This document discusses the Earth's movements and how they cause seasons. It explains that the Earth rotates on its axis once every 24 hours, causing day and night. It revolves around the sun once every 365 days. The tilt of the Earth's axis and its elliptical orbit cause variations in sunlight over the course of a year, resulting in seasons. The summer solstice occurs on June 21 when the North pole is most tilted toward the sun, causing the longest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere. The winter solstice is on December 22 when the North pole is most tilted away from the sun, resulting in the longest night of the year in the Northern Hemisphere. The document also discusses time zones,

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Seasons
&
Time

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Earth’s Movements
Rotation Revolution
24 Hours (1 Day) 365 Days (1 Year)
Movement
of Earth
Around the
Sun
Elliptical
Orbit

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The Earth’s Revolution & the Tilt of
the axis
cause variations in the amount of
Sunshine

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Variations
in the
amount of
Sunshine
are the
basis of
Seasons

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Recurrence of
Winter, Summer
and the Rainy
Season one after
the other on the
Earth
Seasonal Change

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Perihelion & Aphelion

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Activity 1 (Short Notes)
1. How much time does the Earth take to
complete One Revolution?
2. What is a Leap Year?
3. Difference between Rotation & Revolution
4.
5.

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Earth Takes
365 Days
5 Hours
48 Minutes
45 Seconds
to complete
one
Revolution
365 ¼
Days

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Year Total Days Balance
2016
2017 365 Days 6 Hours
2018 365 Days 6 Hours
2019 365 Days 6 Hours
2020 365 Days 6 Hours
1 Day
2020 will have 366 Days
29 Days
in
February
Leap Year  Once in 4 Year with 366 Days

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66 ½0
23 ½0
Orbital Plane
Parallelism of Axis
The Earth has an Inclination & it maintains
the Tilt throughout its Revolution

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Apparent
Movement of
Sun

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March 21 & Sep 23

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March 21 & Sep 23

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Equinoxes
 Sun over Equator
on Mar 21 & Sep 23
 Equal Sunlight
in both Hemisphere
 Equal Day & Night
In Northern
Hemisphere
from Mar –
Sep

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Summer Solstice
 Sun over Tropic of
Cancer on June 21
 Longest Day 
Northern Hemisphere
 Longest Night 
Southern Hemisphere

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Winter Solstice
 Sun over Tropic of
Capricorn on Dec 22
 Longest Night 
Northern Hemisphere
 Longest Day 
Southern Hemisphere
In Southern
Hemisphere
from Sep –
Mar

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Date Name Position of
Sun
Result
---------------- Equinox Equator Equal Day &
Night
June 21 Summer
Solstice
------------------- Long Day in N
Hem.
Sep 23 ----------------- Equator Equal Day &
Night
Dec 22 Winter
Solstice
------------------- Long Night in N
Hem.
Activity 2 (Complete the Table)

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Date Name Position
of Sun
Result
Mar 21 Equinox Equator Equal Day
& Night
June 21 Summer
Solstice
Tropic of
Cancer
Long Day in
N Hem.
Sep 23 Equinox Equator Equal Day
& Night
Dec 22 Winter
Solstice
Tropic of
Capricorn
Long Night
in N Hem.

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Spring
 Transition from Winter to Summer
 March, April Summer Months (N.H.)

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Autumn
 Transition from Summer
towards Winter
 Atmospheric Temperature
Decreases
 Short Day & Lengthy Night
 Trees Shed their Leaves
 N. Hem.  Oct, Nov

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Months
Movement of
Sun
Seasons
NH SH
Mar 21 -
June 21
Equator 
Tropic of Cancer
Spring Autumn
June 21-
Sep 23
Tropic of Cancer
 Equator
Summer Winter
Sep 23 -
Dec 22
Equator 
Tropic of Capricorn
Autumn Spring
Dec 22 –
Mar 21
Tropic of Capricorn
 Equator
Winter Summer

