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vis economics. Slope Stability Radar being an advanced monitoring system, gives advance information
for slope movement.
pillar design in coal mines, different pillar design approaches, salmon versus sheorey formulae, panel stability, diffrent approaches, local mine stiffness
THE ITALIAN EXPERTS IN THE SERVICE OF SAFETY IN OIL, BRIDGES, DAMS, MINES AND TUNNELING
Mr. LAMANNA Luigi Franco
INDEPENDENT CONSULTANT TUNNELING , MINING AND OIL
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TBM AND SOFT SOIL EPB SHIELDS
EXPERT AND CONSULTANT IN STRUCTURAL REINFORCEMENT
(WOOD, MASONRY AND CONCRETE)
LAMANNA Luigi Franco, performs for 40 years professional consulting and technical direction in the various sectors of civil, industrial, military, hydraulics, railway, highway and in the last 20 years in the sector of “tunneling” and “mining” on the correct use of special “resins” and related technologies for consolidation, repair and maintenance of masonry, concrete, iron and wood.
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distribution of the factor of safety verses the variables. A sensitivity analysis is then applied to the output
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and degrees of saturation. Based on the laboratory calibration test results, a method to
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established with the cone resistance and degree of saturation. Slight modification was
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3. Outline of the Presentation
Objective of the Study.
Methodology.
Literature Review.
Factors which Influencing Slope Stability of dump.
Modes of slope failure.
Slope Stability Assessment.
Input parameters for the Numerical Modeling.
Numerical models
Conclusions
References.
4. Objectives
The prime objectives of the project are addressed
towards:
– Evaluating stability of waste dump in an open cast mine
– Optimizing the stability of dump slopes in an opencast mine using
numerical models
5. Methodology
• Extensive literature review has been carried out for understanding the
different modes of slope failures.
• Numerical model FLAC/Slope was critically reviewed for its application to
evaluation of the stability of slopes.
• Field investigations
• Information/data has been collected from a case study of a mine, as well as
from the literature.
• Parametric studies have been conducted through FLAC/Slope to study the
effect of cohesion and friction angle.
6. Slope stability problem is the greatest problem faced by the open pit mining
and civil engineering areas.
An understanding of geology, hydrology, and rock properties is the central to
applying slope stability principles properly.
In slope stability analysis we determine the Factor of Safety as a ratio of
resisting forces to driving forces
Fs = Resisting Force / Driving Force
Theoretically, any slope with a Factor of Safety less than one will fail and any
slope with a factor of safety greater than one will not.
Design focuses on the rock slope parameters and geometry that will provide the
maximum factor of safety.
INTRODUCTION
7. Factors affecting slope stability of a dump
– Grain Size Distribution of the waste rock (dump) material.
– Atterberg limits like Liquid limit, Plastic limit ,Shrinkage limit and Plasticity
index.
– Co-efficient of permeability
– Bulk density of dump mass
– Shear strength parameters
Geo technical parameters:
8. • Effect on the shear strength parameters of dump materials due to water
saturation during rainy season.
• Upward thrust of water i.e. hydro-static force due to accumulated water table
within the dump.
• Seepage force of water due to accumulated water table within the dump.
• Seepage due to surface drainage of water flowing through the gullies formed
at the Surface of the dump.
Hydro-geological parameters influencing dump Slope Stability:
9. Geo-mining parameters
• Mine floor inclination
• Seismicity of the area and blast vibration of quarry on the dump
• Profile of the dump
11. Assessment of Slope Stability
Numerical Modelling using FLAC2D Version5.0.
FLAC/Slope is a mini-version of FLAC that is designed specifically to
perform factor-of-safety calculations for slope stability analysis, which is
operated entirely from FLAC’s graphical interface.
FLAC/Slope provides an alternative to traditional “limit equilibrium”
programs to determine factor of safety.
In contrast, it provides a full solution of the coupled stress/displacement,
equilibrium and constitutive equations.
Given a set of properties, the system is determined to be stable or unstable,
by automatically performing a series of simulations while changing the strength
properties, the factor of safety can be found to correspond to the point of
stability.
12. Rock Mass Density
(kN/m3)
Cohesion
(Kpa)
Angle of Internal
Fricton
Slope Angle
16.8 40 23˚ 28˚
Input Parameters for the Numerical Modeling
Parametric studies of the past “case study” were conducted
through numerical models (FLAC/Slope) to study the effect of
cohesion (30-50 kPa) and friction angle (18°-26° at the interval
of 2°) and slope angle was varied from 22° to 34°.
13. Dump Foundation Dump Material
Cohesion ( kPa) 85 40
Friction Angle ( °) 28 23
Bulk density ( kN/m³) 19.6 16.8
Case study from Block – II, OCP, BCCL
Angle of repose for each lift = 37°
Overall height of dump = 90m
Each lift = 30m
Each bench width = 25m
Overall slope angle = 28°
25. Conclusion
1. From Fig 2.c, it is concluded that as the slope angle increases, the stability of the slopes
decreases.
2. From fig 2.a and fig 2.b, it is concluded that as the cohesion and angle of internal friction
increases, the factor of safety increases. As the cohesion increases, the binding property enhances
which makes the slopes stable. High water content can weaken cohesion because abundant water
both lubricates and adds weight to a mass. Moreover alternating expansion by wetting and
contraction by drying of water reduces strength of cohesion.
3. While running the numerical model FLAC/Slope it was observed that factor of safety changes with
change in the resolution of the numerical mesh (coarse, medium and fine). In case of coarse mesh
the factor of safety is quite approximate, while in fine mesh the factor of safety converges to the
nearest possible value making it more accurate. However, calculation in coarse mesh is faster than in
fine mesh. So depending upon the requirement and time availability of modeller, the mesh has to be
selected.
26. • Based on the various analyses, following recommendations have been made to ensure
stability of the slope
a) The slope of the existing dumping yard do not exhibit any major failure
b) The existing slope have safety factor in the range of 1.02 to 1.35 with
slope angles between 23o and 33o.
c) The safety factor with the proposed angle of dump slope of 280 is 1.19.
27. FUTURE SCOPE
1. Software can be used to improve factor of safety by varying different parameters.
2. If factor of safety can’t be improved by varying parameter then other techniques like providing
support, proper drainage systems etc should be implemented.
3. Software can be used to determine stability of pit as well as dump.
28. REFERENCES
• Abramson et al. (2001), Slope stability and stabilization 2nd edition.
• Roy, I (1999). 'Influence of Geo-engineering Parameters on the Stability of Dumps,
(PhD Dissertation)'. Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India.
• Das, S. K. (2001). 'Problems of Highwall and Spoil Dump Stability and Various
Preventive Measures in Highly Mechanized Opencast Mines'. The Indian Mining
and Engineering Journal , 63pp.
• Hoek, E & Bray. Rock Slope Engineering
• Omraci, Kamel et.al, Stability analysis of lateritic waste deposits,2003
• Stanciucu, Mihaela, Evaluation of waste embankment slope stability: Valea
Manastirii, Gorj, Romania, 2005.
• T. Cameron Kenny, Stability of slopes in over burden excavations
• Itasca. (2001), “FLAC Version 5.0. Manual”, Minneapolis: ICG.
• http://www.rocscience.com
• http://geoinfo.usc.edu/bardet/reports/Journal_papers/5simplex.pdf
• Journal on Stability evaluation and optimal excavated design of rock slope at
Antaibao open pit coal mine, China by M.C. He, J.L. Feng, X.M. Sun
• http://www.wikipedia.com
