This document defines and explains sets and operations on sets. It begins by defining a set as a collection of objects or elements. It then discusses set notation, listing elements within curly brackets. Various types of sets are defined, including finite, infinite, universal, and empty sets. Methods for defining sets by enumeration or description are presented. Common set operations like union, intersection, difference, and complement are defined using examples and Venn diagrams. Properties of sets and laws of sets such as commutativity, associativity, and distribution are stated. The document also discusses the real number system and subsets of real numbers. It defines absolute value and absolute value inequalities, explaining how to solve such inequalities by considering two cases.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts related to sets and real numbers. It begins by defining a set as a collection of objects or members. It describes set notation using curly brackets and commas to denote elements. It then discusses finite and infinite sets, as well as the empty set. The document explains Venn diagrams and basic set operations like union, intersection, difference, and complement. It introduces real numbers and subsets like natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, and irrational numbers. Properties of real number operations are listed. Finally, it defines absolute value and absolute value inequalities, noting they require considering two cases. Inequalities with absolute values have solutions that are the intersection of the solutions from each case.
This document defines and explains several concepts in mathematics including real numbers, absolute value, inequalities, sets, and set operations. It discusses how real numbers can be rational or irrational based on whether they have a periodic or non-periodic decimal expansion. Absolute value is defined as the distance from zero on the number line, and properties like non-negativity and the triangular inequality are covered. Inequalities and their properties like reflexivity and symmetry are also outlined. Sets are defined as collections of elements that share properties, and set operations like intersection, union, difference and complement are discussed. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate each concept.
Definiciones matemáticas:
Conjuntos
Numero Reales
Valor Absoluto
Desigualdad de valor absoluto
Planos cartesianos
Representación gráfica de las cónicas
This document defines sets and subsets, classifies different types of sets such as finite, infinite, empty and unit sets. It also discusses operations on sets like union and intersection. Real number sets such as natural, integer, rational and irrational numbers are defined. Inequalities, absolute value inequalities and their properties are explained. Intervals such as open, closed and infinite intervals are classified. The numeric plane and Cartesian product are defined. Graphical representations of conic sections like ellipses, circles, parabolas and hyperbolas are shown. Examples of solving inequalities and simplifying fractions are provided.
La siguiente presentación ejecutada por mi persona Angeli Dannielys Peña Suárez, estudiante de la Universidad Politécnica Territorial Andes Eloy Blanco te sera de gran ayuda para saber un poco mas acerca de de los conceptos y ejemplos de los conjuntos, pertenencia, agrupación, intersección, operaciones con conjuntos, los números reales y sus conjuntos, desigualdades, valor absoluto, desigualdades con valor absoluto, plano numérico y las cónicas.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts related to sets and real numbers. It begins by defining a set as a collection of objects or members. It describes set notation using curly brackets and commas to denote elements. It then discusses finite and infinite sets, as well as the empty set. The document explains Venn diagrams and basic set operations like union, intersection, difference, and complement. It introduces real numbers and subsets like natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, and irrational numbers. Properties of real number operations are listed. Finally, it defines absolute value and absolute value inequalities, noting they require considering two cases. Inequalities with absolute values have solutions that are the intersection of the solutions from each case.
This document defines and explains several concepts in mathematics including real numbers, absolute value, inequalities, sets, and set operations. It discusses how real numbers can be rational or irrational based on whether they have a periodic or non-periodic decimal expansion. Absolute value is defined as the distance from zero on the number line, and properties like non-negativity and the triangular inequality are covered. Inequalities and their properties like reflexivity and symmetry are also outlined. Sets are defined as collections of elements that share properties, and set operations like intersection, union, difference and complement are discussed. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate each concept.
Definiciones matemáticas:
Conjuntos
Numero Reales
Valor Absoluto
Desigualdad de valor absoluto
Planos cartesianos
Representación gráfica de las cónicas
This document defines sets and subsets, classifies different types of sets such as finite, infinite, empty and unit sets. It also discusses operations on sets like union and intersection. Real number sets such as natural, integer, rational and irrational numbers are defined. Inequalities, absolute value inequalities and their properties are explained. Intervals such as open, closed and infinite intervals are classified. The numeric plane and Cartesian product are defined. Graphical representations of conic sections like ellipses, circles, parabolas and hyperbolas are shown. Examples of solving inequalities and simplifying fractions are provided.
