This document provides an overview of key concepts in weather and climate, including: - The difference between weather (short-term atmospheric conditions) and climate (long-term patterns). - The factors that cause seasons, including the Earth's tilt and revolution around the sun. - How temperature and climate are related, and the different climate zones. - The factors that affect temperature and precipitation. - The different types of rainfall and winds. - How atmospheric pressure influences weather patterns through high and low pressure systems.

1. Unit 4- Weather and climate
1- WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
WEATHER AND CLIMATE?
2- WHAT CAUSES THE SEASONS?
3- HOW ARE TEMPERATURE AND CLIMATE
RELATED?
4- WHAT FACTORS AFFECT TEMPERATURE?
5- WHAT FACTORS AFFECT PRECIPITATION?
6- WHAT TYPES OF RAINFALL ARE THERE?
7- HOW DOES ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
AFFECT THE WEATHER?
8- WHAT TYPES OF WINDS ARE THERE?

2. Unit 4- Weather and climate
OBJECTIVES
Difference between weather and climate.
Understand what causes the seasons.
Learn about the relationship between temperature and climate.
Understand the concepts of precipitation and atmospheric
pressure.
Read weather maps.

3. 1- WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
WEATHER AND CLIMATE?
Weather
Climate
State of the atmosphere in a place at a specific time.
State of the atmosphere in a place over a long period of time.
To study weather and climate we measure and analyze
Temperature
Precipitation
Air pressure (atmospheric pressure)
Winds
In weather stations.

4. 1- WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
WEATHER AND CLIMATE?

5. 1- WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
WEATHER AND CLIMATE?
Weather
stations
Mildura Airport, Australia Wake island

6. The movements of the Earth
Rotation
The Earth spins on an
imaginary axis.
One rotation every 24
hours
Consequence: Days and nights.
The Earth is divided in 24 time
zones.
2- WHAT CAUSES THE SEASONS?

7. Movements of the Earth
Revolution
The Earth moves around the Sun.
This movement is called revolution
It takes about 1 year.
One leap year every four years
The Earth is tilted at an angle on its
rotational axis
This inclination causes the different
seasons
2- WHAT CAUSES THE SEASONS?

8. Autum equinox
Winter solstice
Summer
solstice
Spring equinox
Summer in the northern
hemisphere
Summer in the southern
hemisphere
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l64YwN
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b25g4n
ZTHvM

9. 3- HOW ARE TEMPERATURE AND CLIMATE
RELATED?
Temperature
It´s the quantity of heat in the atmosphere.
It´s measured by a thermometer.
To study a climate we need to know the maximum,
the minimum and the average.

12. 3- HOW ARE TEMPERATURE AND CLIMATE
RELATED?
Climate zones
according to
temperatures
Hot climate zone
Temperate zone
Temperate zone
Cold climate zone
Cold climate zone

13. Where do you think is summer time, in the northern or in the
southern hemisphere?

14. 3- HOW ARE TEMPERATURE AND CLIMATE
RELATED?
Activity 1 on page 38.
Draw the Earth with the different climate zones.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C1cUE
XmDXgc
How many degrees Fahrenheit are 38ºC?
How many degrees Celsius are 212º F?
https://www.climatetypesforkids.com/
Activities

15. 3- HOW ARE TEMPERATURE AND CLIMATE
RELATED?

16. 4- WHAT FACTORS AFFECT
TEMPERATURE?
Factors which
affect
temperature
Latitude
Temperatures are higher near the Equator
Temperatures decrease when we move towards the
Poles.

17. 4- WHAT FACTORS AFFECT
TEMPERATURE?
Factors which
affect
temperature
Altitude
Temperatures usually decrease with altitude.
6,4º C for every thousand metres.

18. 4- WHAT FACTORS AFFECT
TEMPERATURE?
Factors which
affect
temperature
Distance from
the sea
Coastal climates are more temperate.
Inland climates are hotter in summer
and colder in winter.
London and Moscow
are at almost the
same latitude but
summer in Moscow is
warmer and winter is
colder because of
distance from the sea.

19. 4- WHAT FACTORS AFFECT
TEMPERATURE?
Activities 1 and 3 on page 39.
Activities

20. 5- WHAT FACTORS AFFECT
PRECIPITATION?
Precipitation
Humidity It’s the amount of water vapour in the air produced by
evaporation of water.
Precipitation It,s the process of water falling from the sky as
rain, snow or hail.

21. 5- WHAT FACTORS AFFECT
PRECIPITATION?
Factors affecting precipitation
Latitude
Altitude
Level of
humidity
It rains more near the Equator.
It rains more in high areas.
It rains more on the coast than inland.
Precipitation is measured in mm. or l/m².

