The document outlines the processes of selective breeding and genetic modification, illustrating how plants and animals with desired traits can be developed. It details the steps involved in creating transgenic organisms using restriction enzymes and ligase, as well as the micropropagation technique for cloning plants and the process for cloning mammals, exemplified by Dolly the sheep. Additionally, it evaluates the potential benefits and ethical concerns surrounding cloning, especially in agriculture and medicine.

1. Selective Breeding
5.10 understand that plants with desired characteristics can be developed by selective breeding
5.11 understand that animals with desired characteristics can be developed by selective breeding.

2. Definition
5.10 understand that plants with desired characteristics can be developed by selective breeding
5.11 understand that animals with desired characteristics can be developed by selective breeding.
Selective Breeding:
a. Individuals with desired characteristics are
bred together
b. This is to produce offspring which express
desired characteristics.
c. Offspring with desired characteristics are
bred
d. Repeat over many generations

3. Examples:
Examples
5.10 understand that plants with desired characteristics can be developed by selective breeding
5.11 understand that animals with desired characteristics can be developed by selective breeding.
Increased yield and reduction of stem length in wheat
Increased yield of meat and milk in cattle.

4. Selective Breeding Points
5.10 understand that plants with desired characteristics can be developed by selective breeding
5.11 understand that animals with desired characteristics can be developed by selective breeding.
• Process of controlled sexual reproduction
• Potentially can take thousands of years
• Can lead to huge variation in a species.
Example: dog family

5. Selective Breeding
(a simple how to guide…. again)
5.10 understand that plants with desired characteristics can be developed by selective breeding
5.11 understand that animals with desired characteristics can be developed by selective breeding.
• Identify individual organisms that have a
desirable trait in a population.
• Breed these individuals together.
• From offspring choose those with the
desirable trait.
• Breed these offspring together.
• Continue for a long, long, long time

6. Genetic Modification
Syllabus points 5.12 – 5.20

7. Genetic
Modification
Syllabus points 5.12 – 5.20
Review the
structure of DNA:
DNA is a double-stranded molecule. The strands coil up to form a double-helix. The strands are
linked by a series of paired bases.
Thymine (T) pairs with Adenine (A)
Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C)

8. Process of Genetic Engineering
5.14 understand that large amounts of human insulin can be manufactured from genetically modified bacteria that are grown in a fermenter
The example you need to know is the creation of E coli
bacteria that makes human insulin.
However, a more fun example is Alba, the glow-in-the-dark
bunny, and pigs that makes the protein luminol (FGP)
(taken from a jellyfish!)

9. TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS
5.12 describe the use of restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sites and ligase enzymes to join pieces of DNA together
The organism that receives the new gene from a
different species is a transgenic organism.

10. PROCESS
5.12 describe the use of restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sites and ligase enzymes to join pieces of DNA together
1) Plasmids are isolated from a bacterium.
2) They are cut open with a specific restriction
enzyme.
3) The gene to be transferred is cut from the donor
DNA using the same restriction enzyme, so that the
plasmid and the gene have the same sticky ends and
can be joined together. (ends match)

11. PROCESS
5.12 describe the use of restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sites and ligase enzymes to join pieces of DNA together
4) The 'opened-up' plasmids and the isolated gene are
mixed with a DNA ligase enzyme to create
recombinant plasmids.
5) Bacteria are incubated
with the recombinant DNA.
6) Some bacteria will take up the plasmids.

12. PROCESS
5.12 describe the use of restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sites and ligase enzymes to join pieces of DNA together
7) The bacteria that have
taken up the plasmid now
contain the gene from the
donor cell. This could be a
gene controlling the
production of human
insulin.
8) So the bacterium is
transgenic.

13. Making a Transgenic Bacterium
5.12 describe the use of restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sites and ligase enzymes to join pieces of DNA together
On your diagram include the enzymes used to ‘cut’ and ‘stitch’ back to
together the DNA. Include where the Vector would be used.

14. 5.13 describe how plasmids and viruses can act as vectors, which take up pieces of DNA, then insert this recombinant DNA into other cells
• Common vectors include Viruses and
Plasmids
• Now your transgenic bacterium is complete.
All you need to do is grow it in a fermenter
and it makes lots of insulin for you!

15. Putting it all together
5.12 describe the use of restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sites and ligase enzymes to join pieces of DNA together

16. Transgenic Organism
5.16 understand that the term transgenic means the transfer of genetic material from one species to a different species. (TA)
Organism containing DNA from two or more sources
(i.e. an organism that’s been genetically engineered to
express a foreign gene)
Plants are good to genetically engineer because they
are more simple and there are fewer ethical issues.