La siguiente presentación ejecutada por mi persona Angeli Dannielys Peña Suárez, estudiante de la Universidad Politécnica Territorial Andes Eloy Blanco te sera de gran ayuda para saber un poco mas acerca de de los conceptos y ejemplos de los conjuntos, pertenencia, agrupación, intersección, operaciones con conjuntos, los números reales y sus conjuntos, desigualdades, valor absoluto, desigualdades con valor absoluto, plano numérico y las cónicas.
The document defines key mathematical concepts such as sets, set operations, real numbers, inequalities, and absolute value. It discusses how sets are collections of elements that can be defined by a shared property. Common set operations include union, intersection, difference, and cartesian product. Real numbers include rational and irrational numbers and can be represented on the real number line. Inequalities and absolute value are also defined, with examples given of how to solve equations involving these concepts.
This document defines sets and set operations like union, intersection, difference, and complement. It also defines real numbers and their properties. Key concepts covered include:
- A set contains elements that share common properties. Sets are denoted with capital letters and elements with lowercase letters.
- Set operations combine sets. Union combines all elements, intersection keeps common elements only, difference removes common elements, and complement includes all elements not in the set.
- Real numbers include rational numbers like integers and fractions, and irrational numbers like algebraic and transcendental numbers.
- Inequalities relate quantities using symbols like <, ≤, >, ≥. Absolute value inequalities decompose into compound inequalities.
The document discusses different mathematical concepts related to sets, real numbers, inequalities, and absolute value. It defines sets and set operations like union, intersection, difference, and complement. It describes the different types of real numbers like irrational, rational, integer, and natural numbers. It also defines mathematical inequalities and absolute value, explaining how to solve inequalities involving absolute value.
Este archivo te servirá para recordar y manejar mejor temas sobre los números reales y conjuntos ademas de valor absoluto, así como también una serie de ejercicio resueltos que te ayudaran a entender mejor la teoría
The document discusses various mathematical concepts including sets, real numbers, inequalities, and absolute value. It defines what a set is and provides examples of set operations like union, intersection, difference, and complement. It also defines different types of real numbers such as rational and irrational, algebraic and transcendental. Additionally, it discusses inequalities and absolute value inequalities, explaining how to solve absolute value equations by considering two cases.
The document defines key concepts in set theory and geometry, including:
- Sets can group elements that share properties and be grouped themselves.
- Georg Cantor introduced set theory and studied infinite sets of different sizes.
- Sets can be finite, infinite, unitary, empty, homogeneous, or heterogeneous.
- Subsets are sets within other sets.
- The Cartesian plane uses real number pairs (x,y) to represent geometric points.
- Distance between points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) is the square root of the sum of the squared differences of their coordinates.
- The midpoint of points (x1,y1) and (x2,
The document defines basic concepts about sets and real numbers. It explains that a set is a grouping of elements that share a common property, and can be defined either by explicitly listing the elements (extension) or by describing their common characteristic (comprehension). It also discusses subsets, set operations like union and intersection, and classifications of real numbers. Finally, it covers inequalities and solving inequations by applying properties of inequalities to transform them until reaching the solution set.
The document discusses equations and their definitions and classifications. It defines equality, equations, identities, variables, terms of an equation, numerical and literal equations, types of equations including polynomial, rational, radical, and absolute value equations. It provides examples of solving linear, rational, and word problems involving equations. Key steps in solving equations are outlined such as isolating the variable, using properties of equality, and verifying solutions.
The document discusses real numbers. It defines real numbers as numbers that have either a periodic or non-periodic decimal expansion. It presents an overview of the real number system, including subsets like integers, natural numbers, and rational numbers. Rational numbers are defined as fractions of integers, and irrational numbers are numbers with non-periodic decimal expansions, such as square roots and pi. The real number line is described as compact, with rational and irrational numbers densely packed. Properties of addition, multiplication, and inequalities on the real number line are also covered.
