This document discusses factors that influence atmospheric pressure and wind climate. It explains that atmospheric pressure is measured by barometer and is influenced by average pressure, altitude, and air temperature. Warm air is less dense and causes low pressure areas and precipitation, while cold, dense air causes high pressure areas. Wind is caused by differences in atmospheric pressure and blows from high to low pressure areas. The document outlines some of the most important global wind patterns like trade winds and polar winds that help transport heat between cold and warm zones.
The climate of a region is ultimately determined by the radiation energy of the sun, and its distribution and temporal fluctuations. The long-term state of the atmosphere is a function of a variety of interacting elements. They are: Solar radiation, Air masses, Pressure systems (and cyclone belts),Ocean Currents, and topography.
TEMPERATURE
COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE
Layers of the ATMOSPHERE
WEATHER and CLIMATE
LATITUDINAL ZONES
ELEMENTS & CONTROLS OF WEATHER & CLIMATE
WARM MAJOR CURRENTS OF THE WORLD
Land Breeze & Sea Breeze
The climate of a region is ultimately determined by the radiation energy of the sun, and its distribution and temporal fluctuations. The long-term state of the atmosphere is a function of a variety of interacting elements. They are: Solar radiation, Air masses, Pressure systems (and cyclone belts),Ocean Currents, and topography.
TEMPERATURE
COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE
Layers of the ATMOSPHERE
WEATHER and CLIMATE
LATITUDINAL ZONES
ELEMENTS & CONTROLS OF WEATHER & CLIMATE
WARM MAJOR CURRENTS OF THE WORLD
Land Breeze & Sea Breeze
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General Atmospheric
Circulation
Unit 6b
General Circulation of the Atmosphere
• Single-cell model (Hadley, 1735)
• Assumes:
– non-rotating earth
– uniform surface
• Low Pressure at Equator (warm air rising)
• High Pressure at Poles (cold air sinking)
• Creates a thermal convection cell
Three Cell Model
• Due to earth’s rotation and other
dynamic factors there are typically 3
primary cells
– Hadley Cell (tropics)
– Midlatitude Cell (Ferrel)
– Polar Cell (polar zones)
Three Cell Model
Hadley Cell
Primary High & Low Pressure Areas
Equatorial Low Pressure (ITCZ)
Subtropical High Pressure
Subpolar Low Pressure
Polar High Pressure
Equatorial Low Pressure
Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
±10° N & S
Thermally-induced low pressure
Clouds and rain
Limited wind (doldrums)
Seasonal shift N-S
Subtropical High Pressure
• Dynamic high pressure
– subsiding air of Hadley Cell
– between 20° - 35° N & S
• Creates hot, dry air
– Clear skies, limited wind (horse latitudes)
– e.g., Bermuda High, Hawaiian High
• Strengthen/weaken seasonally
• Shift N & S with sun’s declination
Subpolar Low Pressure
• Dynamic low pressure
– air forced to rise
– along polar front
• Cool, moist, cloudy
• Frequent cyclonic storms
– e.g., Aleutian Low, Icelandic Low
• strengthen/weaken seasonally
General Circulation
(Side-View)
General Circulation – Surface Winds
Trade Winds (tropical)
Westerlies (midlatitudes)
Polar Easterlies
Trade Winds
Trade Winds (tropical)
– from subtropical highs to equatorial lows
– northeast trades & southeast trades
Westerlies
Westerlies (midlatitudes)
– from the subtropical highs to the subpolar lows (west à
east)
– tend to be wavy (meridional flow)
Polar Easterlies
Polar Easterlies
– from polar highs to subpolar lows
– variable, cold, dry winds
www.atmo.arizona.edu
General Circulation – Upper Air Flow
(geostrophic winds)
• Westerlies
– subtropics à poles
– occur as Rossby Waves Jet Streams
– areas of high wind velocity within the westerlies
• Subtropical Jet
– 20° - 50° N & S
– 10,000 – 15,000 m
• Polar Jet
– 30° - 70° N & S
– 8,000 – 12,000 m
Jet Stream
Rossby Waves
http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a0
10900/a010902/
http://www.geography.hunter.cuny.edu/tbw/wc
.notes/7.circ.atm/rossby_waves.htm
Local and Regional Winds
Ocean Circulation
Unit 6c
Local and Regional Winds
Land/Sea Breeze
Mountain/Valley Breeze
Katabatic Winds
Compressional Winds
Monsoons
Land/Sea Breeze
• thermal circulation
• best developed in summer
• land heats up during day, creates relative low
pressure forming sea breeze
• land cools off at night creates relative high pressure
forming land breeze
Mountain/Valley Breeze
• thermal circulation
• best developed in summer
• slopes heat up during the day causing an upslope
wind (valley breeze)
• slopes cool off at night causing a downslope wind
(mountain breeze)
Katabatic Wind
Cold downslope wind
cold air = greater densit ...
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Normal Cell Metabolism:
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Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
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Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
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2. INTRODUCCTION
In this article I will talk about how it influences
atmospheric pressure and wind climate. The factors of
the atmospheric pressure are the average pressure,
altitude and air temperature. And also I will discuss
the factors of the wind.
3. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
The atmospheric pressure is the weight of a
column of air on a place is measured with a
barometer and is expressed as millibars
(mb).
The average pressure is measured at sea level.
The areas with a pressure higher than the
average are anticyclones (A) and the areas of
lower pressure are depressions (B).
4. DIFFERENTS IN PRESSURE
increase in altitude.
-Air temperature: warm air is less, dense and
lighter so its tends to rise. This produces low
pressure and precipitations, cold air is denser and
heavier, so its tends to fall. Its produces: high
pressure or an anticyclone.
·Equator: permanent low pressure.
·Tropics and Poles: permanent high pressure.
·Temperate zones: high and low pressure alternates.
5. WIND
Wind is the horizontal
movement of air, it is
measured with the
anemometer and its
direction is measured
with the weather vane
that is based on the
cardinal point of the
source of the wind.
The factor that causes the
wind is the difference in
atmospheric pressure, the
wind always blows from
areas of high pressure
towards areas of low
pressure.
6. MOST IMPORTANT WINDS
On the Earth, there are constant winds that transport
hot air towards the cold zones and vice versa,
maintaining equilibrium temperatures. The most
important winds are:
-Trade winds
-West winds
-Polar winds
7. Can you tell me
what types of
currents see in
these images?
Tell me what ways
have the cold
currents and forms
the warm.
