This document discusses the different types of geosynthetics, which are human-made materials made from polymers that are used to enhance engineering projects. It describes eight common types: geotextiles, geogrids, geonets, geomembranes, geosynthetic clay liners, geocells, geofoam, and geocomposites. Each type is defined and its uses and properties outlined. Geosynthetics provide benefits such as lower costs, quicker installation, consistent performance, and extended lifespan when used in applications like roads, drainage, erosion control, and reinforced soil structures.
Reinforced earth is a combination of earth and linear reinforcing strips that are capable of bearing large tensile stresses.
The reinforcement provided by these strips enable the mass to resist the tension in a way which the earth alone could not. The source of this resistance to tension is the internal friction of soil, because the stresses that are created within the mass are transferred from soil to the reinforcement strips by friction.
Geosynthetics- Types, and their use in Retaining WallsAbhishek Bharti
All you need to know about Geosynthetics, its types, uses etc. their uses in retaining walls have been focused...
The Best Presentation you can possibly find on Geosynthetics.
Certain Soils don’t permit the construction of specific structures on it. The alternative is to improve the strength of the soil by various methods like:
Mechanical modification
Chemical Modification
Lime stabilization
Geo textile etc.,
Reinforced earth is a combination of earth and linear reinforcing strips that are capable of bearing large tensile stresses.
The reinforcement provided by these strips enable the mass to resist the tension in a way which the earth alone could not. The source of this resistance to tension is the internal friction of soil, because the stresses that are created within the mass are transferred from soil to the reinforcement strips by friction.
Geosynthetics- Types, and their use in Retaining WallsAbhishek Bharti
All you need to know about Geosynthetics, its types, uses etc. their uses in retaining walls have been focused...
The Best Presentation you can possibly find on Geosynthetics.
Certain Soils don’t permit the construction of specific structures on it. The alternative is to improve the strength of the soil by various methods like:
Mechanical modification
Chemical Modification
Lime stabilization
Geo textile etc.,
Overview of Soil Stabilization :Cement / Lime :PPTAniket Pateriya
Soil-cement is frequently used as a construction material for pipe bedding, slope protection, and road construction as a sub-base layer reinforcing and protecting the subgrade. It has good compressive and shear strength, but is brittle and has low tensile strength, so it is prone to forming cracks.
Lime can be used to treat soils to varying degrees, depending upon the objective. The least amount of treatment is used to dry and temporarily modify soils. Such treatment produces a working platform for construction or temporary roads. A greater degree of treatment supported by testing, design, and proper construction techniques--produces permanent structural stabilization of soils.
The presentation illustrates a technique for ground improvement, Grouting. In India, grouting is still not being used very much. In this presentation, I have demonstrated the basic types of grouting, goals of ground improvement and two case studies of grouting.
geosynthetic can significantly increases the safety factor, improve performance and reduce costs in comparison with conventional construction alternatives. In the case of embankments on extremely soft foundations, geosynthetics can permit constructions to take place at sites where conventional construction alternatives would be either impossible or prohibitively expensive. It have been successfully used for decades in construction of roads and railways, to fulfil almost all classical functions like separation, protection, filtration, drainage, sealing and reinforcement.
Overview of Soil Stabilization :Cement / Lime :PPTAniket Pateriya
Soil-cement is frequently used as a construction material for pipe bedding, slope protection, and road construction as a sub-base layer reinforcing and protecting the subgrade. It has good compressive and shear strength, but is brittle and has low tensile strength, so it is prone to forming cracks.
Lime can be used to treat soils to varying degrees, depending upon the objective. The least amount of treatment is used to dry and temporarily modify soils. Such treatment produces a working platform for construction or temporary roads. A greater degree of treatment supported by testing, design, and proper construction techniques--produces permanent structural stabilization of soils.
The presentation illustrates a technique for ground improvement, Grouting. In India, grouting is still not being used very much. In this presentation, I have demonstrated the basic types of grouting, goals of ground improvement and two case studies of grouting.
geosynthetic can significantly increases the safety factor, improve performance and reduce costs in comparison with conventional construction alternatives. In the case of embankments on extremely soft foundations, geosynthetics can permit constructions to take place at sites where conventional construction alternatives would be either impossible or prohibitively expensive. It have been successfully used for decades in construction of roads and railways, to fulfil almost all classical functions like separation, protection, filtration, drainage, sealing and reinforcement.
