined.
All about blood collection and handling, lecture notes to Medical Laboratory Students at Medical Laboratory Technology, Middle Technical University, Baqubah, Iraq
This document discusses the Direct Antiglobulin (Coombs) Test and Indirect Antiglobulin (Coombs) Test. The Direct Antiglobulin Test detects in vivo sensitization of a patient's red blood cells by antibodies and is used to investigate hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn, transfusion reactions, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The Indirect Antiglobulin Test detects in vitro sensitization of reagent red blood cells by antibodies in a patient's serum and is used for full blood typing, antibody screening, and antibody identification. Both tests use antihuman globulin to detect antibody-coated red blood cells, but the Direct Test requires no incubation while the Indirect Test
Weak D testing is performed on all prenatal patients, Rh negative blood donors and transfusion candidates to identify those with the weak D phenotype. The procedure involves incubating patient red blood cells with anti-D, and if negative, adding anti-human globulin to look for weak agglutination indicating a weak D positive result. A true weak D will show at least 2+ agglutination; weaker results may be due to prior transfusions and require checking the transfusion history. All results are documented in the grouping register.
The LE cell demonstration document describes the LE cell, which is a neutrophil that has phagocytosed nuclear material coated with antinuclear antibodies, a characteristic of lupus erythematosus. It discusses several methods for demonstrating LE cells in blood samples, including using clotted blood, defibrinated blood, or the rotary method. The rotary method involves adding glass beads to heparinized blood and rotating at 50rpm for 30 minutes at 37 degrees Celsius before preparing buffy coat smears to identify LE cells.
This presentation discusses the cytology of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF is normally clear, colorless, and transparent. It is produced in the cerebral ventricles and circulates in the spinal canal. A lumbar puncture or spinal tap is performed to examine the physical appearance and microscopic evaluation of CSF slides. The cytology technique involves centrifuging CSF samples onto slides, staining with Papanicolaou stain, and examining under a microscope. Normal CSF is acellular, while abnormal CSF may contain lymphocytes, monocytes, malignant or leukemia cells, indicating conditions such as meningitis, subarachnoid hemorrhage, or CNS malignancy. Cytology of CSF aids in the diagnosis of various
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time(APTT)Lab Finder
One test can save your life. Know what a APTT is, why you should have it, who should get it, and where can you get tested as well as get your results fast.
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1. Urinalysis provides important information for diagnosing and managing various renal and metabolic conditions. It involves examining the physical and chemical properties of a urine sample, as well as inspecting it microscopically.
2. The timing and method of urine collection depends on the tests being performed. A first morning midstream sample is preferred for routine analysis but random or postprandial samples are also used.
3. Normal urine has characteristics such as a yellow color, slight acidity, and absence of protein, glucose, and ketones. Abnormal findings provide clues to diseases like urinary tract infections or kidney disorders.
This document describes the osmotic fragility test procedure and its use in evaluating red blood cell disorders. It involves incubating blood samples in serially diluted saline solutions and analyzing hemolysis. Abnormally increased or decreased fragility can indicate conditions like hereditary spherocytosis or iron deficiency anemia respectively. A modified test called NESTROFT is also described, which is useful for screening for beta thalassemia trait in areas without automated analyzers.
Platelet function tests.pptx 2.pptx finalAnupam Singh
This document summarizes platelet function testing. It discusses how platelets are formed from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow and circulate in the bloodstream. The major platelet function tests are platelet aggregometry, flow cytometry, and point-of-care tests like the impact cone and plate analyzer and thromboelastography. These tests are used to diagnose platelet disorders and monitor antiplatelet therapy. The document also briefly discusses platelet-derived microparticles and microRNAs, which can provide information about platelet activation and signaling.
Hb electrophoresis (principle materials and procedure)hussainshahid55
This document provides information on hemoglobin electrophoresis, including its definition, purpose, principles, procedures, materials, risks, results, factors that can affect the test, and applications. Hemoglobin electrophoresis is used to screen for and diagnose blood disorders by separating normal and abnormal hemoglobin types in blood based on their electrical charges. The procedure involves extracting hemoglobin from blood samples, running the samples through a gel or cellulose acetate strip using an electrical current, then staining and analyzing the strips to identify abnormal hemoglobin levels or variants that can indicate blood disorders.