17. Genetically modified (GM) crops are engineered to:
5.15 evaluate the potential for using genetically modified plants to improve food production (illustrated by plants with improved resistance to pests)
• Have bigger yields
• Produce their own insecticide
• Be frost resistant (e.g. frost resistant strawberries)
• Have resistance to disease
• Grow in harsher environments (e.g. drought-resistant rice)
• Grow in harsher environments (e.g. salt resistant wheat)
• Have a longer sell-by date (e.g. non-squash tomatoes)
• Be a different colour / taste to normal (e.g. chocolate
flavoured carrots)
• Have vitamins in them that they would not normally have
(e.g. golden rice)
• Have stronger taste (e.g. chilli's)
• Be easier to eat (e.g. easy-peel oranges)

18. CLONING
Syllabus points 5.17 – 5.20
Cloning is used to make many copies of a single
individual. Usually the individual has a very desirable
phenotype and has often been produced at the end
of a Selective Breeding or GE programme.
CLONES ARE: Genetically Identical Organisms
Start
2min

19. Cloning in Plants
5.18 understand how micropropagation can be used to produce commercial quantities of identical plants (clones) with desirable characteristics
The easiest way to clone a plant is to take a cutting or
a graft (asexual reproduction).
However, micro propagation (tissue culture) can be
used in large-scale cloning programmes.
Which desirable characteristics in cloned plants do you want
to express (selective breeding vs GM)?

20. Diagram of Propagation
5.17 describe the process of micropropagation (tissue culture) in which small pieces of plants (explants) are grown in vitro using nutrient media

21. Diagram of Propagation
5.17 describe the process of micropropagation (tissue culture) in which small pieces of plants (explants) are grown in vitro using nutrient media

22. Micro propagation
5.17 describe the process of micropropagation (tissue culture) in which small pieces of plants (explants) are grown in vitro using nutrient media
1) Micro-propagation - small pieces of plants
(explants) or tissue samples are grown in a Petri dish
on nutrient medium (agar).
Growing a living organism in an artificial
environment is called In Vitro.
2) Hormones / bleach are added to the explant so it
will grow into a miniature plant (a plantlet).
3) This can be done on a huge scale to produce
1000s of plantlets from a single culture.

23. Diagram of Propagation
5.17 describe the process of micropropagation (tissue culture) in which small pieces of plants (explants) are grown in vitro using nutrient media
How do you draw it?
Include vocabulary:
Auxin/Bleach
Nutrient agar
In Vitro
Cutting/Tissue Sample/explants
Plantlets
(you can include more)

24. Advantages and Disadvantages to clones
5.17 describe the process of micropropagation (tissue culture) in which small pieces of plants (explants) are grown in vitro using nutrient media

25. Animal Cloning
5.19 describe the stages in the production of cloned mammals involving the introduction of a diploid nucleus from a mature cell into an
enucleated egg cell, illustrated by Dolly the sheep
• Take an embryonic cell
• Remove it’s nucleus (enucleate it)
• Replace with the nucleus from an adult cell (from the
animal you want to clone)
• Give it an electrical shock
• The embryonic cell grows into an embryo clone of the
adult, from which the donor nucleus came

26. Animal Cloning
5.19 describe the stages in the production of cloned mammals involving the introduction of a diploid nucleus from a mature cell into an
enucleated egg cell, illustrated by Dolly the sheep
This process was used to create Dolly the
sheep

27. Animal Cloning
5.19 describe the stages in the production of cloned mammals involving the introduction of a diploid nucleus from a mature cell into an
enucleated egg cell, illustrated by Dolly the sheep

28. WHY CLONE?
5.20 evaluate the potential for using cloned transgenic animals, for example to produce commercial quantities of human antibodies or organs
for transplantation. (TA)
Cloning can be used beneficially in agriculture to
increase the yield of crop plants.
Cloning genetically engineered animals organisms
allows us to mass-produce very useful organisms
e.g. the E. coli bacterium that makes human insulin
has been cloned many times.
Now all diabetics have access to human insulin.

29. Making Insulin
5.20 evaluate the potential for using cloned transgenic animals, for example to produce commercial quantities of human antibodies or organs
for transplantation. (TA)

30. Human antibodies
5.20 evaluate the potential for using cloned transgenic animals, for example to produce commercial quantities of human antibodies or organs
for transplantation. (TA)
To make human antibodies:
1.Create transgenic mice
with human DNA (for
immune system)
2.Infect mice with disease
3.Mice produce human
antibodies to disease
4.Collect mouse blood and
remove antibodies
5.Inject sick humans with
antibodies
1)Milk it or Bleed it
2)Can give more blood

31. COMMERCIAL ORGANS FROM CLONES!!!!
5.20 evaluate the potential for using cloned transgenic animals, for example to produce commercial quantities of human antibodies or organs for
transplantation. (TA)
The key word to this syllabus point is
EVALUATE
1) Morality
2) Political
3) Religious
Start
11.15

32. The CLONE Wars!!!!
5.20 evaluate the potential for using cloned transgenic animals, for example to produce commercial quantities of human antibodies or organs
for transplantation. (TA)
Advantages
Development of cloned animals which have been genetically engineered to
produce valuable proteins in their milk or blood.
Create identical organisms with exact genetic characteristics required.
Cloning can save animals form extinction.
Disadvantages
Concerns about the ethics of cloning.
Cloning limits variation.
This can effect natural selection.
Concerns about using the technique to clone humans in the future.