This document discusses universal precautions and current infection control practices in dental healthcare settings. It defines infection and explains why infection control is important in dentistry due to contact with blood, saliva and equipment. The aims of infection control are to prevent patient-to-patient, patient-to-practitioner and practitioner-to-patient transmission. Modes of transmission include direct contact, indirect contact and inhalation. Standard precautions including hand hygiene, PPE and sterilization of instruments are described.
Infection control guidelines[1]/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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We can can minimize the risks of disease transmission to our self and to the patients in the dental office through carefully following the infection control and safety guidelines,
Dr. Hesham Dameer
Major reason for failures in the field of medicine is infections. So its a prime duty to know and follow the protocols to infection control, in the dental field as well.
Rationale
Chain of infection
Routes of disease transmission
CDC and OSHA
Spauldings classification
Sterilization protocol
Methods of sterilization-physical and chemical agents
New methods of sterilization
Sterilization of scaler handpeice and inserts
Infection control
Infectious diseases commonly encounterd in dentistry
Medical history and dental safety
Immunization of personnel involved in dental care
Infection control practices
Hand hygiene
Personal protective equipments
Surface barriers
Waste management in dental practice
Cdc guidelines-special considerations
Cross infection control in dentistry (Few basic points)Sumaiya Hasan
Recently, dentistry has been one of the few reasons of the spread of some major diseases such as hepatitis etc. If proper cross infection control is maintained by taking few precautions then this transfer of diseases can be stopped. This presentation contains only some basic precautions which should be taken to prevent cross infection.
Infection control guidelines[1]/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
We can can minimize the risks of disease transmission to our self and to the patients in the dental office through carefully following the infection control and safety guidelines,
Dr. Hesham Dameer
Major reason for failures in the field of medicine is infections. So its a prime duty to know and follow the protocols to infection control, in the dental field as well.
Rationale
Chain of infection
Routes of disease transmission
CDC and OSHA
Spauldings classification
Sterilization protocol
Methods of sterilization-physical and chemical agents
New methods of sterilization
Sterilization of scaler handpeice and inserts
Infection control
Infectious diseases commonly encounterd in dentistry
Medical history and dental safety
Immunization of personnel involved in dental care
Infection control practices
Hand hygiene
Personal protective equipments
Surface barriers
Waste management in dental practice
Cdc guidelines-special considerations
Cross infection control in dentistry (Few basic points)Sumaiya Hasan
Recently, dentistry has been one of the few reasons of the spread of some major diseases such as hepatitis etc. If proper cross infection control is maintained by taking few precautions then this transfer of diseases can be stopped. This presentation contains only some basic precautions which should be taken to prevent cross infection.
Every year, many lives are lost due to the spread of infections in hospitals. Health care workers can take steps to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Identifying hazards that could potentially compromise patient care and implementing proper controls to reduce risk and minimize the impact of hazards created by renovation, demolition and new construction activities. Those projects could impact infection control, air or water quality, utility and equipment requirements, noise and vibration.
Healthcare workers are occupationally exposed to many infectious diseases during the performance of their normal duties. The delivery of healthcare services requires a broad range of workers, such as physicians, nurses, technicians, and clinical laboratory workers, first responders, building maintenance, security and administrative personnel. Since, healthcare workers have many different tasks or work in different parts of the facility each employee will be exposed to different infectious agents and in different amounts.
Tuberculosis Infection Control Symposia, presented at Hôpital Sacré Coeur in Milot, Haiti, 2011.
CRUDEM’s Education Committee (a subcommittee of the Board of Directors) sponsors one-week medical symposia on specific medical topics, i.e. diabetes, infectious disease. The classes are held at Hôpital Sacré Coeur and doctors and nurses come from all over Haiti to attend.
Infection prevention in healthcare construction and renovationMoustapha Ramadan
Infection prevention and control in healthcare setting during construction and renovation.
Is really there is a need? What is the role of infection preventionist?
Presentation was given to Labor workers and Engineers
Infection control in dentistry / /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indi...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Infection control in dental clinic and management of sterile and contaminated...Arun Mangalathu
Sterilization , Disinfection and management of Instruments in dental clinic, Lecture delivered by Dr Arun George for indian Dental Association ,Malanadu branch during dental Assistance training programme
Universal precautions are defined as simple infection prevention control measures that reduces the risk of transmission of blood borne pathogens through exposure to blood and body fluids among patients and health care workers
Standard precautions are meant to reduce the risk of transmission of blood borne and other pathogens from both recognized and unrecognized sources.
They are the basic level of infection control precautions which are to be used, as a minimum, in the care of all patients.
