This document discusses key concepts about weather and climate, including temperature, rainfall, wind, and how they vary by location. It defines weather as short-term atmospheric conditions and climate as long-term weather patterns. Temperature is influenced by factors like latitude, altitude, and daily cycles. Thermometers are used to measure air temperature in degrees Celsius. Formulas are provided to calculate mean, maximum, minimum, and range of daily, monthly, and annual temperatures.

1. CHAPTER 11 WEATHER AND CLIMATE

2. Let’s think about Singapore

6. Weather Is All Around Us Meteorologists are people who study the atmosphere Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a particular place over a short period of time Climate refers to the weather pattern of a place over a long period of time, usually 30 years or more The basic elements of weather and climate: Temperature Rainfall Wind

7. Temperature Temperature refers to the degree of hotness or coldness of the air It varies throughout the day in a place The temperature rises and falls as the Earth rotates from west to east (seasons) Places nearer the Equator are warmer throughout the year than places farther away

8. Temperature The temperature rises during the day and falls at night It also varies from place to place Temperature gets cooler as we go to higher grounds

9. Altitude Refers to the height of the land Warm air rises – this air cools as it rises and thus temperature decreases as we increase with height Thus, temperature decreases with increasing height

11. Latitude Places near the earth’s Equator (e.g.: Singapore, Malaysia) receive a higher concentration of Sun’s rays and thus more sunshine Places further away from the Equator (North pole, South pole) receive a lower concentration of sunshine as the sun’s rays are spread over a larger area. Thus that is why places further away from the equator are cooler.

13. Measuring Temperature Air temperature is measured with a thermometer The scale is in degree Celsius ( º C) Daily maximum temperature refers to the highest temperature reading for the day Daily minimum temperature refers to the lowest temperature reading for the day Glass tube Mercury or alcohol

14. Calculating Temperatures The mean daily temperature is the average temperature of a place on any one day Formula Mean daily temperature = Daily maximum Daily minimum temperature + temperature 2

15. Calculating Temperatures The daily temperature range is the difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures recorded in a day Formula Daily temperature range = Daily maximum Daily minimum temperature - temperature

16. Calculating Temperatures The mean monthly temperature is the average temperature of a place in a month Formula Mean monthly temperature = Sum of mean daily temperatures for the month Number of days in the month

17. Calculating Temperatures The mean annual temperature is the average temperature in a place within a year Formula Mean annual temperature = Sum of mean monthly temperatures in the year 12

18. Calculating Temperatures The annual temperature range is the difference between the maximum and minimum mean monthly temperatures recorded in a year Formula Annual temperature range = Maximum Minimum mean monthly - mean monthly temperature temperature