Metabolism describes the chemical reactions that take place in cells and can be divided into two types: - Catabolic pathways break down molecules to release energy, such as cellular respiration breaking down glucose. - Anabolic pathways use energy to build molecules, like photosynthesis producing glucose from carbon dioxide and water. ATP is the cell's usable energy currency and is regenerated through catabolic pathways breaking its phosphate bonds, then replenished through anabolic pathways by adding phosphate to ADP. Photosynthesis uses light energy to produce oxygen and glucose from carbon dioxide and water, capturing solar energy as chemical bonds in glucose. This provides the basis for energy and life on Earth.

3. Metabolism
• Metabolism is all the chemical reactions
in a cell
• Two types of Metabolic Pathways
• Catabolic
• Anabolic

4. Metabolism list & describe
• Anabolic
• Uses energy from catabolic processes to build
larger molecules from smaller ones
• Ex. Photosynthesis
• Catabolic
• Release energy by breaking down larger
molecules into smaller molecules
• Ex. Cellular Respiration

5. Cell Energy (Photosynthesis and Respiration) Notes
Energy:
•Energy for living things comes from food. Originally,
the energy in food comes from the sun.

6. •Organisms that use light energy from the sun to
produce food—autotrophs (auto = self)
Ex: plants and some microorganisms (some bacteria
and protists)

7. •Organisms that CANNOT use the sun’s energy to make
food—heterotrophs
Ex: animals and most microorganisms

8. Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups
Cell Energy:
• Cells usable source of energy is called ATP
• ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate

9. • ADP stands for adenosine diphosphate
Adenine Ribose 2 Phosphate groups

10. •All energy is stored in the bonds of compounds—
breaking the bond releases the energy
•When the cell has energy available it can store this
energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP, producing
ATP

11. • ATP is converted into ADP by breaking the bond between
the second and third phosphate groups and releasing
energy for cellular processes.

12. • Photosynthesis is the process by which autotrophic
organisms use light energy to make sugar and oxygen
gas from carbon dioxide and water
Formula for PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Carbon
dioxide
Water Glucose Oxygen
gas
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

13. Overall purpose:
Photosynthesis - overview
• photosynthesis –
light chemical energy
• complements
respiration
Energy for all life on
earth ultimately comes
from photosynthesis

14. Photosynthesis - overview
– thylakoid membrane
– thylakoid space
– stroma
• light reactions: • dark reactions:
Light
H2O
Chloroplast
Light
Reactions
NADP+
P
ADP
+
ATP
NADPH
O2
Calvin
Cycle
CO2
[CH2O]
(sugar)

15. • The Calvin cycle makes
sugar from carbon
dioxide
– ATP generated by the light
reactions provides the energy
for sugar synthesis
– The NADPH produced by the
light reactions provides the
electrons for the reduction of
carbon dioxide to glucose
Light
Chloroplast
Light
reactions
Calvin
cycle
NADP
ADP
+ P
• The light reactions
convert solar energy
to chemical energy
• Produce ATP & NADPH
AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

16. Photosynthesis: An Overview
• The net overall equation for photosynthesis is:
• Photosynthesis occurs in 2 “stages”:
1. The Light Reactions (or Light-Dependent Reactions)
2. The Calvin Cycle (or Light-Independent Reactions)
16
6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2
light
Is photosynthesis an ENDERGONIC
(ender means in) or EXERGONIC
(exer –means out) reaction?

17. Phase 2: The Calvin Cycle
• In the Calvin Cycle, chemical energy (from the light
reactions) and CO2 (from the atmosphere) are used to
produce organic compounds (like glucose).
• The Calvin Cycle occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts.
17
glucose.

18. Phase 2: The Calvin Cycle
ORGANIC
COMPOUND
NADPH
NADP+
ATP
ADP
P
RuBP
CO2

19. Photosynthesis: A Recap
19
Based on this equation,
how could the rate of
photosynthesis be
measured?
The photosynthetic equation:
light
Excites
electrons
during the
light
reactions
6 H2O
Split during the
light reactions
to replace
electrons lost
from PSII
6 CO2
Provides the carbon to
produce organic
compounds during the
Calvin Cycle
Produced as a
byproduct of the
splitting of
water during the
light reactions
6 O2 C6H12O6
The organic compound
ultimately produced
during the Calvin Cycle

20. Recap video
• https://youtu.be/eo5XndJaz-Y
•

21. You DO
• Complete Star Wars Photosynthesis review
worksheet
• Small group work
• Complete Photosynthesis packet and turn in

22. Closure- Think, Pair, Share 7 min
• Discuss with partners the following questions:
• What role does ATP play in energy transfers within
a cell?
What are the reactants and products of
photosynthesis?
• After discussing, share with class when called on.

