The document provides guidelines for universal and transmission-based precautions for healthcare workers. It discusses different types of precautions including airborne, droplet, and contact precautions. Airborne precautions require a private room with negative air pressure for patients with illnesses transmitted via airborne particles like tuberculosis. Droplet precautions require a private room or spatial separation of 3 feet for illnesses transmitted by droplets like influenza. Contact precautions require a private room and use of gloves and gowns for direct and indirect contact transmission of illnesses like MRSA. Handwashing and proper handling of equipment, linen and waste is also covered.
Blood spillage may occur because a laboratory sample breaks in the phlebotomy area or during transportation, or because there is excessive bleeding during
Blood spillage may occur because a laboratory sample breaks in the phlebotomy area or during transportation, or because there is excessive bleeding during
The goal of asepsis is to prevent the contamination of the open surgical wound by isolating the operative site from the surrounding nonsterile environment.1 The surgical team accomplishes this by creating and maintaining the sterile field and by following aseptic principles aimed at preventing microorganisms from contaminating the surgical wound
Clean, aseptic and sterile
Examples of procedures
SCRIPT the procedure to clearly define what is expected and needed from all team members to reduce health care associated infections
Principles of Aseptic technique
Hand washing, also known as hand hygiene, is the act of cleaning hands for the purpose of removing soil, dirt, and microorganisms. If water and soap is not available, hands can be cleaned with ash instead. Medical hand hygiene refers to hygiene practices related to medical procedures.
Mercury is a metal found naturally in the environment. It comes is a few forms. Elemental (metallic) mercury is the shiny, silver-gray metal found in thermometers, barometers, thermostats, and other electrical switches.
Mercury can break into droplets when spilled. The droplets spread easily and can build up in tiny cracks and spaces wherever it is spilled.
Mercury can vaporize (evaporate) into the air. The vapor cannot be seen or smelled.
Breathing in mercury vapors is the most common way to get mercury poisoning – and also the most dangerous.
Mercury can be toxic to the nervous system, lungs, and kidneys.
Needle stick injury and hazards of needle stickNCRIMS, Meerut
Needlestick injuries are wounds caused by sharps that accidentally puncture the skin.
Needlestick injuries are a hazard for people who work with hypodermic syringes and other needle equipment.
These injuries can occur at any time when people use, disassemble, or dispose of needles.
The goal of asepsis is to prevent the contamination of the open surgical wound by isolating the operative site from the surrounding nonsterile environment.1 The surgical team accomplishes this by creating and maintaining the sterile field and by following aseptic principles aimed at preventing microorganisms from contaminating the surgical wound
Clean, aseptic and sterile
Examples of procedures
SCRIPT the procedure to clearly define what is expected and needed from all team members to reduce health care associated infections
Principles of Aseptic technique
Hand washing, also known as hand hygiene, is the act of cleaning hands for the purpose of removing soil, dirt, and microorganisms. If water and soap is not available, hands can be cleaned with ash instead. Medical hand hygiene refers to hygiene practices related to medical procedures.
Mercury is a metal found naturally in the environment. It comes is a few forms. Elemental (metallic) mercury is the shiny, silver-gray metal found in thermometers, barometers, thermostats, and other electrical switches.
Mercury can break into droplets when spilled. The droplets spread easily and can build up in tiny cracks and spaces wherever it is spilled.
Mercury can vaporize (evaporate) into the air. The vapor cannot be seen or smelled.
Breathing in mercury vapors is the most common way to get mercury poisoning – and also the most dangerous.
Mercury can be toxic to the nervous system, lungs, and kidneys.
Needle stick injury and hazards of needle stickNCRIMS, Meerut
Needlestick injuries are wounds caused by sharps that accidentally puncture the skin.
Needlestick injuries are a hazard for people who work with hypodermic syringes and other needle equipment.
These injuries can occur at any time when people use, disassemble, or dispose of needles.
Jill Blumenthal, MD of the UC San Diego AntiViral Research Center presents "Cryptococcal Meningitis with Cranial Nerve Neuropathies: Predictors of Outcome and Review of ART Initiation"
Standard precautions are meant to reduce the risk of transmission of blood borne and other pathogens from both recognized and unrecognized sources.
They are the basic level of infection control precautions which are to be used, as a minimum, in the care of all patients.
Standard safety precautions are the basic infection prevention and control measures necessary to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious agent from both unrecognized and unrecognized sources of infection.
The elements of Standard Precautions include:
Hand hygiene.
Use of gloves and other barriers (e.g., mask, eye protection, face shield, gown).
Handling of patient care equipment and linen.
Environmental control.
Prevention of injury from sharps devices, and patient placement.
Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
2. UNIVERSAL AND TRANSMISSION
PRECAUTIONS
It apply to blood, body fluids,
secretions, excretions non-intact skin
and mucous membranes.