This document defines sets and set operations like union, intersection, difference, and symmetric difference. It discusses types of numbers like natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, and real numbers. It also covers absolute value and absolute value inequalities. The key topics covered are the definition of a set, set operations and their symbols, classifications of different number types, and how to solve absolute value inequalities.
This document defines sets and set operations like union, intersection, difference, and Cartesian product. It also defines real numbers and their properties under addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Inequalities and absolute value are introduced, along with properties of absolute value inequalities. Key points covered include defining sets by listing elements or using properties, the empty set and universal set, Venn diagrams for visualizing sets, and properties of real number operations that maintain their results as real numbers.
The document discusses sets and real numbers. It defines what a set is and provides examples of set operations like union, intersection, difference and symmetric difference. It then defines real numbers as numbers that have a periodic or non-periodic decimal expansion. Real numbers include rational numbers like integers and fractions as well as irrational numbers. Properties of real numbers like commutativity, associativity and distributivity are stated. Inequalities and absolute value are also explained.
This document defines key concepts related to real numbers and numerical sets. It discusses properties of numerical sets including commutativity, associativity and distributivity. It also defines operations with numerical sets such as addition, multiplication, inverses and identities. Additionally, it covers topics like intervals, inequalities, absolute value and their properties and applications.
This document defines sets and real numbers. It discusses:
- Sets can be represented by uppercase letters and elements by lowercase letters. Operations on sets include union, intersection, difference, and complement.
- The real number system includes natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, and transcendental numbers. Real numbers are represented by R.
- Properties of real numbers under operations like addition, multiplication, distributivity, identity, inverses, and inequalities are explained. Desigualdades (inequalities) can be absolute or conditional.
This document defines and explains various sets of numbers including natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, and real numbers. It provides properties and examples of operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on real numbers. Key points covered include:
- The definitions of natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, and real numbers as sets.
- Properties of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division for real numbers like commutativity, associativity, identity elements, and opposites.
- Absolute value and inequalities involving absolute value.
This document defines sets and set operations like union, intersection, and difference. It discusses determining sets by listing elements (extension) or describing a shared property (comprehension). Real numbers are defined as the union of rational and irrational numbers. Inequalities and absolute value are also explained, along with solving simple inequalities involving these concepts. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate the definitions and operations.
This document defines sets and real numbers from a mathematical foundations perspective. It discusses collections of objects and their common characteristics, ways to represent sets through listing, comprehension, or verbal description. It introduces set notation such as elements, subsets, unions, intersections, complements and differences. It also defines special sets like the empty set and finite vs infinite sets. Finally, it discusses properties of operations on sets and axioms of real numbers.
This document discusses different types of real numbers including natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, and irrational numbers. It defines each set of numbers and provides examples. The key points are:
- Natural numbers are the counting numbers and are denoted by N. Integers include natural numbers and their opposites, denoted by Z.
- Rational numbers are numbers that can be expressed as fractions of integers, denoted by Q. Irrational numbers have non-periodic decimal expressions like√2.
- The set of real numbers R consists of the union of rational numbers and irrational numbers. Real numbers can be represented on a number line.
The document defines key mathematical concepts such as sets, set operations, real numbers, inequalities, and absolute value. It discusses how sets are collections of elements that can be defined by a shared property. Common set operations include union, intersection, difference, and cartesian product. Real numbers include rational and irrational numbers and can be represented on the real number line. Inequalities and absolute value are also defined, with examples given of how to solve equations involving these concepts.
This document defines sets and set operations like union, intersection, difference, and complement. It also defines real numbers and their properties. Key concepts covered include:
- A set contains elements that share common properties. Sets are denoted with capital letters and elements with lowercase letters.
- Set operations combine sets. Union combines all elements, intersection keeps common elements only, difference removes common elements, and complement includes all elements not in the set.
- Real numbers include rational numbers like integers and fractions, and irrational numbers like algebraic and transcendental numbers.
- Inequalities relate quantities using symbols like <, ≤, >, ≥. Absolute value inequalities decompose into compound inequalities.
The document discusses different mathematical concepts related to sets, real numbers, inequalities, and absolute value. It defines sets and set operations like union, intersection, difference, and complement. It describes the different types of real numbers like irrational, rational, integer, and natural numbers. It also defines mathematical inequalities and absolute value, explaining how to solve inequalities involving absolute value.