Standard safety precautions are the basic infection prevention and control measures necessary to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious agent from both unrecognized and unrecognized sources of infection.
The elements of Standard Precautions include:
Hand hygiene.
Use of gloves and other barriers (e.g., mask, eye protection, face shield, gown).
Handling of patient care equipment and linen.
Environmental control.
Prevention of injury from sharps devices, and patient placement.
Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette
updated guidelines of hospital infection control, as mentioned in the ppt. its not all the guidelines but yes a brief overview and for further details refer to hospital infection control guidelines pdf.which is available in my uploads.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
1. Universal, national
and state precautions
infectious Control &
Current practices in
Dental Health care
settings in the state.
By Dr. Deepak Ningombam Singh
2. What is Infection
The entry and
development or
multiplication of an
infectious agent in the
body of the host i.e.
humans or animals to
produce disease.
3. Why Is Infection Control Important
in Dentistry?
• Both patients and dental health care
personnel (DHCP) can be exposed to
pathogens
• Contact with blood, oral and respiratory
secretions, and contaminated equipment
occurs
• Proper procedures can prevent transmission
of infections among patients and DHCP
4. Aims of Infection Control
To control/prevent iatrogenic infections from
their hosts among patients and clinicians.
To Control/prevent Occupational Exposure.
To control/prevent Cross Infection.
5. Pathways of cross infection
Patient to patient
Patient to practitioner
Practitioner to patient
Clinic to community
Clinic to practitioner’s family
Community to Patient
6. MODES OF TRANSMISSION
• Direct contact with blood or body fluids
• Indirect contact with a contaminated instrument or
surface
• Contact of mucosa of the eyes, nose or mouth with
droplets or spatter
• Inhalation of airborne microorganisms
7. INFECTION CONCERN IN
DENTISTRY
Varicella virus Chicken pox
Paramyxovirus Measles & Mumps
Rhino/adeno virus Common cold
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Rubella German Measles
Candida sp Candidosis
Transmitted by inhalation
8. Transmitted by inoculation
Hepatitis B,C,D Hepatitis
Herpex simplex I Oral herpes, herpetic whitlow
Herpex simplex II Genital herpes
HIV AIDS & ARC
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Gonorrhoeae
Treponema pallidum Syphilis
S.aureus/ albus Wound abscess
10. Centre of Disease Control (CDC)
recommends:
• “Consider each and every patient to be
operated as potentially infectious and
routinely take standard/universal
precautions for each, to protect ourselves
and to prevent cross infection”.
10
11. Standard Precautions
• Apply to all patients
• Integrate and expand Universal Precautions
to include organisms spread by blood and
also
– Body fluids, secretions, and excretions except
sweat, whether or not they contain blood
– Non-intact (broken) skin
– Mucous membranes
12. Elements of Standard
Precautions
• Handwashing
• Use of gloves, masks, eye protection,
and gowns
• Patient care equipment
• Environmental surfaces
• Injury prevention
14. Personnel Health Elements of
an Infection Control Program
• Education and training
• Immunizations
• Exposure prevention and postexposure
management
• Medical condition management and work-
related illnesses and restrictions
• Health record maintenance
16. Preventing Transmission of
Bloodborne Pathogens
• Are transmissible in health care settings
• Can produce chronic infection
• Are often carried by persons unaware of their
infection
Bloodborne viruses such as hepatitis B virus
(HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
18. Factors Influencing
Occupational Risk of
Bloodborne Virus Infection
• Frequency of infection among patients
• Risk of transmission after a blood exposure
(i.e., type of virus)
• Type and frequency of blood contact
19. Concentration of HBV in Body
Fluids
High Moderate Low/Not
Detectable
Blood Semen Urine
Serum Vaginal Fluid Feces
Wound exudates Saliva Sweat
Tears
Breast Milk
20. Hepatitis B Vaccine
Vaccinate all DHCP who are at risk of
exposure to blood
Provide access to qualified health care
professionals for administration and
follow-up testing
21. Occupational Risk of HCV
Transmission among HCP
• Inefficiently transmitted by occupational
exposures
• Three reports of transmission from blood
splash to the eye
• Report of simultaneous transmission of HIV
and HCV after non-intact skin exposure
22. HCV Infection in
Dental Health Care Settings
• Prevalence of HCV infection among dentists
similar to that of general population (~ 1%-
2%)
• No reports of HCV transmission from infected
DHCP to patients or from patient to patient
• Risk of HCV transmission appears very low
23. Transmission of HIV from
Infected Dentists to Patients
• Only one documented case of HIV
transmission from an infected dentist to
patients
• No transmissions documented in the
investigation of 63 HIV-infected HCP
(including 33 dentists or dental students)
24. Characteristics of Percutaneous
Injuries Among DHCP
• Reported frequency among general dentists
has declined
• Caused by burs, syringe needles, other
sharps
• Occur outside the patient’s mouth
• Involve small amounts of blood
• Among oral surgeons, occur more frequently
during fracture reductions and procedures
involving wire
26. Engineering Controls
• Isolate or remove the hazard
• Examples:
– Sharps container
– Medical devices with injury protection
features (e.g., self-sheathing needles)
27. Work Practice Controls
Change the manner of performing
tasks
Examples include:
• Using instruments instead of fingers to
retract or palpate tissue
• One-handed needle recapping
28. Administrative Controls
• Policies, procedures, and enforcement
measures
• Placement in the hierarchy varies by
the problem being addressed
– Placed before engineering controls for
airborne precautions (e.g., TB)
29. Post-exposure Management
Program
• Clear policies and procedures
• Education of dental health care
personnel (DHCP)
• Rapid access to
– Clinical care
– Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)
– Testing of source patients/HCP
30. • Wound management
• Exposure reporting
• Assessment of infection risk
– Type and severity of exposure
– Bloodborne status of source person
– Susceptibility of exposed person
Post-exposure Management
32. Why Is Hand Hygiene
Important?