Healthcare workers should assume
that all patients are potentially
infectious and use handwashing,
protective apparel and special
procedures to prevent exposure to
blood and body substances.
3. Universal precautions
Aims:
Reduce the risk of nosocomial transmission of
infectious agents from patient to patient
Protect healthcare workers from exposure to
patients infected with bloodborne and non-
bloodborne pathogens
Protect patients from exposure to infected
healthcare workers.
4. HAND WASHING
• Handwashing is the single most effective means of preventing the spread
of nosocomial infections. In general, handwashing is performed for
cleansing purposes after hand contamination has occurred to prevent
transmission of pathogenic microorganisms. Both time spent in scrubbing
the hands and the type of cleaning agent used will vary according to the
purpose of the handwashing procedure.
• The essential components of handwashing are
Friction – To remove visible soiling, dead skin cells and other material, which
may harbor pathogenic microorganisms. Friction is created by rubbing the
hands together briskly, especially in the area between the fingernails and
around the fingernails.
Soap – To loosen skin oils and make handwashing easier and more efficient.
Water – To rinse off loosened dirt, debris and pathogenic particles.
5. Barrier Protection:
• The type of protective apparel chosen depends
on the clinical situation and the type of patient
care interaction that is anticipated. The
selection of barrier protection should consider
the following
• Probability of exposure to blood and body
substances and its likely amount
• Probable route of transmission
6. STANDARD PRECAUTION OF WEARING
GLOVES
• Gloves are worn to prevent the healthcare worker’s hands from becoming
contaminated with blood or body substances. Gloves should be worn for
• Procedures involving direct contact with blood and body substances of
any patient.
• Procedures where contact with blood and body substances might be
expected to occur.
• Procedures involving direct or potential contact with mucous membranes
of any patient.
• Procedures involving direct or potential contact with non-intact skin of
any patient. Non-intact skin is skin that is cut, chapped, abraded, afflicted
with weeping or exudative lesions or is otherwise broken.
7. STANDARD PRECAUTION OF WEARING
GLOVESCONT…………..
• Touching or handling any instruments, equipment or
surfaces that may have been in contact with blood and
body substances
• Providing care to patients when the healthcare worker has
cuts, abrasions or other breaks on his/her hands
• Sterile gloves should be used for all sterile procedures and
for all activities involving contact with areas of the body
that are normally sterile. Gloves used in patient care should
be worn only for contact with the patient. Once used, they
must be discarded before leaving the patient’s room.
Gloves should be changed between patients.
8. STANDARD PRECAUTION OF WEARING GOWN
• During activities that involve the management
of large amounts of blood or body substances
that may be difficult to clean properly
• During procedures that may result in the
splashing or splattering of blood and body
substances
9. STANDARD PRECAUTION OF WEARING
STERILE GOWN
• After giving care to an individual patient
• After involving any procedure involving
instruments, equipment or surfaces
contaminated by blood and body substances
• Whenever gross soiling occurs
10. STANDARD PRECAUTION OF
WEARING MASK
• When splashing, splattering or spraying of blood or
body mucous is likely in order to prevent exposure to
the mucous membranes of the nose/mouth. E.g.
When performing wound irrigation, oral suctioning,
intubation, when carring for patients with open
tracheostomies, when there is evidence of
transmission from heavily colonized source etc.,
• When working with a patient on droplet precautions
• When working in a sterile field to prevent
droplets from contaminating the field
11. Sharps Disposal:
• The potential for transmission of bloodborne pathogens is
greatest when needles, scalpels, and other sharp instruments
are employed. Precautions should be taken to prevent
injuries during procedures where needles and sharp
instruments are required, when cleaning contaminated
instruments, and during disposal of contaminated needles.
Gloves and other personal protective clothing will not prevent
penetrating injuries due to accidental needle sticks or cuts
from scalpel blades and other sharp instruments.
Sharps include blades, needles, hypodermic, spinal, suture
lancets, probes, safety pins, spears, scrappers, scissors,
syringes with or without needle, broken glass medication
vials.
12. To prevent injury NSI
• Avoid rushing when handling needles and sharps.
• Use extreme care when handling contaminated needles and sharp instruments.
Obtain assistance when giving injections, starting intravenous lines, and for any
other procedure that requires the use of needles and sharp instruments when the
patient is uncooperative.
• Dispose of all needles and other sharps promptly. It is imperative that these items
not be left in patient care areas, on food trays, or inadvertently deposited in trash
containers.
• Contaminated needles should not be recapped by hand, removed from disposable
syringes by hand, or purposefully bent, broken, or otherwise manipulated by hand.
• In the event recapping is unavoidable, the one-handed scoop technique should be
used.