This document describes the microhematocrit method for determining hematocrit (Hct), which is the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood. The microhematocrit method involves filling capillary tubes with anticoagulated whole blood, sealing one end, and centrifuging the tubes for 5 minutes at 10,000 rpm. After centrifugation, the hematocrit reading is taken where the boundary between red blood cells and plasma intersects the microhematocrit scale. Normal Hct ranges are provided for different groups. Proper technique and avoiding sources of error like incorrect anticoagulant or centrifugation are emphasized for obtaining accurate Hct results.
The document discusses urine analysis, including chemical examination of urine. It describes tests for detecting ketone bodies, which indicate fatty acid breakdown. Causes of ketonuria include uncontrolled diabetes, starvation, and pregnancy. Tests are described for detecting bile pigments like bilirubin and bile salts, which can indicate liver or gallbladder issues. Tests for urobilinogen and blood are also summarized. The document provides details on chemical tests to detect significant bacteriuria through nitrite and leukocyte tests.
The document describes several chemical tests that can be performed on urine and feces samples to test for various substances:
1) The heat and acetic acid test can detect protein in urine and differentiate between types of protein.
2) Benedict's test detects the presence of reducing sugars in urine through a color change reaction.
3) The foam test uses color changes to detect bilirubin in urine.
4) The benzidine test detects blood in urine through a color change reaction.
5) The Fantus test detects chlorides in urine through a precipitation reaction.
The document describes the procedure for performing an activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) test using citrated plasma. The test involves incubating plasma with brain extract, kaolin, and calcium chloride before measuring the clotting time. Prolonged APTT results indicate deficiencies in the intrinsic coagulation pathway, such as issues with factors VIII, IX, XI, or XIII; liver disease; vitamin K deficiency; or disseminated intravascular coagulation.
This document provides an overview of stool analysis procedures, including:
- Specimen collection guidelines such as using leak-proof containers and avoiding refrigeration.
- Macroscopic examination of stool color, consistency, and presence of blood or mucus.
- Wet preparation techniques like saline and lugol's iodine slides.
- Concentration methods like formol-ether and flotation that recover parasites.
- Microscopic examination of samples for parasites, eggs, cysts, and trophozoites using 10x and 40x objectives.
This document provides information about performing and interpreting a peripheral blood smear examination. It discusses preparing the smear, staining it using Romanowsky staining techniques, and systematically examining it under the microscope. The summary includes evaluating red blood cells for abnormalities in size, shape, inclusions and other features. White blood cell differential counts and platelet assessment are also reviewed. The document outlines various morphological abnormalities that may be observed and their potential clinical significance.
The document provides information on urinalysis including guidelines for sample collection and storage. It discusses the various reasons urinalysis is performed such as to evaluate health, diagnose metabolic diseases, and monitor conditions like diabetes. Components normally present in urine like volume, pH, and inorganic/organic constituents are outlined. The document also describes the types of urinalysis including physical, chemical, microscopic, and cultural examinations. Microscopic examination involves identifying organized elements like epithelial cells, RBCs, WBCs, and casts as well as unorganized elements such as crystals and sediments.
The document discusses biochemical analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in medical laboratories. Routinely tested parameters in CSF include glucose, protein, electrolytes, lactate, and enzymes. Proper handling and centrifugation of CSF samples is important to avoid contamination. Abnormal levels of glucose, protein, lactate and enzymes can indicate conditions like meningitis or tumors. The Pandy's test and Biuret method are described for measuring CSF protein levels, along with normal ranges. Spectrophotometry is used to analyze results from colorimetric assays.
1. The document discusses potential adverse effects of blood transfusions, including immediate effects like acute hemolytic transfusion reactions and delayed effects such as transmission of infections.
2. It provides guidance on recognizing and investigating transfusion reactions, stating that all post-transfusion reactions should initially be considered hemolytic. Steps include stopping the transfusion, checking paperwork for errors, and obtaining samples for testing.
3. Tests are described to detect evidence of hemolysis or blood group incompatibility, and to check for complications like disseminated intravascular coagulation or acute renal failure.
The document discusses ABO blood grouping methods and procedures. The two main methods are the slide method and spin tube method. The slide method uses glass slides while the spin tube method uses test tubes. Procedures include preparing red blood cell suspensions, adding blood and antisera to slides or tubes, incubating, and observing for agglutination. Quality control and potential sources of error are also outlined.
