Types of flagella
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Bacteria can be classified based on the location and number of flagella on their cell surface. There are six categories: atrichous bacteria have no flagella; monotrichous bacteria have a single flagellum at one end; cephalotrichous bacteria have several flagella at one end; amphitrichous bacteria have one flagellum at each end; peritrichous bacteria have flagella all over their body; and lophotrichous bacteria have two or more flagella at both poles. Flagella are hair-like protein structures that protrude from the cell wall and aid bacterial locomotion in liquids.
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Flagella
The bacterial flagellum has three main parts - the filament, basal body, and hook. The filament is the longest, rigid structure made of the protein flagellin. The basal body is embedded in the cell and contains protein rings. The hook connects the filament to the basal body. The basal body contains protein rings and a central rod that span the cell membranes. Rotation of the flagellum is driven by a motor composed of a rotor and stator. Proton motive force powers the motor and causes clockwise or counter-clockwise rotation for movement or tumbling.
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This document provides an overview of bacteria. It begins by defining bacteria and discussing their discovery. It then covers the characteristics of bacteria, including their size, shape, reproduction methods, and habitats. The document also summarizes methods of classifying bacteria based on morphology, oxygen needs, staining properties, heat tolerance, and pathogenicity. Finally, it outlines the structure of bacteria and discusses both the beneficial and harmful effects of bacteria.
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Growth of bacteria is affected by many factors such as nutrition concentration and other environmental factors.
Some of the important factors affecting bacterial growth are:
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Structure of bacterial cell
This document summarizes the structure of bacterial cells. It describes the key components including the cell wall, plasma membrane, and intracellular and extracellular structures. The cell wall differs between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Gram-positive walls are thicker and contain higher amounts of peptidoglycan while gram-negative walls are thinner and contain an outer lipopolysaccharide membrane. Intracellular structures discussed include the nucleoid, ribosomes, plasmids, and mesosomes. Extracellular structures include flagella, pili, and capsules. Bacteria range in size from 0.4 to 1.5 micrometers and have characteristic shapes including cocci, bacilli, spirilla and spirochetes.
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Bacteria have a variety of shapes and arrangements. Their cells are surrounded by a cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane. The cell wall provides shape and protection, and its structure differs between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Bacteria may also have extra structures like a capsule outside the cell wall or fimbriae. These extra structures help bacteria attach to surfaces and sometimes contribute to virulence.
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Bacterial classification and its structure
Bacteria are classified in several ways:
1. By staining (Gram positive/negative, acid-fast), shape (cocci, bacilli), motility, environment (aerobic/anaerobic).
2. The bacterial cell has a cell wall, cell membrane, flagella/fimbriae and cytoplasm. The cell wall provides structure and protection through its peptidoglycan layer.
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The bacterial flagellum has three main parts - the filament, basal body, and hook. The filament is the longest, rigid structure made of the protein flagellin. The basal body is embedded in the cell and contains protein rings. The hook connects the filament to the basal body. The basal body contains protein rings and a central rod that span the cell membranes. Rotation of the flagellum is driven by a motor composed of a rotor and stator. Proton motive force powers the motor and causes clockwise or counter-clockwise rotation for movement or tumbling.
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Growth of bacteria is affected by many factors such as nutrition concentration and other environmental factors.
Some of the important factors affecting bacterial growth are:
Nutrition concentration
Temperature
Gaseous concentration
pH
Ions and salt concentration
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1. By staining (Gram positive/negative, acid-fast), shape (cocci, bacilli), motility, environment (aerobic/anaerobic).
2. The bacterial cell has a cell wall, cell membrane, flagella/fimbriae and cytoplasm. The cell wall provides structure and protection through its peptidoglycan layer.
3. Bacteria are further classified based on nutrition sources, temperature, pH and salt tolerance ranges they thrive in. Most bacteria serve important ecological roles while some can cause disease.