• Dispose of needles and sharps in the sharps disposal containers located
throughout the hospital in all patient care and treatment areas. Upon observing a
container, which is 3/4 full, or is likely to become 3/4 full remove the container,
and dispose off the container.
13. Laboratory Specimens
• Specimens from all patients are considered to be potentially infectious and are handled in
the same manner.
Procedure for handling laboratory specimens
• Always wear gloves and any other indicated barrier protection when collecting and handling
laboratory specimens.
• Place each laboratory specimen in an appropriate leak-proof primary container (e.g.,
Vacutainer tube, specimen cup, etc.). Care should be taken when collecting and handling
specimens to avoid contamination of the outside of the container.
• Secure lids tightly to prevent leakage.
• Personnel handling or transporting laboratory specimens should wear gloves if any spillage
or leakage is noted.
• Handwashing must be performed following any direct contact with blood or body
substances in the handling or transporting of laboratory specimens.
14. Disposal of Body Fluids, Faeces
• Body fluids can be flushed down the toilet.
Bedpans and urinals must be thoroughly
washed with detergents and water,
disinfected and left to dry. Preferably they
should be heat disinfected in a bedpan washer
disinfector.
15. HANDLING OF LINEN
• Soiled linen can be a source of microbial
contamination, which may infrequently
cause infection in hospital patients and
personnel. All soiled linen should be handled
in the same manner regardless of the
patient's specific diagnosis. Although the risk
of disease transmission from soiled linen is
minimal.
16. HANDLING OF LINEN……….CONT…..
• Handwashing should be performed after having
contact with all soiled linen.
• Protective barrier apparel should be used as
follows:
– Gloves should be worn for actual or potential contact
with soiled linen contaminated with blood or body
substances.
• Gowns should be worn for the management of
soiled linen if contamination of the clothing is
likely to occur
17. HANDLING OF LINEN……….CONT…..
• All soiled linen is considered potentially infectious. Used linen soiled
with blood, body fluids, secretions and excretions will be classified as
contaminated and handled as little as possible between the patient and
the linen bag to prevent gross microbial contamination of the air and the
persons handling the linen.
• Handle soiled linen as little as possible and with a minimum of agitation to
prevent gross microbial contamination of the air and of persons handling
the linen.
• Linen should not be sorted in patient care areas.
• All soiled linen should be bagged at the location where it was used.
• Place all linen in the designated leak-proof, laundry bags. Clean linen can
be transported in thick cotton bags. Handling separately and counting of
even clean linen is hazardous and should be avoided.
• Caution must be exercised to help prevent laundry bags from being
overfilled.
18. Patient Equipment
• All patient care equipment that is soiled with
blood, body fluids, secretions or excretions shall
be handled in a manner that will prevent skin and
mucous membrane exposures.
• Single use, disposable items must be disposed off
properly.
• Make sure that reusable equipment has been
cleaned and reprocessed appropriately, prior to
use on another patient.
19. Specimen Transport Guidelines
• Blood and other specimens for laboratory evaluation
should be collected with gloved hands and placed in
leak- and spill-proof containers for transport.
Containers should be checked for exterior
contamination and disinfected with hypochlorite
solution if necessary.
• Seal all containers well.
• Place specimen containers in sealed plastic bags.
• Keep the specimen container upright to reduce the
risk of leakage and cross-contamination of other
specimens.
20. TRANSMISSION PRECAUTIONS:
• Refers to three sets of precautions based on the
routes of transmission of micro-organisms for
specified patients known or suspected to be
colonized/infected with highly transmissible or
epidemiologically important pathogens by the
airborne, droplet and contact routes
21. Five main categories of
transmission
Airborne Transmission
• This mode of transmission occurs by the spreading of either
airborne droplet nuclei or dust particles containing the
microorganism.
•
22. Airborne Transmission
• Patient Placement - The patient will be required to be placed
in a private room that has the following:
• Monitored negative air pressure in relation to the
surrounding areas;
• Six (6) to twelve (12) air changes per hour;
• An appropriate discharge of air to the outdoors or monitored
high efficiency filtration of room air before the air is
circulated into other areas of the facility.
• The patient must stay in the room with the room door closed.
If a private room is not available with the above
specifications, contact FORTIS Hospitals’ infection control
nurse for advice on patient placement.
23. Droplet Transmission
• Droplets are transmitted from the host source by coughing,
sneezing, talking or during procedures such as suctioning or
bronchoscopy. Transmission occurs when droplets containing
the microorganism are propelled through the air a short
distance and contact a host's conjunctivae, nasal mucosa or
mouth. These droplets do not remain suspended, thus
special air handling and ventilation systems are not required.