• Hands are the most common mode of
pathogen transmission
• Reduce spread of antimicrobial
resistance
• Prevent health care-associated
infections
33. Hands Need to be Cleaned
When
• Visibly dirty
• After touching
contaminated objects with
bare hands
• Before and after patient
treatment (before glove
placement and after glove
removal)
34. Efficacy of Hand Hygiene
Preparations in Reduction of
Bacteria
Good Better Best
Plain Soap Antimicrobial
soap
Alcohol-based
handrub
35. Alcohol-based Preparations
• Rapid and effective
antimicrobial action
• Improved skin
condition
• More accessible than
sinks
• Cannot be used if
hands are visibly
soiled
• Store away from high
temperatures or
flames
• Hand softeners and
glove powders may
“build-up”
Benefits Limitations
36. Special Hand Hygiene
Considerations
• Use hand lotions to prevent skin dryness
• Consider compatibility of hand care products with
gloves (e.g., mineral oils and petroleum bases may
cause early glove failure)
• Keep fingernails short
• Avoid artificial nails
• Avoid hand jewelry that may tear gloves
38. Personal
Protective
Equipment
• A major component of Standard Precautions
• Protects the skin and mucous membranes from
exposure to infectious materials in spray or
spatter
• Should be removed when leaving treatment areas
39. Masks, Protective Eyewear, Face
Shields
• Wear a surgical mask and either eye
protection with solid side shields or a face
shield to protect mucous membranes of the
eyes, nose, and mouth
• Change masks between patients
• Clean reusable face protection between
patients; if visibly soiled, clean and disinfect
40. Protective Clothing
• Wear gowns, lab coats, or
uniforms that cover skin and
personal clothing likely to
become soiled with blood,
saliva, or infectious material
• Change if visibly soiled
• Remove all barriers before
leaving the work area
41. Gloves
• Minimize the risk of health care personnel acquiring
infections from patients
• Prevent microbial flora from being transmitted from
health care personnel to patients
• Reduce contamination of the hands of health care
personnel by microbial flora that can be transmitted
from one patient to another
• Are not a substitute for handwashing!
42. Recommendations for Gloving
• Wear gloves when contact
with blood, saliva, and
mucous membranes is
possible
• Remove gloves after patient
care
• Wear a new pair of gloves for
each patient
45. Latex Allergy
• Type I hypersensitivity to
natural rubber latex
proteins
• Reactions may include
nose, eye, and skin
reactions
• More serious reactions may
include respiratory distress–
rarely shock or death
46. Contact Dermatitis
• Irritant contact dermatitis
– Not an allergy
– Dry, itchy, irritated areas
• Allergic contact dermatitis
– Type IV delayed hypersensitivity
– May result from allergy to chemicals
used in glove manufacturing
47. General Recommendations
Contact Dermatitis and Latex
Allergy
• Educate DHCP about reactions
associated with frequent hand hygiene
and glove use
• Get a medical diagnosis
• Screen patients for latex allergy
• Ensure a latex-safe environment
• Have latex-free kits available (dental and
emergency)
49. Decontamination
Sanitization
Reduction of viable microorganism to safe
levels.
Sterilization
It is the process by which all forms of
microorganism are destroyed.
Disinfection/Antisepsis
It is the process by which chemicals are
used to prevent the multiplication of
microorganism capable of causing infection.