This document provides information on evaluating proteinuria in urine. It discusses the different types of proteinuria including glomerular, tubular, overflow and hemodynamic proteinuria. Glomerular proteinuria is caused by damage to the glomerular basement membrane and can be selective or non-selective. Tubular proteinuria occurs when low molecular weight proteins are excreted due to tubular damage. Tests for detecting and quantifying protein in urine include heat and acetic acid test, reagent strip, sulphosalicylic acid test, and 24-hour urine collection. The document provides normal ranges and indications for proteinuria testing.
The document provides an overview of urinalysis as a diagnostic tool. It discusses the history of urinalysis, how to perform and interpret a urinalysis. Key points include:
1) Urinalysis is a noninvasive test that provides information about kidney and urinary tract health through examination of urine color, clarity, pH, proteins, glucose, and microscopic analysis.
2) Specimen collection methods include random, clean-catch, catheterized, and time samples. Proper storage is important to preserve results.
3) A dipstick rapidly tests for various analytes like leukocyte esterase, nitrites, protein, glucose and others. Microscopic analysis identifies cells, casts, crystals
Weak D testing is performed on all prenatal patients, Rh negative blood donors and transfusion candidates to identify those with the weak D phenotype. The procedure involves incubating patient red blood cells with anti-D, and if negative, adding anti-human globulin to look for weak agglutination indicating a weak D positive result. A true weak D will show at least 2+ agglutination; weaker results may be due to prior transfusions and require checking the transfusion history. All results are documented in the grouping register.
The LE cell demonstration document describes the LE cell, which is a neutrophil that has phagocytosed nuclear material coated with antinuclear antibodies, a characteristic of lupus erythematosus. It discusses several methods for demonstrating LE cells in blood samples, including using clotted blood, defibrinated blood, or the rotary method. The rotary method involves adding glass beads to heparinized blood and rotating at 50rpm for 30 minutes at 37 degrees Celsius before preparing buffy coat smears to identify LE cells.
This presentation discusses the cytology of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF is normally clear, colorless, and transparent. It is produced in the cerebral ventricles and circulates in the spinal canal. A lumbar puncture or spinal tap is performed to examine the physical appearance and microscopic evaluation of CSF slides. The cytology technique involves centrifuging CSF samples onto slides, staining with Papanicolaou stain, and examining under a microscope. Normal CSF is acellular, while abnormal CSF may contain lymphocytes, monocytes, malignant or leukemia cells, indicating conditions such as meningitis, subarachnoid hemorrhage, or CNS malignancy. Cytology of CSF aids in the diagnosis of various
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time(APTT)Lab Finder
One test can save your life. Know what a APTT is, why you should have it, who should get it, and where can you get tested as well as get your results fast.
Visit: https://www.labfinder.com and get tested now!
1. Urinalysis provides important information for diagnosing and managing various renal and metabolic conditions. It involves examining the physical and chemical properties of a urine sample, as well as inspecting it microscopically.
2. The timing and method of urine collection depends on the tests being performed. A first morning midstream sample is preferred for routine analysis but random or postprandial samples are also used.
3. Normal urine has characteristics such as a yellow color, slight acidity, and absence of protein, glucose, and ketones. Abnormal findings provide clues to diseases like urinary tract infections or kidney disorders.
This document describes the osmotic fragility test procedure and its use in evaluating red blood cell disorders. It involves incubating blood samples in serially diluted saline solutions and analyzing hemolysis. Abnormally increased or decreased fragility can indicate conditions like hereditary spherocytosis or iron deficiency anemia respectively. A modified test called NESTROFT is also described, which is useful for screening for beta thalassemia trait in areas without automated analyzers.
Platelet function tests.pptx 2.pptx finalAnupam Singh
This document summarizes platelet function testing. It discusses how platelets are formed from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow and circulate in the bloodstream. The major platelet function tests are platelet aggregometry, flow cytometry, and point-of-care tests like the impact cone and plate analyzer and thromboelastography. These tests are used to diagnose platelet disorders and monitor antiplatelet therapy. The document also briefly discusses platelet-derived microparticles and microRNAs, which can provide information about platelet activation and signaling.
Hb electrophoresis (principle materials and procedure)hussainshahid55
This document provides information on hemoglobin electrophoresis, including its definition, purpose, principles, procedures, materials, risks, results, factors that can affect the test, and applications. Hemoglobin electrophoresis is used to screen for and diagnose blood disorders by separating normal and abnormal hemoglobin types in blood based on their electrical charges. The procedure involves extracting hemoglobin from blood samples, running the samples through a gel or cellulose acetate strip using an electrical current, then staining and analyzing the strips to identify abnormal hemoglobin levels or variants that can indicate blood disorders.