Este archivo te servirá para recordar y manejar mejor temas sobre los números reales y conjuntos ademas de valor absoluto, así como también una serie de ejercicio resueltos que te ayudaran a entender mejor la teoría
The document discusses various mathematical concepts including sets, real numbers, inequalities, and absolute value. It defines what a set is and provides examples of set operations like union, intersection, difference, and complement. It also defines different types of real numbers such as rational and irrational, algebraic and transcendental. Additionally, it discusses inequalities and absolute value inequalities, explaining how to solve absolute value equations by considering two cases.
The document defines key concepts in set theory and geometry, including:
- Sets can group elements that share properties and be grouped themselves.
- Georg Cantor introduced set theory and studied infinite sets of different sizes.
- Sets can be finite, infinite, unitary, empty, homogeneous, or heterogeneous.
- Subsets are sets within other sets.
- The Cartesian plane uses real number pairs (x,y) to represent geometric points.
- Distance between points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) is the square root of the sum of the squared differences of their coordinates.
- The midpoint of points (x1,y1) and (x2,
The document defines basic concepts about sets and real numbers. It explains that a set is a grouping of elements that share a common property, and can be defined either by explicitly listing the elements (extension) or by describing their common characteristic (comprehension). It also discusses subsets, set operations like union and intersection, and classifications of real numbers. Finally, it covers inequalities and solving inequations by applying properties of inequalities to transform them until reaching the solution set.
The document discusses equations and their definitions and classifications. It defines equality, equations, identities, variables, terms of an equation, numerical and literal equations, types of equations including polynomial, rational, radical, and absolute value equations. It provides examples of solving linear, rational, and word problems involving equations. Key steps in solving equations are outlined such as isolating the variable, using properties of equality, and verifying solutions.
The document discusses real numbers. It defines real numbers as numbers that have either a periodic or non-periodic decimal expansion. It presents an overview of the real number system, including subsets like integers, natural numbers, and rational numbers. Rational numbers are defined as fractions of integers, and irrational numbers are numbers with non-periodic decimal expansions, such as square roots and pi. The real number line is described as compact, with rational and irrational numbers densely packed. Properties of addition, multiplication, and inequalities on the real number line are also covered.
This document defines sets and set operations like union, intersection, difference, and symmetric difference. It discusses types of numbers like natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, and real numbers. It also covers absolute value and absolute value inequalities. The key topics covered are the definition of a set, set operations and their symbols, classifications of different number types, and how to solve absolute value inequalities.
This document defines sets and set operations like union, intersection, difference, and Cartesian product. It also defines real numbers and their properties under addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Inequalities and absolute value are introduced, along with properties of absolute value inequalities. Key points covered include defining sets by listing elements or using properties, the empty set and universal set, Venn diagrams for visualizing sets, and properties of real number operations that maintain their results as real numbers.
The document discusses sets and real numbers. It defines what a set is and provides examples of set operations like union, intersection, difference and symmetric difference. It then defines real numbers as numbers that have a periodic or non-periodic decimal expansion. Real numbers include rational numbers like integers and fractions as well as irrational numbers. Properties of real numbers like commutativity, associativity and distributivity are stated. Inequalities and absolute value are also explained.
This document defines key concepts related to real numbers and numerical sets. It discusses properties of numerical sets including commutativity, associativity and distributivity. It also defines operations with numerical sets such as addition, multiplication, inverses and identities. Additionally, it covers topics like intervals, inequalities, absolute value and their properties and applications.
This document defines sets and real numbers. It discusses:
- Sets can be represented by uppercase letters and elements by lowercase letters. Operations on sets include union, intersection, difference, and complement.
- The real number system includes natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, and transcendental numbers. Real numbers are represented by R.
- Properties of real numbers under operations like addition, multiplication, distributivity, identity, inverses, and inequalities are explained. Desigualdades (inequalities) can be absolute or conditional.
This document defines and explains various sets of numbers including natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, and real numbers. It provides properties and examples of operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on real numbers. Key points covered include:
- The definitions of natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, and real numbers as sets.
- Properties of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division for real numbers like commutativity, associativity, identity elements, and opposites.