51. CRITICAL INSTRUMENTS
• Penetrate MUCOUS MEMBRANES or CONTACT
BONE, BLOODSTREAM, or other normally sterile
tissues
• HEAT STERILIZE between uses or use sterile
single-use, DISPOSABLE devices
• Examples include SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS,
SCALPEL BLADES, PERIODONTAL SCALERS,
AND SURGICAL DENTAL BURS
52. SEMI-CRITICAL INSTRUMENTS
• Contact MUCOUS MEMBRANES but do
NOT PENETRATE SOFT TISSUE
• HEAT STERILIZE or HIGH-LEVEL
DISINFECT
• Examples: DENTAL MOUTH MIRRORS,
AMALGAM CONDENSERS, AND
53. NONCRITICAL INSTRUMENTS
AND DEVICES
• Contact intact SKIN
• Clean and disinfect using a LOW TO
INTERMEDIATE LEVEL DISINFECTANT
• Examples: X-RAY HEADS, FACEBOWS,
PULSE OXIMETER, BLOOD PRESSURE
CUFF
54. Instrument Processing Area
• Use a designated processing area to control
quality and ensure safety
• Divide processing area into work areas
– Receiving, cleaning, and decontamination
– Preparation and packaging
– Sterilization
– Storage
55. METHODS OF STERILIZATION
• THE STEAM AUTOCLAVE
• CHEMICLAVE
• DRY HEAT OVENS
• OTHERS
-EXPOSURE TO ETHYLENE
OXIDE GAS
-BOILING WATER
-IONIZING RADIATION
56. • AUTOCLAVE
• Sterilization with STEAM UNDER PRESSURE
• Time required at 1210 C is 15 mins at 15
lbs of pressure.
• Advantages
• Rapid and effective
• Effective for sterilizing cloth surgical packs and
towel packs
Disadvantages
• Items sensitive to heat cannot be sterilized
• It tends to corrode carbon steel burs and
57. CHEMICLAVING
• Sterilization by CHEMICAL VAPOR UNDER
PRESSURE
• operates at 1310 C and 20 lbs of pressure.
• They have a cycle time of half an hour.
• Advantages
• Carbon steel and other carbon sensitive burs,
instruments and pliers are sterilized without rust
or corrosion
• Disadvantages
• Items sensitive to elevated temperature will be
damaged
• Instruments must be very lightly packed.
• Towel and heavy clothing cannot be sterilized.
58. DryHeatSterilization
•
• Conventional dry heat ovens:
• Achieved at temperature above 1600 C.
• Have heated chambers that allow air to circulate by gravity
flow.
• 6-12mins is required for sterilization
• Disadvantages
• Without careful calibration, more chances sterilization
failures
• The most accurate way to calibrate a sterilization cycle is
by using external temperature gauge (pyrometer) attached
to a thermocouple wire.
60. Environmental Surfaces
• May become contaminated
• Not directly involved in infectious
disease transmission
• Do not require as stringent
decontamination procedures
61. ENVIRONMENTAL SURFACES
• CLINICAL CONTACT
SURFACES
–High potential for DIRECT
CONTAMINATION from spray or spatter
or by contact with gloved hand.
• HOUSEKEEPING SURFACES
–Do not come into contact with patients or
63. CLEANING CLINICAL CONTACT
SURFACES
• Risk of transmitting infections greater than
for housekeeping surfaces.
• Surface barriers can be used and changed
between patients.
OR
• Clean then disinfect using an EPA-registered
low- (HIV/HBV claim) to intermediate-level
(tuberculocidal claim) hospital disinfectant.
65. Cleaning Housekeeping Surfaces
• Routinely clean with SOAP AND WATER
or an EPA-REGISTERED
DETERGENT/HOSPITAL
DISINFECTANT routinely
• Clean MOPS AND CLOTHS and allow to
dry thoroughly before re-using.
• Prepare FRESH CLEANING AND
DISINFECTING SOLUTIONS daily and
per manufacturer recommendations.