Geo-textile
Geo-textiles are permeable fabrics which, when used in association with soil, have the ability to separate, filter, reinforce, protect or drain.
Geo-textiles are usually made from, polyamide, polypropylene, polyester fiber and polyethylene.
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GEOSYTHETICS AND ITS APPLICATION IN FOUNDATION ENGINEERINGHarsh Shani
The word ‘Geo’ refers to an end use associated with improving the performance of civil engineering works involving earth/ground/soil . The word ‘synthetics’ refers to the fact that the material are manmade. The material used in the manufacture of Geosynthetics are primarily synthetic polymers generally derived from crude petroleum oils, although rubber, fibre glass and other materials are also sometimes used.
Geosynthetics are fabric like material made from polymers such as polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), nylon etc.
Tiles are often used to form wall and floor coverings, and can range from simple square tiles to complex or mosaics. Tiles are most often made of ceramic, typically glazed for internal uses and unglazed for roofing, but other materials are also commonly used, such as glass, cork, concrete and other composite materials, and stone. Tiling stone is typically marble, onyx, granite or slate. Thinner tiles can be used on walls than on floors, which require more durable surfaces that will resist impacts.
A borehole is a narrow shaft bored in the ground, either vertically or horizontally. A borehole may be constructed for many different purposes, including the extraction of water, other liquids (such as petroleum) or gases (such as natural gas), as part of a geotechnical investigation, environmental site assessment, mineral exploration, temperature measurement, as a pilot hole for installing piers or underground utilities, for geothermal installations, or for underground storage of unwanted substances, e.g. in carbon capture and storage.
A shallow foundation is a type of building foundation that transfers building loads to the earth very near to the surface, rather than to a subsurface layer or a range of depths as does a deep foundation. Shallow foundations include spread footing foundations, mat-slab foundations, slab-on-grade foundations, pad foundations, rubble trench foundations and earthbag foundations.
In engineering, a foundation is the element of a structure which connects it to the ground, and transfers loads from the structure to the ground. Foundations are generally considered either shallow or deep.Foundation engineering is the application of soil mechanics and rock mechanics (Geotechnical engineering) in the design of foundation elements of structures.
Chain survey is the simplest method of surveying. ... The necessary requirements for field work are chain, tape, ranging rod, arrows and sometime cross staff. It is a system of surveying in which sides of various triangles are measured directly in the field and NO angular measurements are taken.
The 2019 Chennai water crisis is an ongoing water crisis occurring in India, most notably in the city of Chennai in Tamil Nadu. ... Because tap water has stopped running, some families have been relying on alternative water sources such as distant, unreliable public water pumps, and costly private water tankers.
A cofferdam is a structure that retains water and soil that allows the enclosed area to be pumped out and excavated dry. Cofferdams are commonly used for construction of bridge piers and other support structures built within water.
Loose granular sand deposits formed during the land reclamation process are vulnerable to
liquefaction upon imparting seismic forces. These loose granular sand fills could encounter
bearing failures or compress beyond tolerable limits under static and dynamic loads
Dewatering is the removal of water from solid material or soil by wet classification, centrifugation , filtration, or similar solid-liquid separation processes, such as removal of residual liquid from a filter cake by a filter press as part of various industrial processes.
There are several types of retaining structures, including gravity, sheet pile, cantilever, and anchored earth/ mechanically stabilized earth (reinforced earth) walls and slopes. Gravity retaining walls use their weight to resist earth pressures.
Ferric Chloride is a dark colour crystal with the oxidation state of iron is +3. It is also called Iron (III) chloride or Molysite. It is an iron coordination entity which functions as an astringent and Lewis acid. The chemical formula of Ferric Chloride is FeCl3.
A foundation is a lower portion of building structure that transfers its gravity loads to the earth. Foundations are generally broken into two categories: shallow foundations and deep foundations. ... Once the foundation has been packed down tightly, or dried hard, we can begin to build the building superstructure.
Geosynthetics are synthetic products used to stabilize terrain. They are generally polymeric products used to solve civil engineering problems. This includes eight main product categories: geotextiles, geogrids, geonets, geomembranes, geosynthetic clay liners, geofoam, geocells and geocomposites.