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This presentation provides an overview of Porifera (sponges). It discusses their classification, features, canal systems, and examples from different classes. The key points are:
- Porifera are multicellular, sessile marine organisms with a diploblastic body plan and canal system for water flow. Their bodies have pores, canals, and choanocyte cells.
- Phylum Porifera is divided into 3 main classes based on skeleton composition: Calcarea have calcium carbonate spicules; Hexactinellida have silica spicules; and Demospongiae have smaller triaxon and six-rayed spicules.
- The syconoid canal system of scypha
PROTOZOANS features.pptx
This document provides information on protozoans, including their structure, life cycles, reproduction, and diseases they can cause. Some key points:
- Protozoans are unicellular eukaryotes that exist in almost every habitat and include both free-living and parasitic species.
- They have organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and Golgi apparatus. Parasitic protozoa range in size but are generally less than 50 micrometers.
- Life cycles typically involve different infectious stages like trophozoites and cysts. Reproduction can be asexual through binary fission or schizogony, or involve sexual stages and hosts.
- Protozoan diseases range from mild to
5. Classification of bacteria.pptx
This document classifies bacteria based on several characteristics:
1. Shape - including cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), vibrio (curved/comma-shaped), and spirilla (spiral-shaped).
2. Mode of nutrition - including phototrophs, chemotrophs, autotrophs, and heterotrophs.
3. Temperature requirements - including psychrophiles, psychrotrophs, mesophiles, thermophiles, and hyperthermophiles.
4. Oxygen requirements - including aerobic, facultative anaerobic, obligate anaerobic, aerotolerant anaerobic, and microaerophilic bacteria.
Morphologyoffungi 170226153026
Fungi have several distinguishing morphological features:
1. They have cell walls containing chitin and lack peptidoglycan.
2. They can exist in both unicellular and multicellular forms, dividing asexually or sexually.
3. They are classified based on their structures - yeasts are unicellular, molds form branching hyphae and mycelium, and dimorphic fungi switch between yeast and mold forms based on temperature.
Morphology of fungi
Fungi have several distinguishing morphological features:
1. They have cell walls containing chitin and lack peptidoglycan.
2. They can exist in both unicellular and multicellular forms, dividing asexually or sexually.
3. They are classified based on their structures - yeasts are unicellular, molds form branching hyphae and mycelium, and dimorphic fungi switch between yeast and mold forms based on temperature.
Pharmaceutical Microbiology - Bacteria - Classification & Nutrition
Bacteria come in a variety of shapes and arrangements. They are classified based on their morphology, which includes whether they are cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), spirals, or other miscellaneous shapes. Bacteria are also classified based on other characteristics like their flagella, motility, nutritional requirements, temperature tolerance, pH tolerance, response to osmotic pressure, and salt concentration requirements. Morphological classification looks at bacterial cell shape, arrangement, cell wall composition, and presence of flagella or motility structures.
Filariasis ( wuchereria bancrofti)
Wuchereria bancrofti is a parasitic nematode that causes lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis) in humans. It is transmitted by mosquitoes and lives in the human lymphatic system. The parasite has a complex life cycle involving microfilariae in human blood that are ingested by mosquitoes during feeding. The mosquito serves as an intermediate host where the microfilariae develop into infective larvae, which are then transmitted to humans during subsequent blood feeding, developing into adult worms in the lymphatics. Clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic microfilaremia to lymphedema and elephantiasis of the legs and genitals due to long-term infection and damage.
viruses algae fungi bacteria.pdf
This document discusses the classification of microorganisms. It describes the differences between bacteria, archaea, and eukarya. It discusses the binominal nomenclature system developed by Carolus Linnaeus to classify organisms. It also describes Woese's three domain system that divides organisms into the domains of Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Finally, it provides details on the classification and characteristics of fungi, algae, protozoa, viruses, and bacteria.
