This document provides an overview of electrical measurements and instrumentation engineering. It discusses why this field is important for industries with automated processes. It also outlines the key roles in this field, including maintenance engineer, service engineer, design engineer, and project engineer. Additionally, it describes the functional elements of an instrument, including the primary sensing element, variable conversion element, variable manipulation element, data transmission element, and data presentation element. Examples of block diagrams are also provided for different types of instruments.
Introduction to Mechatronics, Sensors and Transducerstaruian
Introduction: Definition, Multidisciplinary Scenario, Evolution of Mechatronics, Design of Mechatronics system, Objectives, advantages and disadvantages of Mechatronics
Transducers and sensors: Definition and classification of transducers, Difference between transducer and sensor, Definition and classification of sensors, Principle of working and applications of light sensors, proximity switches and Hall Effect sensors.
Introduction to Mechatronics, Sensors and Transducerstaruian
Introduction: Definition, Multidisciplinary Scenario, Evolution of Mechatronics, Design of Mechatronics system, Objectives, advantages and disadvantages of Mechatronics
Transducers and sensors: Definition and classification of transducers, Difference between transducer and sensor, Definition and classification of sensors, Principle of working and applications of light sensors, proximity switches and Hall Effect sensors.
To impart knowledge about the elements, techniques and sensors involved in mechatronics systems which are very much essential to understand the emerging field of automation.
digital tachometer is used to measure heart beat rate by measuring the no of pulses in the finger tip due to pumping of blood by heart.when heart pumps blood,volume of blood inside finger tip increases on the other hand when heart contracts,volume of blood inside finger tip decreases.
Contactless tachometer using 8051 microcontroller2Siddharth Shahi
A small presentation on circuit diagram and working of a digital tachometer using 8051 mc.
Reference:http://www.electronicshub.org/contactless-digital-tachometer-using-8051-microcontroller/
Tachometer using AT89S52 microcontroller with motor controlSushil Mishra
Tachometer using AT89S52 microcontroller with motor control using H bridge method
We , in this project are measuring the RPM of a motor using an IR sensor.
The motor speed and direction is made variable by use of a H-bridge method.
RPM is shown on LCD display for the two directions.
To impart knowledge about the elements, techniques and sensors involved in mechatronics systems which are very much essential to understand the emerging field of automation.
digital tachometer is used to measure heart beat rate by measuring the no of pulses in the finger tip due to pumping of blood by heart.when heart pumps blood,volume of blood inside finger tip increases on the other hand when heart contracts,volume of blood inside finger tip decreases.
Contactless tachometer using 8051 microcontroller2Siddharth Shahi
A small presentation on circuit diagram and working of a digital tachometer using 8051 mc.
Reference:http://www.electronicshub.org/contactless-digital-tachometer-using-8051-microcontroller/
Tachometer using AT89S52 microcontroller with motor controlSushil Mishra
Tachometer using AT89S52 microcontroller with motor control using H bridge method
We , in this project are measuring the RPM of a motor using an IR sensor.
The motor speed and direction is made variable by use of a H-bridge method.
RPM is shown on LCD display for the two directions.
Here my project theme is to monitor and control Transformer health using Arduino, as we all know there are both internal and external faults occur in the transformer, for internal faults we use Buchholz relay and Differential protection relay for external but it is not efficient with time. so,we use Arduino for real time protection, here we fix some values to the Arduino in the program itself according to the rating of the transformer by that we monitor and control whenever the faults occur
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
1. EE6404 - MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION
Prepared By
Tamilnesan P
AP/KCET
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2. UNIT I
INTRODUCTION
Why M&I:
• Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Engineering
deals with the design of devices to measure physical
quantities such as pressure, flow and temperature , etc... It
basically focuses on the study and application of electricity,
electronics, and electromagnetism.
• Industries with automated processes, such as chemical or
manufacturing plants require Electricity and Instrumentation
Engineering graduates for improving system productivity,
reliability, safety, optimisation, and stability.
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3. Role and Application of Measurement
and instrumentation
???
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4. SCOPE OF MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION
· Maintenance Engineer
· Service /Erection Engineer
· Design / Project Engineer
Project Engineer – If your company got a project of erecting a
plant automation, your job is to study the plant and prepare
documentation for procuring necessary instruments and
automation systems
Design Engineer – After the Project engineer proposal agreed
you have to design the plant automation system.