22. 5- WHAT FACTORS AFFECT
PRECIPITATION?
It rains more near the Equator.
Mountain regions
are more rainy

23. 5- WHAT FACTORS AFFECT
PRECIPITATION?
Define humidity and precipitation.
Explain the factors that affect precipitation.
Explain the process of precipitation.
Activity 1 on page 40.
Activities

24. 6- WHAT TYPES OF RAINFALL ARE THERE ?
CONVECTIONAL
OROGRAPHIC
FRONTAL
Fuente: Essential
Geography and History,
Santillana

25. 6- WHAT TYPES OF RAINFALL ARE THERE ?
CONVECTIONAL Characteristic of hot climates.
1- The Sun heats the ground and water evaporates.
2- Vapor rises and cools.
3- Vapour condenses and form
droplets, then clouds.
4- It falls to the Earth as rain.

26. 6- WHAT TYPES OF RAINFALL ARE THERE ?
OROGRAPHIC Characteristic of montainous regions.
1- Humid air reaches a mountain.
2- The air rises and cools down.
3- Vapour condenses and form droplets, then clouds.
4- It falls to the Earth as rain.

27. 6- WHAT TYPES OF RAINFALL ARE THERE ?
FRONTAL Characteristic of places at the boundary
(front) between masses of warm air and
cold air..
1- A mass of hot, humid air
meets a mass of cold air.
2- The hot, humid air rises
and cools.
3- Vapour condenses and
form droplets, then
clouds.
4- It falls to the Earth as rain.

28. 6- WHAT TYPES OF RAINFALL ARE THERE ?
Activities
What types of rainfall are there?
What is conventional rainfall?
What is orographic rainfall?
What is frontal rainfall?
Activity 1 on page 41.

29. 7- HOW DOES ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
AFFECT THE WEATHER ?
Atmospheric
pressure
It´s the force exerted by the weight of the air.
Factors affecting atmospheric pressure
Altitude
Air
temperature
The more altitude, the less pressure.
The more temperature, the less pressure.

30. 7- HOW DOES ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
AFFECT THE WEATHER ?
Anticyclones
Depressions
Areas of high pressure.
Areas of low pressure.
The influence of weather on pressure
Anticyclones
Depressions
Dry, stable weather.
Unstable weather, rain and storms.

31. 7- HOW DOES ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
AFFECT THE WEATHER ?
Fronts Boundaries between different air masses.
Characteristic of temperate zones.
Relation between pressure and wind
H LAir moves toward low pressures.
WIND

32. 7- HOW DOES ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
AFFECT THE WEATHER ?
Activities
Define atmospheric pressure.
What factors affect atmospheric pressure?
Define anticyclon and depression.
Explain the relation between atmospheric pressure and wind

33. 8- WHAT TYPES OF WINDS ARE THERE?
Relation between pressure and wind
H LAir moves toward low pressures.
WIND
Types of winds
Prevailing winds
Periodic winds
Synoptic winds
Local winds

34. 8- WHAT TYPES OF WINDS ARE THERE?
Prevailing
winds
Always in the same direction.
Example: Trade winds (from the Tropics towards
Equator).

35. 8- WHAT TYPES OF WINDS ARE THERE?
Periodic
winds
They change direction seasonally.
Example: Monsoons
In summer monsoons blow from the Indian Ocean
towards the continent.
In winter from the continent towards the Indian
Ocean.

36. 8- WHAT TYPES OF WINDS ARE THERE?
Synoptic
winds
They change daily.
Example: Sea breezes.

37. 8- WHAT TYPES OF WINDS ARE THERE?
Trade winds Monsoons
It´s a prevailing wind: it
always blows in the same
direction.
It´s a periodic wind: It changes
direction seasonally.
From the Tropic to Equator. In South and south-east Asia.
Differences
Similarities
Both are located in the hot climate zone.

38. 8- WHAT TYPES OF WINDS ARE THERE?
Hot climate zone
Temperate
Temperate
Low pressure area: Equator
Low pressure area:
Temperate zone
Low pressure area: temperate
High pressure: cold zone
High pressure: cold zone
High pressure: Tropic of Cancer
High pressure: Tropic of
Capricornio.

39. 8- WHAT TYPES OF WINDS ARE THERE?
Local winds Influenced by surrounding geography.
Example: Cierzo in Aragón.

40. 8- WHAT TYPES OF WINDS ARE THERE?
Define wind and explain the relation between wind and air pressure.
How many different types of wind are there?
What are the prevailing winds?
What are the periodic winds?
What are the synoptic winds?
What are the local winds?
Activities 1,2 and 3 on page 43.
What is an anemeter? What is a weather vane?