- Absolute value and inequalities involving absolute value.
This document defines sets and set operations like union, intersection, and difference. It discusses determining sets by listing elements (extension) or describing a shared property (comprehension). Real numbers are defined as the union of rational and irrational numbers. Inequalities and absolute value are also explained, along with solving simple inequalities involving these concepts. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate the definitions and operations.
This document defines sets and real numbers from a mathematical foundations perspective. It discusses collections of objects and their common characteristics, ways to represent sets through listing, comprehension, or verbal description. It introduces set notation such as elements, subsets, unions, intersections, complements and differences. It also defines special sets like the empty set and finite vs infinite sets. Finally, it discusses properties of operations on sets and axioms of real numbers.
This document discusses different types of real numbers including natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, and irrational numbers. It defines each set of numbers and provides examples. The key points are:
- Natural numbers are the counting numbers and are denoted by N. Integers include natural numbers and their opposites, denoted by Z.
- Rational numbers are numbers that can be expressed as fractions of integers, denoted by Q. Irrational numbers have non-periodic decimal expressions like√2.
- The set of real numbers R consists of the union of rational numbers and irrational numbers. Real numbers can be represented on a number line.
This document defines key concepts related to real numbers and sets. It discusses the properties of real numbers, including their characteristics as being ordered, integral, and infinite. It also defines natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, and irrational numbers. The document then covers basic set operations like union, intersection, difference, symmetric difference, and complement. It concludes by defining absolute value and describing inequalities and properties of real numbers like closure of addition/multiplication.
This document discusses several mathematical concepts including sets, real numbers, inequalities, and absolute value. It provides examples and properties for each concept. Sets can be defined by listing elements or with a common characteristic. Real numbers include natural numbers, integers, rationals, and irrationals. Properties of real numbers include closure under addition and multiplication. Inequalities can be solved using the same methods as equations while maintaining the inequality sign. Absolute value gives the distance of a number from zero and has properties related to products and sums.
The document defines key concepts in real numbers and the number plane. It discusses the sets of natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, irrational numbers and their properties. It also covers operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and distribution. Graphical representations of conic sections like circles, ellipses, parabolas and hyperbolas are shown. Examples of distance and midpoint on the number plane are provided, along with inequalities and absolute value exercises.
1) The document defines sets and set operations such as union, intersection, difference, and complement. It provides examples of using Venn diagrams to represent sets and set operations.
2) Real numbers are defined as numbers that have either a periodic or non-periodic decimal expansion. Real numbers include rational numbers like integers and fractions as well as irrational numbers like algebraic and transcendental numbers.
3) Mathematical inequality relates two algebraic expressions whose values are different, using symbols like <, >, ≤, ≥ to represent relationships like greater than, less than, etc.
This document discusses the real number system and its properties. It begins by describing how the set of real numbers is constructed by successive extensions of the natural numbers to include integers, rational numbers, and irrational numbers. It then establishes a one-to-one correspondence between real numbers and points on the real number line. Key properties of real numbers discussed include algebraic properties like closure under addition/multiplication, as well as properties of order and completeness. The document also covers intervals, inequalities, and the absolute value of real numbers.
Conjuntos y valor absoluto, valor absoluto con desifgualdadesYerelisLiscano
definición de conjuntos, conjuntos reales propiedades de los conjuntos, desigualdades, propiedades de las desigualdades, valor absoluto, propiedades del valor absoluto y valor absolito con desigualdades.
This document discusses sets and real numbers. It defines what a set is and provides examples of how to write sets using roster and set-builder notation. It describes the basic set operations of union, intersection, and complement. The document then defines different types of numbers, including natural numbers, whole numbers, integers, rational numbers, and irrational numbers. Real numbers are defined as the union of rational and irrational numbers. The document also discusses approximations and operations on real numbers in algebra using symbols like +, -, *, and /.
Lesson2_MathematicalLanguageAndSymbols _Lesson 2.1_VariablesAndTheLanguageOfSets.pdf
This pdf tackles about the Mathematical Language and Symbols and the Variables and the Language of Sets.
This presentation contains definitions, tables, illustrations as well as examples.
I hope you'll find this helpful.