Green building refers to both a structure and the application of processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from planning to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition
Mat foundation is also known as the raft foundation. It is a continuous thick concrete slab on the soil that extends the entire footprint of the building and increases the soil bearing capacity power. This foundation supports the entire building loads and safely transfer it to the ground
Pile foundations are deep foundations. They are formed by long, slender, columnar elements typically made from steel or reinforced concrete, or sometimes timber.
Rice husk ash (RHA) fillers are derived from rice husks, which are usually regarded as agricultural waste and an environmental hazard. Rice husk, when burnt in open air outside the rice mill, yields two types of ash that can serve as fillers in plastics materials.
Soil exploration consists of determining the profile of the natural soil deposits at the site, taking the soil samples and determining the engineering properties of soils using laboratory tests as well as in-situ testing methods.
The upper layer of earth in which plants grow, a black or dark brown material typically consisting of a mixture of organic remains, clay, and rock particles.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
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Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
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R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
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Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
2. GEOSYNTHETICS
Geosynthetics are human made materials made
from various types of polymers used to
enhance, augments and make possible cost
effective environmental, transportation and
geotechnical engineering construction projects.
5. Geogrids
A Geogrids is
geosynthetic material
used to reinforce
soils and similar
material. Geogrids
are commonly used
to reinforce retaining
walls, as well as sub
bases or subsoil’s
below roads or
structures.
6. Geonets
Geonets are also planer products.
Consist of ribs in two directions.
Apertures are of diamond shape.
Thickness is larger than that of geogrids.
Are also known as “geospacers”.
Geonets are made of stacked, crisscrossing
polymer strands that provide in-plane drainage.
Two layers of stands are called “bi-planer”.
Three layers are called “tri-planer”.
7.
8. Geomembranes
A geomembranes is very low permeability
synthetic membrane barrier used to control fluid
or gas migration in a structure, or system.
Thickness impervious plastic sheet.
Thickness 0.5mm to 3mm approximately.
Used as a fluid barrier in designing drainage
systems, etc.
Used as damp proof course in floors, roofs etc.
9.
10. Geosynthetic clay liner
It is a woven fabric like material, combination
of geotextiles and geomembranes used as a
barrier for liquid or solid waste.
Applied below and above geomembrane
layers in landfills.
Self repair mechanism.
Provide sub-base support.
11.
12. Geocells
Geocells are 3-dimensional honeycomb like
structure, made of strips of polymer sheet.
Similar to geotextiles or geogrids but have
depth.
Provide both a physical containment of a depth
of soil and a transfer of load through.
Allow water through it.
Used in slopes with soft sub-grade.
Used in erosion control in channels.
13.
14. Geofoams
Geofoam is manufactured into large lightweight
blocks by polymeric expansive process. They
are large but extremely light material with gas
filled cells.
Low density/high strength geofoams is 1% to
2% the density of soil with equal strength.
Quick to install and can be installed during any
type of weather.
If geofoams comes in contact with a petroleum
solvent, it will immediately turn into a glue-type
substance, making it unable to support any load.
15.
16. Geocomposites
These are combination of two different
types of geosynthetics to take advantage of
each.
This is prepared to extract all the major
properties of the geosynthetics into a single unit
with minimum cost.
17.
18.
19. Geosynthetic Applications
In roads and pavements:
1. Sub grade separation and stabilization.
2. Base reinforcement.
3. Overlay stress absorption and reinforcement.
In subsurface drainage:
1. Sub grade dewatering.
2. Road base drainage.
3. Structure drainage.
20. Con…….
In erosion and sediment control
1. Hard armor system.
2. Silt fence.
In reinforced soil systems:
1. Embankment over soft foundations.
2. Reinforced steepened slopes.
3. Reinforced soil walls.
21. Advantages of
geosynthetics
Cheaper in product cost, transport and
installation.
Can be designed
Can be installed quickly with flexibility to
construct during short period.
Consistent over a wide range of soils.
Space savings.
Material quality control- more homogeneous sol
and aggregates.
Better construction quality control at site.
22. Con…..
Easy material deployment
Less environmentally sensitive.
Improved performance and extended life.
Increased safety factor.
Compatible with field conditions.
Increased service life of flexible pavement
section by a factor of 2.5 to 3.0 for weak sub
grades and by 2.0 to 3.3 for moderate sub
grades.