66. BASICS OF LABORATORY IC
• Need COORDINATION between DENTAL
OFFICE AND LAB
• Use of proper methods/materials for
handling and decontaminating soiled
incoming items
• All contaminated INCOMING ITEMS should
be cleaned and DISINFECTED before
being HANDLED BY LAB PERSONNEL,
67. INCOMING ITEMS
• Rinse under running tap water to
remove blood/saliva
• Disinfect as appropriate
• Rinse thoroughly with tap water to
remove residual disinfectant
• No single disinfectant is ideal or
compatible with all items
68. OUTGOING ITEMS
• Clean and disinfect before delivery to
patient
• After disinfection: rinse and place in
plastic bag with diluted mouthwash until
insertion
• Do not store in disinfectant before
insertion
• Label the plastic bag: “This case
69. Medical Waste
• Medical Waste: Not considered infectious,
thus can be discarded in regular trash
• Regulated Medical Waste: Poses a
potential risk of infection during handling
and disposal
70. Regulated Medical Waste
Management
• Properly labeled containment
to prevent injuries and leakage
• Medical wastes are “treated” in
accordance with state and local
regulations
• Processes for regulated waste
include autoclaving and
incineration
72. Dental Unit Waterlines
and Biofilm
• Microbial biofilms form
in small bore tubing of
dental units
• Biofilms serve as a
microbial reservoir
• Primary source of
microorganisms is
municipal water supply
73. Dental Unit Water Quality
• Using water of uncertain
quality is inconsistent with
infection control principles
• Untreated dental units cannot
reliably produce water that
meets drinking water
standards
74. Dental Handpieces and Other Devices
Attached to Air and Waterlines
• Clean and heat sterilize intraoral
devices that can be removed from air
and waterlines
• Follow manufacturer’s instructions for
cleaning, lubrication, and sterilization
• Do not use liquid germicides or
ethylene oxide
75. Components of Devices
Permanently Attached to Air and
Waterlines
• Do not enter patient’s mouth but may
become contaminated
• Use barriers and change between uses
• Clean and disinfect the surface of devices
if visibly contaminated
76. Saliva Ejectors
• Previously suctioned
fluids might be retracted
into the patient’s mouth
when a seal is created
• Do not advise patients to
close their lips tightly
around the tip of the
saliva ejector
77. Dental Radiology
• Wear gloves and other appropriate personal
protective equipment as necessary
• Heat sterilize heat-tolerant radiographic
accessories
• Transport and handle exposed radiographs
so that they will not become contaminated
• Avoid contamination of developing
equipment
78. Preprocedural Mouth Rinses
• Antimicrobial mouth rinses prior to a dental
procedure
– Reduce number of microorganisms in
aerosols/spatter
– Decrease the number of microorganisms
introduced into the bloodstream
• Unresolved issue–no evidence that
infections are prevented
79. Oral Surgical Procedures
• Present a risk for microorganisms to enter the
body
• Involve the incision, excision, or reflection of
tissue that exposes normally sterile areas of the
oral cavity
• Examples include biopsy, periodontal surgery,
implant surgery, apical surgery, and surgical
extractions of teeth
81. Handling Biopsy Specimens
• Place biopsy in sturdy,
leakproof container
• Avoid contaminating the
outside of the container
• Label with a biohazard
symbol
82. • Considered regulated medical
waste
– Do not incinerate extracted teeth
containing amalgam
– Clean and disinfect before
sending to lab for shade
comparison
• Can be given back to patient
Extracted Teeth
83. Handling Extracted Teeth
in Educational Settings
• Remove visible blood and debris
• Maintain hydration
• Autoclave (teeth with no amalgam)
• Use Standard Precautions
84. Laser/Electrosurgery Plumes and
Surgical Smoke
• Destruction of tissue creates smoke that
may contain harmful by-products
• Infectious materials (HSV, HPV) may
contact mucous membranes of nose
• No evidence of HIV/HBV transmission
• Need further studies
85. Infection Control Program
Goals
• Provide a safe working
environment
– Reduce health care-
associated infections
– Reduce occupational
exposures
86. Take home message…….
• The goal of an infection control
program is to “break the chain” of
infection by consistently practicing
protocols which would prevent the
infectious agent from moving to one
host to another and preventing cross-
contamination.
87. Take home message
• Always wear personal protective equipments
• Get vaccinated for Hepatitis B Virus, Swine flu
• Follow aseptic precautions
• Strict adherence to HAND HYGIENE before and after touching the
patient
• Cough etiquettes
• Waste segregation and proper disposal
88. A policy on Infection Control &
Occupational Safety should be mandatory–
• Training for dental students
• Training for practitioners
• Training for institution based practitioners
• Introduction of Materials and Equipment needed for IC&S
• Recommendations for Dental Infection Control & Safety for
India (detailing standards-of-care and Public Health Law)
• Surveillance of safe practices
89. • Dissemination of information Dental Safety for patients so that
they may informed of the measures being taken
• Setting-up HIV and other Bloodborne Disease Dental Care
Centers at Dental Schools
• Expanding duties of the Public Health Dentistry/Community
Dentistry Departments of Dental Schools to provide out-reach
dental care to rural HIV and other BBP infected patients
• Eventually make all clinics provide dental care to all patients
including HIV and other BBP infected patients