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Mid Latitude Region
o Seasonal Differences
are Deep
o At Tropic of Capricorn
 Longer Days &
Shorter Nights (S.H.)
o At Tropic of Cancer 
Continuous Day light in
Arctic Circle for 6 Months

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Equatorial Region
o Some Difference
in the Length of
Day & Night
o Hot Climate
throughout Year
o Not much
Seasonal Change
Polar Region
o Much Difference
in the Length of
Day & Night
o Summer 
Cooler & Shorter
o Winter 
Severe & Longer

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Traditional Seasons of India
Vasantha Mar, April
Greeshma May, June
Varsha July, Aug
Sarat Sep, Oct
Hemanta Nov, Dec
Sisira Jan, Feb

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Based on the
Apex Position of
the Sun
&
Length of Shadow
Time Calculation – Ancient Period
Later Time Calculation became Scientific

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 West East
 Sun Rises 1st in East
 24 Hours to Complete
1 Rotation
Earth's Rotation - Facts
W
E

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Sun Rises at
First in
Arunachal
Pradesh
W E

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Angular Distance of Earth = 3600
To Complete 3600 Rotation = 24 hours
[ 24 x 60 = 1440 Minutes ]
To Complete 3600 Rotation = 1440 Min.
To Complete 10 Rotation = 4 Min.
[ 1440 / 360 = 4 Minutes ]
To Complete 150 Rotation = 1 hour
[ 15 x 4 = 60 Min. (1 hour) ]

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20 10 0 10 20
11.52 11.56 12 12.4 12.8
am pm
W E
450 300 150 0 150 300 450
9.00 10.00 11.00 12 1.00 2.00 3.00
am pm
W E

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00 Longitude
Place of British Royal
Observatory
Worldwide Time
Calculation based on it
Prime Meridian
World in to 24 Time Zones
Greenwich Line
Each with 1
Hour Difference

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Global Time Zones

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Each Longitude has
Different Time
A country may have
Different Longitude
A country may have
Different Time
So
Longitude Passes thru Middle of
the Country is set as
Standard Meridian & Time
Standard Time

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Indian Standard
Time (IST)
Longitudinal Extent
= 680E – 970E
82 ½ 0E Passes
thru Middle of the
Country
82 ½ 0E is the
Standard Meridian

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Activity 3 (Complete the Table)

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1800
1650
1500
1350
0
120
1050
900
750
600
450
300
150
00
150
300
450
600
750
900
1050
1200
1350
1500
1650
1800
10 11 12
S
u
n
d
a
y
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A
m
M
o
n
d
a y
11 12
n
o
o
n
1
p
m
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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Sunday
Monday
1800
00
International Date Line
At 1800 Longitude
East & West
there is 24 Hours
Difference
Same place with
24 Hours difference


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International Date Line
Avoided Land
Area
Thru Pacific
Ocean
 It is an
Imaginary Line
Travelers who cross this from East Add 1 Day &
from West Deduct 1 Day

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Activity 4 (Globe Observation)
Observe the Globe and :
1. Find out the International Date Line
2. Identify the Continents situated to the West &
East of this Line
3. Which Travelers of these Continents will gain
one Day on crossing International Date Line
4.
5.

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Asia &
Australia
West East
N America
&
S America
Those who cross this Line and go to
N&S America will gain One Day
InternationalDateLine

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Activity 5 (Time Calculation)
What will be the time in New York (740 W) when it is noon at Greenwich
Longitudnal Difference between New York &
Greenwich = 740
Time for 10 Longitude = 4 Minuts
Time for 740 Longitude = 4 x 74 = 296 Min.
= 4 Hours 56 Min.
As New York is in West = Greenwich Time –
Time Difference
= 12 – 4 H 56 M
= 7.04 am

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Additional Activities
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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www.masocialma.blogspot.in
Michael Angelo M.A. MA (Phi.,His.)
HSA(Social Science)
St. Mary’s H.S. Palliport
mamichaelma@gmail.com
9746953695