This document describes the microhematocrit method for determining hematocrit (Hct), which is the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood. The microhematocrit method involves filling capillary tubes with anticoagulated whole blood, sealing one end, and centrifuging the tubes for 5 minutes at 10,000 rpm. After centrifugation, the hematocrit reading is taken where the boundary between red blood cells and plasma intersects the microhematocrit scale. Normal Hct ranges are provided for different groups. Proper technique and avoiding sources of error like incorrect anticoagulant or centrifugation are emphasized for obtaining accurate Hct results.
The document discusses urine analysis, including chemical examination of urine. It describes tests for detecting ketone bodies, which indicate fatty acid breakdown. Causes of ketonuria include uncontrolled diabetes, starvation, and pregnancy. Tests are described for detecting bile pigments like bilirubin and bile salts, which can indicate liver or gallbladder issues. Tests for urobilinogen and blood are also summarized. The document provides details on chemical tests to detect significant bacteriuria through nitrite and leukocyte tests.
The document describes several chemical tests that can be performed on urine and feces samples to test for various substances:
1) The heat and acetic acid test can detect protein in urine and differentiate between types of protein.
2) Benedict's test detects the presence of reducing sugars in urine through a color change reaction.
3) The foam test uses color changes to detect bilirubin in urine.
4) The benzidine test detects blood in urine through a color change reaction.
5) The Fantus test detects chlorides in urine through a precipitation reaction.
The document describes the procedure for performing an activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) test using citrated plasma. The test involves incubating plasma with brain extract, kaolin, and calcium chloride before measuring the clotting time. Prolonged APTT results indicate deficiencies in the intrinsic coagulation pathway, such as issues with factors VIII, IX, XI, or XIII; liver disease; vitamin K deficiency; or disseminated intravascular coagulation.
This document provides an overview of stool analysis procedures, including:
- Specimen collection guidelines such as using leak-proof containers and avoiding refrigeration.
- Macroscopic examination of stool color, consistency, and presence of blood or mucus.
- Wet preparation techniques like saline and lugol's iodine slides.
- Concentration methods like formol-ether and flotation that recover parasites.
- Microscopic examination of samples for parasites, eggs, cysts, and trophozoites using 10x and 40x objectives.
This document provides information about performing and interpreting a peripheral blood smear examination. It discusses preparing the smear, staining it using Romanowsky staining techniques, and systematically examining it under the microscope. The summary includes evaluating red blood cells for abnormalities in size, shape, inclusions and other features. White blood cell differential counts and platelet assessment are also reviewed. The document outlines various morphological abnormalities that may be observed and their potential clinical significance.
The document provides information on urinalysis including guidelines for sample collection and storage. It discusses the various reasons urinalysis is performed such as to evaluate health, diagnose metabolic diseases, and monitor conditions like diabetes. Components normally present in urine like volume, pH, and inorganic/organic constituents are outlined. The document also describes the types of urinalysis including physical, chemical, microscopic, and cultural examinations. Microscopic examination involves identifying organized elements like epithelial cells, RBCs, WBCs, and casts as well as unorganized elements such as crystals and sediments.
The document discusses biochemical analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in medical laboratories. Routinely tested parameters in CSF include glucose, protein, electrolytes, lactate, and enzymes. Proper handling and centrifugation of CSF samples is important to avoid contamination. Abnormal levels of glucose, protein, lactate and enzymes can indicate conditions like meningitis or tumors. The Pandy's test and Biuret method are described for measuring CSF protein levels, along with normal ranges. Spectrophotometry is used to analyze results from colorimetric assays.
1. The document discusses potential adverse effects of blood transfusions, including immediate effects like acute hemolytic transfusion reactions and delayed effects such as transmission of infections.
2. It provides guidance on recognizing and investigating transfusion reactions, stating that all post-transfusion reactions should initially be considered hemolytic. Steps include stopping the transfusion, checking paperwork for errors, and obtaining samples for testing.
3. Tests are described to detect evidence of hemolysis or blood group incompatibility, and to check for complications like disseminated intravascular coagulation or acute renal failure.
The document discusses ABO blood grouping methods and procedures. The two main methods are the slide method and spin tube method. The slide method uses glass slides while the spin tube method uses test tubes. Procedures include preparing red blood cell suspensions, adding blood and antisera to slides or tubes, incubating, and observing for agglutination. Quality control and potential sources of error are also outlined.