Bacteria
This document discusses the classification of bacteria based on morphology, gram staining, flagella, and spore formation. Bacteria are classified as cocci, bacilli, mycoplasma, spirilla, or actinomycetes based on their shape and arrangement. Gram staining distinguishes between gram positive and gram negative bacteria based on cell wall composition. Flagella classification is based on number and location of flagella. Spore formation separates bacteria into spore forming or non-spore forming types.
General characteristics of fungi by rk
Fungi are ubiquitous organisms found in almost every habitat on Earth where organic material exists. They can be terrestrial and live in soil, aquatic and live in freshwater, or exist as parasites or symbionts with other organisms. Fungi obtain food from external sources as heterotrophs and lack chlorophyll. They reproduce through vegetative means like fragmentation, or asexually through spores like conidia. Many fungi also reproduce sexually through processes like planogametic copulation or gametangial contact. Fungi have complex life cycles incorporating somatic growth phases through mycelium and specialized reproductive phases.
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Pharmaceutical Microbiology - Bacteria - Classification & Nutrition
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This document provides an overview of the CRISPR-Cas system including its history, mechanisms, types, applications in plant pathology, and use for genome editing. Some key points covered include:
- CRISPR-Cas is an adaptive immune system found in bacteria that provides resistance to viruses. It was discovered in 1987 and its mechanism of targeting invading DNA was determined in 2005.
- There are six types of CRISPR-Cas systems classified by their effector proteins. Type II uses Cas9 protein and is commonly used for genome editing.
- The CRISPR-Cas9 system involves crRNA guiding Cas9 to cleave invading DNA at specific locations. This has enabled powerful applications like knocking out genes
1. Diseases of rice
This document summarizes 15 important diseases that affect rice, including their causal organisms, symptoms, modes of spread, survival methods, and management strategies. The major fungal diseases discussed are blast, brown spot, sheath blight, sheath rot, and stem rot. The major bacterial diseases are bacterial leaf blight and bacterial leaf streak. Viral diseases covered include tungro, grassy stunt, rice dwarf, and yellow dwarf. Other diseases summarized are false smut, udbatta disease, grain discoloration, and rice khaira deficiency. For each disease, the summary provides key details about identification and control.
Breeding for quality traits (protein,oil)
This document discusses breeding crops for improved quality traits like protein and oil content. It covers topics like:
- Quality traits can be morphological, organoleptic, nutritional, or biological.
- Protein efficiency ratio and biological value are measures of protein quality in foods.
- Breeding maize with higher lysine and tryptophan content led to the development of Quality Protein Maize varieties.
- A case study describes using in vitro mutagenesis and selection with hydroxyproline to develop peanut varieties with over 55% oil content in kernels.
- Breeding objectives for sunflower include seed yield, oil content, and modifying oil quality traits like fatty acid composition.
Artifial intellegence in Plant diseases detection and diagnosis
1) Artificial intelligence can help detect and identify plant diseases by analyzing images of infected plants. Advanced techniques like machine learning and deep learning are being used for accurate disease identification.
2) IoT sensors are being used to monitor crop health and send data to the cloud for analysis. This allows early detection of diseases.
3) While AI has benefits like precision and speed, challenges remain in applying these new technologies at large scale in agriculture due to lack of familiarity, data and infrastructure requirements, and uncertainty around external growing conditions.
Towards managing of soil borne plant pathogens in India
Managing soil-borne plant pathogens by means of biological agents is become widely popular and practical nowadays to avoid getting problems from synthetic control measures, this ppt clear describes various important bioagents in the management of soil-borne plant pathogens
CRISPR, cas9 in plant disease resistance
CRISPR/Cas9 is an advanced genome editing technology that can be used to develop plant disease resistance. It involves a Cas9 enzyme that acts like molecular scissors to cut DNA at specific locations guided by CRISPR RNA. This triggers DNA repair that can introduce changes to genes. Researchers have used CRISPR/Cas9 to develop resistance in plants against viruses, fungi, and bacteria by editing genes involved in host-pathogen interaction and disease susceptibility. It provides a precise and efficient way to edit plant genomes to improve crop resistance compared to previous tools. Scientists continue working to enhance the specificity and control of CRISPR/Cas9 for genome editing applications in agriculture.