The document discusses real numbers and their classification. Real numbers can be classified as natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, algebraic numbers, and transcendental numbers. It defines addition and multiplication operations on real numbers and their properties, such as commutativity, associativity, and distributivity. It also discusses inequalities, absolute value, and absolute value inequalities.
The document defines sets and set operations. A set is a collection of distinct elements that have common properties. Sets can be finite or infinite. Elements are denoted by lowercase letters and sets by uppercase letters. There are two ways to denote a set: by enumeration and by property. Basic set operations are defined such as union, intersection, difference, and complement. Properties of sets and set operations are also discussed.
The document discusses mathematical sets and operations on sets. It defines what a set is and provides examples of common numeric sets like the set of natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, and real numbers. It then explains operations that can be performed on sets, such as union, intersection, difference, symmetric difference, and complement. It also discusses inequalities and absolute value for real numbers. The key information is that the document defines mathematical sets, provides examples of common numeric sets, and explains common set operations like union, intersection, difference, etc.
The document defines and classifies real numbers and discusses their properties. It begins by defining real numbers as any numbers that correspond to a point on the real number line, including natural numbers, integers, rationals, and irrationals. It then discusses how real numbers can be represented on the real number line between negative and positive infinity. The document proceeds to classify real numbers into different subsets and provide examples of each. It also outlines important properties of real numbers like commutativity, identity, distributivity, and associativity. Finally, it discusses inequalities and absolute value.
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
1. REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA
MINISTERIO DEL PODER POPULAR PARA LA EDUCACIÓN UNIVERSITARIA
UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA TERRITORIAL
“ANDRES ELOY BLANCO”
BARQUISIMETO ESTADO LARA
Operaciones con conjuntos.
Números Reales
Desigualdades.
Definición de Valor
Absoluto
Desigualdades con
Valor Absoluto
PARTICIPANTE:
Jeancarlos Freitez
CI: 14031831
Sección: DL0300
BARQUISIMETO MARZO 2021
2. CONJUNTO
DEFINICIÓN
De acuerdo a Spiegel, un conjunto es una colección de objetos llamados miembros o
elementos del conjunto. Algunos sinónimos de conjunto son: clase, grupo y colección.
Para Marques, un conjunto es un agregado o colección de objetos de cualquier naturaleza con
características bien definidas de manera que se puedan distinguir todos sus elementos. A los
objetos que lo componen se les llama elementos del conjunto.
NOTACIÓN
Un conjunto se denota con una letra mayúscula A, B, C y el elemento por una letra
minúscula a, b.
A los elementos se les encierra entre llaves ( {} ) y se separan por comas ( , ).
Ejemplos:
1. El conjunto D cuyos elementos son los números que aparecen al lanzar
un dado.
D = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
2. El conjunto de días de la semana.
S = {Lunes, Martes, Miércoles, Jueves, Viernes, Sábado, Domingo}
3. El conjunto de las vocales.
V = {a, e, i, o, u}
4. El conjunto de los enteros positivos menores que 10.
P = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
MÉTODOS PARA DEFINICIÓN DE CONJUNTOS
Al definir un conjunto se puede hacer de dos formas:
Método de Extensión o Numeración
En este método se hace un listado de sus elementos, si esto es posible.
Ejemplos:
1. El conjunto de las vocales en el alfabeto.
V = {a, e, i, o, u}
2. Lanzamiento de un par de dados comunes
3. D = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
3. El conjunto de los triángulos en un plano.
El método de extensión para este caso no se puede utilizar.
Método de Comprensión o Descripción
Se describe alguna propiedad conservada por todos sus miembros y por los no miembros.
Ejemplos:
1. El conjunto de las vocales en el alfabeto.
V = {x | x es una vocal}
2 El conjunto de los triángulos en un plano
T = {x | x es un triángulo en un plano}
El conjunto del ejemplo 1 se lee “El conjunto de los elementos x tales que x es una vocal”.
La línea vertical | se lee “tal que” ó “dado que”. Para el ejemplo 2, se lee “El conjunto de los
elementos x dado que x es un triángulo en un plano”
TIPOS DE CONJUNTOS
Según la cantidad de elementos que tenga un conjunto, éstos se pueden clasificar de la
siguiente manera:
Conjuntos Finitos
Son los que tienen un número conocido de elementos.