This document provides information on evaluating proteinuria in urine. It discusses the different types of proteinuria including glomerular, tubular, overflow and hemodynamic proteinuria. Glomerular proteinuria is caused by damage to the glomerular basement membrane and can be selective or non-selective. Tubular proteinuria occurs when low molecular weight proteins are excreted due to tubular damage. Tests for detecting and quantifying protein in urine include heat and acetic acid test, reagent strip, sulphosalicylic acid test, and 24-hour urine collection. The document provides normal ranges and indications for proteinuria testing.
The document provides an overview of urinalysis as a diagnostic tool. It discusses the history of urinalysis, how to perform and interpret a urinalysis. Key points include:
1) Urinalysis is a noninvasive test that provides information about kidney and urinary tract health through examination of urine color, clarity, pH, proteins, glucose, and microscopic analysis.
2) Specimen collection methods include random, clean-catch, catheterized, and time samples. Proper storage is important to preserve results.
3) A dipstick rapidly tests for various analytes like leukocyte esterase, nitrites, protein, glucose and others. Microscopic analysis identifies cells, casts, crystals
This document discusses urinalysis and urinary sediment examination. It provides details on:
1. The components evaluated in urinalysis including gross evaluation, dipstick analysis, and microscopic examination of urine sediment.
2. Procedures for proper collection and handling of urine samples.
3. The clinical significance of findings from urinary sediment examination such as crystals, cells, casts, and microorganisms.
4. Common urinary sediment profiles associated with kidney diseases including nephrotic syndrome, nephritic syndrome, acute tubular necrosis, and urinary tract infections.
This document provides an overview of urine examination, including the physical, chemical, microscopic, and culture components. Key points include:
- Urine examination is used to diagnose urinary tract infections and kidney dysfunction. Various urine specimens can be collected and examined.
- Microscopic examination looks for elements like white blood cells, red blood cells, casts, crystals, parasites, bacteria, and spermatozoa that can indicate underlying conditions.
- Urine culture provides a definitive diagnosis of infection by identifying significant bacteriuria over 105 CFU/ml through quantitative methods like the standard loop technique.
This document provides an overview of urine analysis and interpretation. It discusses why urine analysis is performed, how urine is formed and excreted, clinical conditions related to urine excretion, the composition of normal urine, specimen collection methods, and physical and chemical examination of urine. Key tests are outlined to detect substances like glucose, proteins, ketone bodies, bilirubin, and urobilinogen. Causes and interpretations of abnormalities in urine components are also reviewed.
The document provides guidance on proper urine sample collection and analysis. It emphasizes analyzing urine as soon as possible, within 30 minutes ideally. If longer storage is needed, the urine must be refrigerated and brought to room temperature before examination. Physical, biochemical, and microscopic tests are described to examine properties like color, specific gravity, glucose, ketones, blood, and sediment such as casts, crystals, and cells. Proper collection and handling is important to accurately detect abnormalities.
This document provides information on urine analysis and examination. It discusses the importance of analyzing urine promptly after collection and outlines appropriate collection, storage, and examination methods. Physical, biochemical, and microscopic tests are described in detail. Key findings are interpreted, such as the clinical significance of various cells, casts, crystals, and substances that may be present in urine. Proper collection and handling of urine specimens is also reviewed. The document aims to serve as a guide for physicians on evaluating urine as an important diagnostic tool.
A basic and worth information for diagnostic is urine microscopy. ideally it should be by the physician at his clinic to add and correlate diagnosis promptly. this will make physician confident in dealing with patients. it also help in follow up the consequences in some important glomerulopathies.
Stool/feces is the end product of digestive system of the body. Following digestion and absorption of the essential food ingredients in the stomach and intestine, the undigested food and unabsorbed secretions of stomach, liver, pancreas and intestine appear in stool.
This document summarizes different types of urinalysis specimens and their uses. It describes 1) random, morning, midstream, and timed urine collections, 2) catheterized and supra-pubic aspiration specimens, 3) pediatric collections, and 4) drug testing specimens. It also outlines macroscopic examination of urine color, clarity, and odor, as well as chemical analysis using urine dipsticks to detect substances like glucose, blood, protein, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen, nitrites, leukocyte esterase, pH, and specific gravity.
Laboratory and diagnostic examination(urine analysis)anjalatchi
laboratory investigation like urine and stool test like meaning, type of test, interpretation nurses role in laboratory investigation collectin and transportation etc.