24. Droplet Precautions:
• Patient Placement - If at all possible, place patient in a private
room. If a private room is not available, the patient may be
placed in a room with a patient who has an active infection
with the same microorganism, but has no other infection
(cohorting). If cohorting is not possible, maintain a spatial
separation of a minimum of three (3) feet between the
infected patient and other patients and visitors. The patient's
room door may remain open and special air handling and
ventilation is not necessary.
• Mask - Must be worn when working within three (3) feet of
the patient, in addition to
25. Droplet Precautions:
CONT…..
• Patient Transport - Patient movement and
transport must be limited to essential
purposes only.
• If movement or transport becomes necessary,
place a mask on the patient to minimize
dispersal of droplets.
26. Contact Transmission
• Direct Contact Transmission - Involves direct body
surface to body surface contact with physical transfer of
microorganisms between a susceptible host and an infected
or colonized person. Examples of this type of transmission
include: turning a patient, giving a patient a bath or other
patient care activities, which require direct personal contact.
• Indirect Contact Transmission - Involves contact
with an intermediate object (usually inanimate) and a
susceptible host. Such objects may include contaminated
instruments, needles, dressings or contaminated hands,
which have not been washed or gloves not changed between
patients.
27. Contact Transmission Precaution
• Patient Placement - If at all possible, place patient in a private
room. If a private room is not available, the patient may be
placed in a room with a patient who has an active infection
with the same microorganism, but has no other infection
(cohorting).
• Gloves and Handwashing - When providing care to the
patient, gloves shall be changed after contact with the
infective material (i.e., fecal material and wound drainage).
Always remove gloves prior to leaving the patient's
environment and wash hands promptly with an antimicrobial
agent or a waterless antiseptic agent.
28. Contact Transmission Precaution
cont……………..
• Gown - when entering the room. Always remove the gown prior to
leaving the patient's room. Once the gown has been removed make sure
that your clothing does not come in contact with potentially
contaminated surfaces.
• Patient Transport - Patient movement and transport must be limited to
essential purposes only.
• Patient Care Equipment - The use of noncritical patient care equipment
should be dedicated to a single patient whenever possible. If use of
common patient care equipment or items is unavoidable, the equipment
or items must be adequately cleaned and disinfected prior to use on
another patient
29. SUMMARY
Airborne precautions: Required for patients
suspected or known to have serious illness transported
by airborne droplet nuclei <5 microns which remain
suspended in the air and can be inhaled a distance
away, eg active, smear positive Pulmonary
Tuberculosis, Measles, Chickenpox. Airborne.
Precautions include the following:
• A single room is required with own facilities preferred
• An approved mask is worn N.B. The CDC has indicated that the surgical
mask usually worn is not adequate and that only an approved particulate
should be worn.
• The door is kept closed
• Universal Precautions apply
• Adequate handwashing
30. SUMMARY
Droplet Precautions: Use for patients known or
suspected to have serious
• illness transmitted by large particle droplets >5 microns.
These do not remain suspended in the air over approximately
1 metre eg Meningitis,, Mumps, Whooping Cough, Influenza,
Haemophilus influenzae Provide a single room if available or
cohort.
• Masks are required by all staff when within 3 feet of the
patient while the patient is considered infectious.
• Door may remain open
• Standard Precautions apply
• Adequate handwashing
31. SUMMARY
• Contact Precautions: For patients known or
suspected to have serious illness easily transmitted by
direct or indirect contact eg major skin, wound or
burns infections and infection caused by drug resistant
organisms eg MRSA, or highly resistant pseudomonas,
provide single room.
• Door may remain open
• Masks required within one metre of patient
• Long sleeved gowns within one metre
• Gloves for contact with patient and articles
• Standard Precautions apply
• Adequate handwashing
32. PROCEDURE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF INFECTIOUS
PATIENTS -
Equipment used on infectious patients will be disposable.
When available a sheet will be used to protect the table or
wheelchair. X-ray table, stretcher or wheelchair used for an
isolation patient will be cleaned with hospital-approved
disinfectant before reuse.
Personnel must follow the dress code and maintain good
personal hygiene habits while working around infection.
When handling patients with indwelling urinary catheters,
care should be taken not to elevate the urine bag above the
level of the bladder in order to reduce incidence of reflux
back into the bladder. If there is any question about
improperly placed drainage bags, notify the floor nurse on the
unit from which the patient came
33. PROCEDURE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF INFECTIOUS
PATIENTS –cont…..
• Patient tracheostomies should not be unduly disturbed
except when suctioning is absolutely necessary, in order to
cut down on contamination and to facilitate proper breathing.
• Chest tubes, if clamped, should not be unclamped.
Remember to keep the container below the chest. Do not
raise above the chest.
• Sterile dressings should not be disturbed. If sterile dressing
falls off the wound, replace it with a new dressing, using
sterile gloves and sterile dressings to avoid contamination of
the wound site. Sterile prepackaged dressings should always
be readily available