Biosensors in plant pathogen detection
Biosensors in plant pathogen detection is one of the recent advancements in plant pathology for the detection of plant pathogens
Phenomic approaches for plant disease detection
This document discusses various phenomic approaches for plant disease detection, including chlorophyll fluorescence imaging, hyperspectral imaging, thermal imaging, and image processing techniques. It provides details on how each approach works, such as using chlorophyll fluorescence to detect changes in photosynthesis before visual disease symptoms appear. The document also discusses the analysis of data collected from these approaches and how they can be used to rapidly screen large numbers of plant varieties for disease resistance and improve over traditional visual ratings.
Role of antimicrobial peptides in plant disease management
It is one of the advanced topics in plant disease management, detailed information about antimicrobial peptides and their role in plant disease management is furnished clearly.
Quarantine regulation and impact of modern detection methods
Detailed descriptions about quarantine and regulations, new laws, and new techniques are using in plant quarantine for the detection of plant pathogens are described
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This document discusses bacteriophages and prions. It defines bacteriophage as a virus that infects bacteria, and notes their discovery by Twort and d'Herelle. It describes the structure of bacteriophages like T4, including their DNA-containing heads and helical tails. The document outlines the lytic and lysogenic life cycles of bacteriophages and how they can be used to control plant diseases. Finally, it defines prions as infectious particles composed of misfolded protein that can induce normal proteins to take the same misfolded shape, and lists some animal diseases caused by prions.
Cross protection
Cross protection occurs when infection of a plant with a mild or attenuated virus strain protects the plant from later infection by a more severe strain of the same virus. This was first demonstrated in 1929 with tobacco mosaic virus. It has since been used successfully to control diseases caused by citrus tristeza virus and papaya ringspot virus. There are two main mechanisms of cross protection - coat protein-mediated resistance, which involves blocking virus uncoating or replication, and RNA-mediated resistance, where excess mild strain RNA hybridizes to block replication of the challenge virus. While cross protection has proven effective for some diseases, there are also limitations such as yield loss, incomplete protection, and genetic instability of the protector virus.
Production of disease free planting materials
Thermotherapy, tissue culture, chemotherapy, and electrotherapy are methods used to produce disease-free planting materials. Thermotherapy involves growing plants at high temperatures of 30-40°C for 2-3 months to eliminate viruses. Tissue culture techniques like callus culture, meristem tip culture, and protoplast culture can also produce virus-free plants. Chemotherapy uses antiviral chemicals or growth promoters during meristem tip culture. Electrotherapy applies electrical pulses to eliminate viruses. The document provides details on each method and examples of viruses eliminated from crops like banana, potato, and citrus using these approaches.
Anti viral principles
This document discusses antiviral principles (AVP) found in certain plant leaves and extracts. AVPs are compounds that have inhibitory effects against viruses. The document provides details on preparing an AVP extract from sorghum leaves and using it to manage pathogens. It explains that AVP extracts from various plants like sorghum, prosopis, and bougainvillea have been shown to effectively reduce different viruses in crops like groundnuts, tomatoes, and sunflowers. The mechanism of action of AVPs is that they contain proteins that interfere with viral replication and movement between host cells.
Principles of management of virus diseases
This document summarizes conventional and biotechnological approaches for managing viral plant diseases. Conventional approaches include using virus-free planting materials, cultural practices, vector management, heat therapy, meristem tip culture, and barrier crops. Biotechnological approaches involve pathogen-derived resistance through expression of viral coat proteins or RNA interference mechanisms to inhibit viral genes. The document provides examples and details of various conventional and biotechnological techniques for eliminating viruses from infected plants.