This document discusses the examination of urine, including its typical composition, indications for urinalysis, and procedures for collecting and analyzing urine samples. Key points covered include the various substances measured in a urinalysis and their clinical significance, such as glucose, proteins, ketones, and cells. Methods for physical examination of urine properties like volume, color, odor and chemical tests are outlined. Preservation techniques and sources of contamination are also reviewed.
This document provides an overview of urine and body fluid crystal examination with a focus on morphological properties. It discusses the history of urine examination, routine urine analysis protocols and their limitations, normal and abnormal findings in urine sediment examination including red and white blood cells, casts, and crystals. It emphasizes the importance of urine crystal identification and differentiating various crystal types based on their morphological characteristics under both bright field and polarized light microscopy. The goal is to help pathologist consultants and prepare candidates for board examinations in clinical pathology.
This document provides an overview of urinalysis, including urine specimen collection, storage, examination, and interpretation. It discusses the renal anatomy and physiology related to urine formation. The three main processes of urine formation are glomerular ultrafiltration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion. Urinalysis involves both macroscopic examination using dipsticks and microscopic examination of urine sediment. Macroscopic tests include assessment of color, clarity, pH, specific gravity, and detection of proteins, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen, blood, leukocytes, nitrites, and glucose. Microscopic analysis identifies cells, casts, crystals, and microorganisms in the sediment. Proper collection and
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stool examination in different disease physical ,chemical and microscopic examination , concentration technique , sedimentation and flotation techniques
The document provides information about urine examination. It discusses the kidneys' role in forming urine and excreting waste products. There are three processes involved in urine formation: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Urine is normally 96% water and contains small amounts of various substances like urea, creatinine, electrolytes. The document defines several urine-related medical terms and describes procedures for collecting, transporting, and preserving urine samples. It also outlines the steps for routine urine examination, including assessing physical characteristics like color, clarity, and pH and performing chemical tests for sugar and protein.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Basavarajeeyam - Ayurvedic heritage book of Andhra pradesh
Urinalysis a comprehensive review
1. Outline:
• Collection and Handling of urine sample
• Types of urine specimen
• Physical & chemical examination of urinalysis
• Discrepancies in urinalysis
• Microscopic examination of urine sediment
• Quiz…
Alyazeed hussein, BSc-SUST
A Comprehensive Review of Urinalysis
Medical Laboratory
Science
2. Urinalysis
A complete urinalysis is composed of multiple tests, including macroscopic, physical, chemical, and microscopic
examination.
Specimen Collection and Handling: Use clean, dry container, receive and analyze the sample within 2 hours!!?
Types of urine specimen:
1. Random urine: Most common type, for routine tests.
2. First morning: Concentrated specimen used for routine screening, pregnancy test.
3. Fasting & 2-Hour postprandial: for DM(insulin monitoring), 2 hours after eating.
4. 24-Hour: Collected over a period of 24 hours for creatinine clearance, Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR).
5. Midstream clean-catch (MSU): urine collected in the middle of urination; used for bacterial culture.
6. Catheterized: Collected from a tube placed through the urethra into the bladder; used for bacterial culture and
routine screening.
7. Suprapubic aspiration: Needle inserted into the bladder through the abdominal wall; used for bacterial culture and
cytologic testing.
8. Pediatric collection: Use small, clear plastic bags with adhesive to adhere to the genital area.
Alyazeed hussein, BSc-SUST
3. URINE SPECIMEN STORAGE AND HANDLING
• Most common form of preservation, refrigeration at 2°C to 8°C, is suitable for the majority of specimens. Any
urine specimen for microbiological studies should be refrigerated immediately if it cannot be transported directly
to the laboratory, the specimen remains suitable for culture for up to 24 hours.
• Before testing, urine must be brought to room temperature.
• Other preservatives are: Boric acid (acceptable for culture), Thymol (cells & casts), formalin (cellular preservative)
Alyazeed hussein, BSc-SUST
4. Physical examination of urine
(Color, Appearance and Specific gravity)
A. color:
1. Pale yellow & yellow: normal color of urine(urochrome: urobilin).
2. Colorless: may due to dilution, or Diabetes Meletus.
3. Dark yellow: may due to dehydration, or First morning( concentrated), usually with high specific
gravity.
4. Orange or dark yellow-amber: Bilirubinemia occurs from liver problems, such as hepatitis >
bilirubinuria, yellow foam forms when urine is shaken due to the presence of conjugated
bilirubin. Smith iodine test positive (green ring), hay's test (sulfur powder) positive.