Ejemplos:
El conjunto de números que aparecen al lanzar un dado.
El conjunto de días de la semana.
El conjunto de las vocales.
El conjunto de los enteros positivos menores que 10.
Conjuntos Infinitos
Son lo que tienen un número ilimitado de elementos.
El conjunto de los números reales
El conjunto de los números reales entre 2 y 5
Conjunto universal
Es el conjunto de todos los elementos considerados en un problema o situación dada.
4. Ejemplos:
1. Si solo se desea trabajar con los números reales positivos, el conjunto
universal será U = R+ = (0, +∞)
2. Si se quiere trabajar con los números que aparecen en un dado, el conjunto
universal será U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Se puede notar que el conjunto universal no es único, depende de la situación.
Conjunto vacío
Un conjunto que no tiene elementos y se denota por ∅ ó { }
Ejemplos:
1. El conjunto A = {x ∈ ! / !!+ 1 = 0} es un conjunto vacío porque no hay
ningún número real que satisfaga !!+ 1 = 0.
2. El conjunto de los meses del año con 27 días.
DIAGRAMAS DE VENN
Cualquier figura geométrica cerrada (círculos, rectángulos, triángulos, óvalos, etc) sirve
para representar gráficamente las operaciones entre conjuntos, estos gráficos son llamados
Diagramas de Venn.
Normalmente, al conjunto universal se le representa con un rectángulo y los conjuntos con
un círculo o elipse, tal y como se muestra en la siguiente figura:
Los diagramas de Venn en ningún momento constituyen una prueba matemática; sin
embargo, permiten tener una visión intuitiva de la relación que puede existir entre los
conjuntos.
OPERACIONES DE CONJUNTOS
Unión
El conjunto de todos los elementos que pertenecen a A o a B, o tanto a A como a B, se llama
la unión de A y B y se escribe A ∪ B. (Área sombreada).
5. Intersección
El conjunto de todos los elementos que pertenecen simultáneamente a A y B se llama la
intersección de A y B y se escribe A ∩ B. (Área sombreada).
Diferencia
El conjunto que consiste en todos los elementos de A que no pertenecen a B se llama la
diferencia de A y B y se escribe A – B. (Área sombreada).
Complemento
Son todos los conjuntos no en A y se escribe A’. (Área sombreada).
7. LOS NÚMEROS NATURALES
Los números Naturales (N) los numero entero (Z), todos números enteros es un numero
Racional (Q) y todo numero racional es un número real(R). Se puede escribir:
𝑁 ⊂ 𝑍 ⊂ 𝑄 ⊂ 𝑅
El conjunto I no tienen elementos comunes con Q. por lo tanto, la intersección de ambos
de ambos conjuntos es el conjunto vacío, lo cual en símbolos se expresa así: Q ∩ 𝐼 =⊘
Pero el conjunto I es subconjunto de R, es decir 𝐼 ⊂ 𝑅.
Los subconjuntos notables de R son:
El conjunto de los números reales sin el cero, que se denota así: 𝑅+
= 𝑅 − {0}
El conjunto de los números reales positivos que se denota así: 𝑅+
El conjunto de los números reales negativo que se denota asi: 𝑅−
A la unión del conjunto I de los números irracionales con el conjunto Q de los
números racionales se le llama conjuntos de los números reales y se denota con la
letra 𝑅 = 𝑄 ∪ 𝐼
Conjuntos Numéricos
Números Naturales (𝑁) 𝑁 = (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 … … … … … )
Números Enteros (𝑍) 𝑍 = (… … … . −3, −2, −1,0, 1, 2, 3 … … )
Números Racionales (𝑄) 𝑄 = (… . ; −2; −1; − 1
2
⁄ ; 0; 1
2
⁄ ; 1; 3
2
⁄ ; 2 … … … . . )
Números Irracionales (𝐼) 𝐼 = (… . . ; 𝜋, √7;
3
2
𝜋; √29; ℮; … … . )
Números Reales (ℝ) ℝ = (… . . ; −2; −1; 0; 1;
3
2
𝜋; √2: ℮; 2; 3 … . . )
𝑁 ∩ 𝑍−
=⊘. el conjunto de los números naturales no tienen elementos en común
con el subconjunto de los enteros negativos, por lo tanto, su intersección es conjunto
vacío.