23. Do Now
• Photosynthesis EOC Questions

24. Photosynthesis: A Recap
24
Based on this equation,
how could the rate of
photosynthesis be
measured?
The photosynthetic equation:
light
Excites
electrons
during the
light
reactions
6 H2O
Split during the
light reactions
to replace
electrons lost
from PSII
6 CO2
Provides the carbon to
produce organic
compounds during the
Calvin Cycle
Produced as a
byproduct of the
splitting of
water during the
light reactions
6 O2 C6H12O6
The organic compound
ultimately produced
during the Calvin Cycle

25. Cell Energy (Photosynthesis and Respiration) Notes
Energy:
•Energy for living things comes from food. Originally,
the energy in food comes from the sun.

26. •Organisms that use light energy from the sun to
produce food—autotrophs (auto = self)
Ex: plants and some microorganisms (some bacteria
and protists)

27. •Organisms that CANNOT use the sun’s energy to make
food—heterotrophs
Ex: animals and most microorganisms

28. Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups
Cell Energy:
• Cells usable source of energy is called ATP
• ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate

29. • ADP stands for adenosine diphosphate
Adenine Ribose 2 Phosphate groups

30. •All energy is stored in the bonds of compounds—
breaking the bond releases the energy
•When the cell has energy available it can store this
energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP, producing
ATP

31. Cellular Respiration:
(2 kinds—Aerobic
and Anaerobic)
•Cellular respiration
is the process by
which the energy of
glucose is released
in the cell to be used
for life processes
(movement,
breathing, blood
circulation, etc…)

32. •Cells require a constant
source of energy for life
processes but keep only a
small amount of ATP on
hand. Cells can regenerate
ATP as needed by using the
energy stored in foods like
glucose.
•The energy stored in glucose
by photosynthesis is
released by cellular
respiration and repackaged
into the energy of ATP.

33. •Respiration occurs in ALL cells and can take place
either with or without oxygen present.

34. Aerobic Respiration: requires oxygen
• Occurs in the mitochondria of the cell
• Total of 36 ATP molecules produced
• General formula for aerobic respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6 CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy
Human cells contain a
specialized structure – the
mitochondrion – that
generates energy.

35. Summary:
3 steps:
1st glycolysis
2nd Krebs cycle
3rd Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

36. Anaerobic Respiration: occurs when no oxygen is
available to the cell (2 kinds: Alcoholic and Lactic Acid)
• Also called fermentation
• Much less ATP produced than in aerobic respiration

37. •Alcoholic fermentation—occurs in bacteria and
yeast
Process used in the baking industry—yeast
produces CO2 gas during fermentation to make dough
rise and give bread its holes
glucose ethyl alcohol + carbon dioxide + 2 ATP

38. •Lactic acid fermentation—occurs in muscle cells
Lactic acid is produced in the muscles during rapid
exercise when the body cannot supply enough oxygen
to the tissues—causes burning sensation in muscles
glucose lactic acid + carbon dioxide + 2 ATP

39. glycolysis
Anaerobic Respiration
Alcoholic fermentation
Bacteria, Yeast 2 ATP
Lactic acid fermentation
Muscle cells 2 ATP
Aerobic Respiration
36 ATP
ETC
Mitochondria
Krebs
Cycle
Cytoplasm
•First step in anaerobic respiration is also glycolysis
Diagram
C6H12O6
glucose

40. You Do:
• Complete reading pages for cellular respiration
• Identify details in the paragraph and highlight main
ideas. Answer questions 1-4.
• New USA Test Prep assignment begins
Photosynthesis DUE February 28th

41. Do Now 10 min
• EOC Style questions: Cellular Respiration

42. Recap Video- Amoeba Sisters
10 min
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Eo7JtRA7lg
• Complete the recap video worksheet as you watch
• Keep these to complete the worksheets

43. We Do 20 min
Small Groups
• Complete Cellular Respiration worksheets & readings

44. You Do
10 min
• Cellular respiration Quiz

45. Do NOW 10 min
• EOC Coach Books
• Lesson 14 pages 106-110
• Read & annotate the text answer questions 1-4

46. Small Group Work Rotations
• Complete USA Test Prep Assignments
• Continue Cellular Respiration Packets (due 02/25)
• Finish Photosynthesis Packets (LATE)
• Some forgot to complete task cards