5. Red/pink: (RBCs, (hemoglobin-brown and myoglobin-muscle) or menstrual contamination.
6. Green/blue: medication or pseudomonas.
Note that! Uroerythrin adds a slight pink pigment, mostly apparent following refrigeration, when
the pigment attaches to precipitated amorphous urates.
Alyazeed hussein, BSc-SUST
6. B. Appearance and clarity:
1. Clear: normal.
2. Slightly cloudy: May be due to the presence of low numbers of formed
elements.
3. Cloudy or milky: presence of amorphous, crystals, pus cells, epithelial cells, also
due to Chyluria (W. bancrofti, lymphatic filariasis). Bence jones protein: light
chain of immunoglobulins in urine(multiple myeloma) = (heat test).
C. Specific Gravity: determines the kidney's reabsorption ability.
• Normal range: 1.015 to 1.030
• Low specific gravity: loss of the kidney's ability to concentrate urine or presence
of disease, It can also be found normally with large fluid intake.
• High specific gravity may result from adrenal insufficiency, diabetes
mellitus(glycosuria). Note that! If urine pH >8.0, add 0.005 to the reading.
Alyazeed hussein, BSc-SUST
7. Chemical examination of urine
multi-parameter reagent strip (Multistix)
Procedure: MUST BE FOLLOWED EXACTLY TO ACHIEVE RELIABLE TEST RESULTS
1. Collect FRESH urine specimen in a clean, dry container. Mix well immediately before testing.
2. Remove one strip from bottle and replace cap. Completely immerse reagent areas of the
strip in FRESH urine and remove immediately to avoid dissolving out reagents
3. While removing, run the edge of the strip against the rim of the urine container to remove
excess urine. Hold the strip in a horizontal position to prevent possible mixing of chemicals
from adjacent reagent areas/or contaminating the hands with urine.
4. Compare reagent areas to corresponding Color chart on the bottle label at the time
specified. Hold strip close to color blocks and match carefully. Avoid laying the strip directly on
the Color chart as this will result in the urine soiling the chart. For optimal results, read the
ketone test at 15 seconds after dipping; read the bilirubin test at 20 seconds; glucose at 30
seconds; blood at 40 seconds; urobilinogen at 45 seconds; and specific gravity from 45 to 60
seconds after dipping.
Alyazeed hussein, BSc-SUST
9. False-negativeFalse-positiveTest
Not mixed will, high
proteinuria, glucosuria,
Boric acid
Expired strip, formalinLeukocyte esterase
Formalin, lack of nitrateImproper storage
(bacterial proliferation)
Nitrite
Formalin, high vitamin CPeroxidasesBlood
High ketones, high
ascorbic acid
Alkaline urine, oxidizing
agent : bleach,
Glucose
Ascorbic acid, boric acid,
sample exposed to light
Colored substancesBilirubin
Boric acid, formalin,
hypochlorite, delay in
examination, volatilization
Highly pigmented urine,
drugs
Ketones
Bence-jones protein,
sperms
Alkaline urine, drugsProtein
Formalin, hypochlorite,
antibiotics
Sulfonamide, drugs, beetUrobilinogen
Discrepancies
Alyazeed hussein, BSc-SUST
10. Discrepancies
• Renal glycosuria: presence of glucose in urine with normal blood glucose level! Due to defect in renal
tubular dysfunction or by glucagon hormone. (>180mg/dl)
• Strip positive for blood with absence of RBCs microscopically: hemoglobinuria(Hb from lysed RBCs) or
diluted urine (Ghost RBCs) pH > 7, SG < 1.010, handling, old sample, high temperature, peroxidase
positive bacteria (E. coli), myoglobin, too fast centrifugation,
• Sterile pyuria, presence of pus in urine with no bacteria: using of antibiotics.
• RBCs can be confused with yeast cells or oil droplets. Diluted acetic acid can be used to lyse RBCs,
leaving only yeast, oil droplets, and WBCs.
• Positive leukocyte esterase with Glitter cells or absence of WBCs microscopically: dilute alkaline urine.
• Excessive shaking or taping of sediment against edges of table to mix it up> cause the casts to dissolve.
• Note that!! Native urine: urine not centrifuged > counting chamber method > small volume of urine
only.