𝑄−
∪ 𝑄+
= 𝑄∗
. AL UNIR LOS subconjuntos 𝑄−
y 𝑄+
se obtienen todos los
racionales negativos y positivos sin el cero, es decir , 𝑄∗
.
𝐼 ∩ 𝑅−
= 𝐼−
. Al intersectar los irracionales con los reales negativos, los elementos
comunes a ambos son los irracionales negativos.
8. 𝑁 ∪ 𝐼 = 𝑁 ∪ 𝐼. Como el conjunto 𝑁 no tiene elementos en común con el conjunto
𝐼, su union no corresponde a ningun a ningún conjunto o subconjunto notable y
por ello el resultado se expresa de esa forma.
𝑅∗
∪ {0} = 𝑅. El conjunto de todos los números reales sin el cero se denota así: 𝑅∗
,
por lo tanto al unirlo con el cero se obtienen todo el conjunto
PROPIEDADES
La suma de dos números reales es cerrada, es decir, si a y b ∈ ℜ, entonces a+b ∈ ℜ.
La suma de dos números reales es conmutativa, entonces a+b=b+a.
La suma de números es asociativa, es decir, (a+b)+c = a+(b+c).
La suma de un número real y cero es el mismo número; a+0=a.
Para cada número real existe otro número real simétrico, tal que su suma es igual a 0:
a+(-a)=0
La multiplicación de dos números reales es cerrado: si a y b ∈ ℜ, entonces a . b ∈ ℜ.
La multiplicación de dos números es conmutativa, entonces a . b= b. a.
El producto de números reales es asociativo: (a.b).c= a.(b .c)
En la multiplicación, el elemento neutro es el 1: entonces, a . 1= a.
Para cada número real a diferente de cero, existe otro número real llamado el inverso
multiplicativo, tal que: a . a-1 = 1.
Si a, b y c ∈ ℜ, entonces a(b+c)= (a . b) + (a . c)
VALOR ABSOLUTO
El valor absoluto de un número |𝑥|, es el valor no negativo de x sin importar el signo, sea
positivo o negativo. Asi, 7 es el valor absoluto de +7 y de -7
El valor absoluto de un número real a, denotado por |𝑎|, se cómo:
|𝑎| = {
𝑎 𝑠𝑖 𝑎 ≥ 0
−𝑎 𝑠𝑖 < 0
O sea, el valor absoluto de un número real es igual al mismo número si este es 0 ó positivo y
es igual a su inverso aditivo si es negativo
Sabemos que todo numero positivo x tiene dos raíces cuadradas, una positiva y otra negativa.
A la positiva la denotamos con √𝑥 y a la negativa con -√𝑥.
9. Considerando que √𝑎2 es raíz cuadrada positiva de 𝑎2
, se tiene que:
√𝑎2 = |𝑎|
De la definición obtenemos que:
1. |𝑎| ≥ 0; ⋁𝑎 ∈ 𝑅
2. −|𝑎| ≤ 𝑎 ≤ |𝑎|;∨ 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅
3. |𝑥| = 𝑎 ⇔ 𝑥 = 𝑎 ó 𝑥 = −𝑎
DESIGUALDADES DE VALOR ABSOLUTO
Una desigualdad de valor absoluto es una desigualdad que tiene un signo de valor absoluto
con una variable dentro.
La desigualdad | x | < 4 significa que la distancia entre x y 0 es menor que 4.
Así, x > -4 Y x < 4. El conjunto solución es {𝑥 ∥ −4 < 𝑥 < 4}.
Cuando se resuelven desigualdades de valor absoluto, hay dos casos a considerar.
Caso 1: La expresión dentro de los símbolos de valor absoluto es positiva.
Caso 2: La expresión dentro de los símbolos de valor absoluto es negativa.
La solución es la intersección de las soluciones de estos dos casos.
En otras palabras, para cualesquier números reales a y b, si | a | < b, entonces a < b Y a >- b
La desigualdad | x | > 4 significa que la distancia entre x y 0 es mayor que 4.
Así, x < -4 O x > 4.