Erection (Installation) Engineer - After the Design guy finished
the layout and project will procure the items required. Then it
will be your job to install them.
Maintenance engineer – Maintaining the instrumentation in
manufacturing / production plant. (Diary industries, paper
industry, oil and gas industry and so on)
Service engineer – If the maintenance doesn’t know how to
troubleshoot a certain instrument, they will call for service
engineer’s help.
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5. Top 15 Test & Measurement players in India
Rank Company Name
1 Yokogawa India Ltd
2 Agilent Technologies India Pvt Ltd
3 Rohde & Schwarz India Pvt Ltd
4 Aimil Ltd
5 Aplab Ltd
6 Rishabh Instruments Pvt Ltd
7 Tektronix (India) Pvt Ltd
8 Scientech Technologies Pvt Ltd
9 JDSU India Pvt Ltd
10 Synergy Measurement Technologies Pvt Ltd
11 Scientific Mes-Technik Pvt Ltd
12 Qmax Test Equipments Pvt Ltd
13 Spirent Communications (India) Pvt Ltd
14 Meco Instruments Pvt Ltd
15 TTL Technologies Pvt Ltd
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6. Functional Elements Of An Instrument:
• As you can see, the block diagram provides you with the basic
idea of what you are going to see in detail.
• Lets start up with the first thing in the block diagram. I think you
probably don't need any explanation for this. The variable that
you want to measure is mentioned here. It is called as the
"Measurand". For example, If you want to measure current, then
current is the measurand.
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7. Most of the measurement system contains following main
functional elements as shown in Previous figure
Primary Sensing Element.
Variable Conversion Element
Variable Manipulation Element
Data Transmission Element
Data Presentation Element
Primary Sensing Element:
Next comes the Primary Sensing Element, as shown in the block
diagram. You can remember it better if i mention it as "First
Sensing Element". Thats right.
The Element (Part) of an instrument which makes first contact
with the measurand is called the primary sensing element.
For example, In Ammeter (which is used to measure current), the
coil carrying the current to be measured is the primary sensing
element.
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8. Variable conversion Element:
The output of the Primary sensing element may not be
suitable for the actual measurement system.
For example, in ammeter, the output from the coil is current,
so there we place a magnet to get a deflection due to the
current passing in the coil. So here the magnet acts as a
variable conversion element, converting current into physical
movement which is the deflection and by measuring the
amount of deflection we can measure the amount of current.
Note: Some instruments do not need this variable conversion
elements, whereas some instruments need more than one.
Also keep in mind, that the original information about the
measurand must be retained during the process of such
conversion.
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9. Variable Manipulation Element:
This is the tricky part. The level of the output from the Variable
conversion element may not be enough for the next stage.
For example, in case of ammeter if the amount of current to
be measured is so small , it may not be enough to cause any
deflection in the magnet. So here a transformer can be used
to increase the voltage to get enough deflection. So in this
case the transformer will be the Data Manipulation Element.
Note: The Variable conversion element and the variable
manipulation element are together called as Data conditioning
element since they help to obtain the signal in pure and
acceptable form from highly distorted form.
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10. Data Transmission Element:
If the elements of the system are physically separated, it is
necessary to transmit the data from one stage to the other. So
we need this Data Transmission element. The data
conditioning and the Data transmission are together called as
the intermediate stage of an Instrument.
Data Presentation Element:
So now the measuring is done and we need to present the
data in a suitable form so that it is easily understood by the
observer and for this the Data Presentation Element is used.
In case of our Ammeter Example, it is the Pointer and the
scale arrangement that acts as the Data presentation element.
If the output data is to be monitored, a visual display can be
used and if needs to be recorded then magnetic tapes ,
recorders or hard disk drives can be used. The Data
Presenting Stage may be called as the Terminating stage of
an instrument.
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12. Block schematic of an ammeter:
Block diagram of pressure gauge:
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13. Block Diagram of Thermometer:
Block Diagram of Galvanometer:
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14. Performance characteristics:
Static characteristics
Dynamic characteristics
Static Characteristics:
The set of criteria defined for the instruments, which are
used to measure the quantities which are slowly varying
with time or mostly constant, i.e. do not vary with time, is
called static characteristics.
Dynamic Characteristics:
The set of criteria defined based on such dynamic
differential equations is called dynamic characteristics.
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