Alyazeed hussein, BSc-SUST
11. • 10 to 15 mL (12ml) Centrifuged at 400 – 450 g (RCF), 1500 – 2000
(1600) (RPM) for 5 mins hold the test tube upside down and count to
3, then turn the test tube again and stand it upright mix drop (20
μL) in a slide + glass cover slip (carefully to avoid air bubbles) examine.
• Report RBCs/WBCs using high-power magnification (i.e., high-power field [hpf]),
report casts and crystals using low-power magnification (i.e., low-power field [lpf]).
• Normal Urines: Contain 0-4 RBCs (hpf), 0-3 WBCs (hpf), 0-2 hyaline casts (lpf), several
epithelial cells (hpf), some types of crystals, and mucus.
• Casts have a tendency to locate near the edges of the cover slip (LPF scanning around
the cover slip).
Microscopic examination
Alyazeed hussein, BSc-SUST
13. Alyazeed hussein, BSc-SUST
Sediment constituents such as bacteria, yeast cells, crystals,
and spermatozoa are not counted, but instead given as
crosses
15. Isomorphic RBCs
Dysmorphic RBCs, Have cellular blebs (mickey mouse ear), associated with glomerular bleeding
(glomerulonephritis).
Ghost RBC
In dilute urine, absorb
water, swell, and lyse
rapidly, releasing
hemoglobin. Examined
under reduced light.
RBCs, Seen in
kidney or urinary
tract diseases or
menstrual blood
contamination,
<3 /HPF is
normal
Alyazeed hussein, BSc-SUST
16. Pus cells, neutrophils in acute infections, eosinophils in interstitial nephritis, lymphocytes in renal transplantation
Alyazeed hussein, BSc-SUST
Elongated WBCs
17. Macrophages, Contain digested material, lipids, seen in chronic inflammation and radiation therapy
Alyazeed hussein, BSc-SUST
18. Renal tubular cells (RTEs) line the nephron, seen in renal tubular damage (acute tubular necrosis, viral infection, or renal
transplant rejection)
Alyazeed hussein, BSc-SUST
19. Sperms, found in men with retrograde ejaculation, post-prostatectomy, or in sample collected soon after ejaculation
Alyazeed hussein, BSc-SUST
52. Found in concentrated urine associated with fever and dehydration, may hide bacteria, casts and crystals
Amorphus urate
(acidic urine)
Amorphus phosphate
(alkaline urine)
Alyazeed hussein, BSc-SUST
53. Bilirubin crystals: in urine contain high amounts of bilirubin
Alyazeed hussein, BSc-SUST
54. Calcium oxalate crystals: patients consume tomatoes, apples, oranges (rich in oxalic acid) may have these crystals in
urine. Found in renal calculi.
Alyazeed hussein, BSc-SUST
63. Calcium phosphate: in normal urine may cause renal calculi
Alyazeed hussein, BSc-SUST
64. Ammonium biurate crystals (thorn apple): seen in old urine sample (teaching sample), have no clinical significance
Alyazeed hussein, BSc-SUST
65. Ammonium magnesium phosphate (triple phosphate, struvite crystals, coffin lid), appear fern-like feathery
(dissolved), normal in urine but may be associated with bacterial growth (Proteus). Calculi seen in chronic UTI
Alyazeed hussein, BSc-SUST
67. Bacteria: in urinary tract infection, or may be a vaginal or fecal contaminant
Alyazeed hussein, BSc-SUST
68. Yeast/fungi: candida albicans, appears as budding yeast or pseudohyphae, may be from a vaginal contaminant, bladder or
kidney inaction Alyazeed hussein, BSc-SUST
69. Adult female of E. vermicularis
Eggs of E. vermicularis
Trophozoites of T. vaginalis
Egg of S. haematobium
Alyazeed hussein, BSc-SUST
78. • This has been a presentation of Alyazeed Hussein.
• Thanks for your attention and kind patience.
• Any questions, additions, or comments?
Alyazeed hussein, BSc-SUST
79. References
• Urinalysis Benchtop Reference Guide, CAP.
• Kjeldsberg's Body Fluid Analysis, ASCP.
• A Handbook Of Routine Urinalysis, Sister Laurine Graff.
• Textbook of urinalysis and body fluids, Landy J. McBride-Lippincott.
• Graff's textbook of urinalysis and body fluids, Lillian A. Mundt, 3rd e
• Success in clinical laboratory science, ANNA P. CIULLA, 4th e
• www.researchgate.net
• www.sciencedirect.com
• www.diagnostics.roche.com
Alyazeed hussein, BSc-SUST