Movement of viruses, physiology of virus infected plants
This document summarizes the movement and physiology of virus-infected plants. It discusses three types of virus movement: intracellular, intercellular, and long-distance. Intracellular movement relies on the endoplasmic reticulum and cytoskeleton, while intercellular movement occurs through plasmodesmata connecting adjacent cells. Long-distance movement involves viruses entering the vascular system and moving systemically through the plant. It also examines effects on the infected plant's photosynthesis, respiration, membrane permeability, translocation, and transcription/translation, such as reduced chlorophyll and sucrose content as well as increased respiration and permeability.
Virus infection and replication
Virus infection and replication occurs in several steps:
1. The virus attaches to and enters the host plant cells, usually through wounds caused by vectors like insects or mechanical damage.
2. Once inside the cell, the viral genome is released from its protein coat through uncoating.
3. The viral genome then hijacks the host cell machinery to replicate, transcribe mRNA, and translate proteins.
New viral genomes and capsids are assembled and the mature virions are released to infect new cells.
Origin of viruses and virus strains
This document discusses the origin and evolution of viruses. It begins by defining key terms like isolate, variant, and strain. It then presents three main hypotheses for the origin of viruses: 1) the virus first hypothesis which proposes viruses evolved independently from self-replicating RNA, 2) the reduction hypothesis which suggests viruses originated from reduced cellular organisms, and 3) the escape hypothesis where genetic material escaped cellular control and became parasitic. The document also discusses types of virus variation like mutation, hybridization, and pseudorecombination, as well as microevolution and macroevolution. It provides an example of how plant viruses can overcome Muller's Ratchet, which is the loss of critical functions in a population.
Serological detection techniques of plant viruses
This document discusses techniques for serologically detecting plant viruses. It begins by defining serology and its use in agriculture for detecting pathogens with variable or latent symptoms. It then describes the basics of antigen-antibody reactions and the types of antigens, antibodies, and reactions. The rest of the document focuses on specific serological tests used in plant virology, including liquid phase tests like precipitation, agglutination, and immunodiffusion assays as well as solid phase tests like ELISA, SDS-PAGE, ISEM, western blotting, and dot/tissue immunobinding assays. These tests allow detection of plant viruses through the reaction of viral coat proteins or antigens with specific antibodies.
Polyclonal and monoclonal antibody production
Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies can be produced through different methods. Monoclonal antibodies are produced using hybridoma technology, which involves fusing myeloma cells with antibody-producing B cells to create immortal hybridoma cell lines. Kohler and Milstein developed this technique in 1975. Polyclonal antibodies involve immunizing an animal to produce a mixture of antibodies against various epitopes of an antigen. Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific to a single epitope, while polyclonal antibodies detect multiple epitopes but with less specificity. Monoclonal antibodies provide an unlimited supply of consistent, specific antibodies and are widely used in research and therapeutic applications.
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Types of flagella
- 3. CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA BASED ON FLAGELLA Atrichous Monotrichous Cephalotrichous Amphitrichous Peritrichous Lophotrichous
- 4. FLAGELLA : Flagella are hair like structure that protrude through the cell wall and are usually exceeding the length of bacteria Filament is made up of protein namely FLAGELLIN Swimming is one of locomotion of bacteria in liquid movement which is aided by flagella
- 5. • ATRICHOUS : Bacteria without flagella EXAMPLE : Xylella • MONOTRICHOUS : Bacteria with single flagella at one end. EXAMPLE :Xanthomonas sp
- 6. • CEPHALOTRICHOUS : Bacteria with several flagella at one end. EXAMPLE: Pseudomonas fluorescens • AMPHITRICHOUS : Bacteria with one flagella at both end. EXAMPLE : Pseudomonas sp
- 7. • PERITRICHOUS : Bacteria with flagella all over its body . EXAMPLE: Erwinia sp • LOPHOTRICHOUS : Two or more flagella at both the poles of the bacterium EXAMPLE : Spirillum types of bacteria