This document discusses the various types of failures that can occur in rigid pavements. It identifies 11 common types of failures: 1) faulting, 2) durability cracking, 3) punch-out, 4) corner breaks, 5) linear cracking, 6) shrinkage cracking, 7) polished aggregate, 8) scaling, 9) joint spalling, 10) warping cracks, and 11) pumping. For each failure type, the document describes the causes and potential remedies. The failures generally result from poor material quality, excessive loads, moisture infiltration, temperature changes, and inadequate pavement design or construction. Repairs range from crack sealing to full slab replacement depending on the severity and extent of the damage.

1. PRESENTED BY,
AGLAIA
1
TYPES OF FAILURES IN
RIGID PAVEMENTS

2. FAILURES OF RIGID PAVEMENT
TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS2
 Failure in rigid pavement (or cement concrete pavement) can
be identified by formation of cracks on the pavement surface.
 Factors affecting failure,
1. Use of poor quality material
2. Inadequate stability of the pavement structure

3. TYPES OF FAILURES
TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS3
 Scaling of cement concrete
 Shrinkage cracks
 Joint spalling
 Warping cracks
 Pumping
 Faulting
 Polished Aggregate
 Punch out
 Linear Cracking
 Durability Cracking
 Corner Break

4. 1. FAULTING
TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS4
 The difference in elevation between the joints is called as
faulting.
CAUSES OF FAILURES
 Settlement of the pavement due to soft foundation
 Erosion of material under the pavement.
 Curling of the slab edges due to temperature and moisture
changes.

5. REMEDIES
TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS5
 Diamond grinding is used to restore the pavement if
faulting reaches 4 mm.
 Dowel bar retrofitting is required if the faulting is between
4 and 12.5 mm
 if the faulting exceeds 12.5 mm complete reconstruction of
the slab is necessary.

6. TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS6
Fig.1: Faulting with difference in elevations found between the joints
source:pavementinteractive

7. TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS
7

8. TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS
8

9. 2. DURABILITY CRACKING
TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS9
 They are Series of closely spaced, crescent-shaped ,dark coloured
cracks near a joint, corner or crack.
CAUSES OF FAILURE
 freeze-thaw expansion of aggregate in the PCC slab.
 Some roughness leads to spalling and eventual slab disintegration.
REMEDIES
 The affected pavement can be refurnished by partial-depth or full
depth repair, depending on the severity of the damage.


10. TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID
PAVEMENTS
10
Fig.9. Durability Cracking or ‘D’ Cracks Failure in Rigid Pavements
Source:civilblog.org

11. TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS11

12. 3. PUNCH-OUT
TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS12
 It is the broken pieces of the localized area of concrete slab.
 These are mainly defined by joints and cracks of 1.5m width.
CAUSES OF FAILURES
 Heavy repeated loads.
 Inadequacy in slab thickness
 The foundation support loss or the construction deficiency like
honeycombing.

13. REMEDIES
TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS13
 Punch-out problems are addressed by full-depth patch
Fig.3.1. Punch-out Failures in Rigid Pavements
Source:civilblog.org.in

14. 4. CORNER BREAKS
TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS14
 These are the failures in rigid pavements that is caused due to
pumping in excessive rate.
CAUSES OF FAILURE
 When the pumping remove the underlying support the corner
cracks are created.
REMEDIES
 Full slab replacement or the repair for the full depth must be
carried out.

15. TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID
PAVEMENTS
15
Fig.4.1: Corner Break
Failures in Rigid Pavement
source:civilblog.org.in
Fig.4.2 Corner Break and joints in
Rigid Pavement
source:slideshare.in

16. TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID
PAVEMENTS16
Fig 4.3 LOW SEVERITY
CORNER BREAK
Fig 4.4 HIGH SEVERITY
CORNER BREAK

17. 5. LINEAR CRACKING
TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS17
 These types of failures in rigid pavements divides the slab into two or
three pieces.
CAUSES OF FAILURE
 Failures is traffic loads at repeated levels.
 The curling due to thermal gradient and moisture loading.
REMEDIES
 Crack sealant can be used to seal linear cracking.
 If linear cracking leads to panel cracking, then the pavement is
restored by full-depth repair.

18. TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID
PAVEMENTS
18
Fig.5.1 : Linear Cracking in
various roads.
Source:google images

19. 6. SHRINKAGE CRACKING
TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS19
 These are hairline shallow cracks that are less than 2m in
length.
 These cracks may form in longitudinal as well as in transverse
direction.
CAUSES OF FAILURE
 Improper setting and curing process of the concrete slab
 higher evaporation of water due to higher temperature cracks.

20. REMEDIES
TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS20
 Shrinkage cracks can be treated by means of crack sealants if
they are of moderate size.
 Synthetic resin is generally used as crack sealant.
 Entire slab replacement (full-depth repair) is used in severe
situations.

21. TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID
PAVEMENTS
21
Fig.6.1: Shrinkage Cracking in
Pavements
Source:google images

22. TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS22

23. 7. POLISHED AGGREGATE
TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS23
 Aggregates which protrude out of cement paste with less
angularity and roughness are said to be polished
aggregates.
CAUSES OF FAILURE
 Repeated traffic applications.
 The age of the pavement will influence polished aggregate..
 It will be quicker if the aggregate is susceptible to abrasion.

24. REMEDIES
TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS24
 It can repaired by Apply a skid-resistant slurry seal, BST or
non-structural overlay.
 Diamond grinding can also be used to treat the problem of
polished aggregates in rigid pavements

25. TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS25
Fig.7.1: Polished Aggregates (a) long shot (b) close enough shot
Source : pavementinteractiv.in
7.1(a) 7.1 (b)

26. TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID
PAVEMENTS
26

27. 8. SCALING
TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS27
 It is the peeling off or flaking off of the top layer or skin of the
concrete surface.
CAUSES OF FAILURE
 Improper mix design.
 Excessive vibration during compaction of concrete.
 Laitance of concrete.
 Performing finishing operation while bleed water is on surface.

28. TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS28
Fig 8.1 images of scaling
Source :civilblog.org

29. 9. JOINT SPALLING
TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS29
 It is the breakdown of the slab near edge of the joint due to
excess compressive stresses.
 Normally it occurs within 0.5 m of the joints.
CAUSES OF FAILURE
 Faulty alignment of incompressible material below concrete
slab.
 Freeze-thaw cycle.
 Excessive stress at joint due to wheel load.

30. TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS30
 Joint that is accumulated with water that results in rapid
freezing and thawing
REMEDIES
 Partial-depth and full-depth repairs are the remedies for
shallow and deep spalling.

31. TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS
31
Fig 9.1 images of joint spalling
Source: Google images

32. TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS32

33. 10. WARPING CRACKS
TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS33
 Excessive stress due to expansion of concrete slab results in the
formation of warping cracks near the joint edge.
REMEDIES
 proper reinforcement at the longitudinal and transverse joints.
 Hinge joints are used to relieve the stress due to warping

34. TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS34
Fig 10.1 images of warping cracks
Source : pavementinteractive.in

35. 11. PUMPING
TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS35
 When material present below the road slab ejects out through the
joints or cracks, it is called pumping.
 When soil slurry comes out it is called mud pumping.
CAUSES OF FAILURE
 Infiltration of water through the joints, cracks or edge of the
pavement forms soil slurry.
 Poor joint sealer allowing infiltration of water.
 Repeated wheel loading causing erosion of underlying material.

36. TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS36
 When there is void space between slab and the underlying base of
sub-grade layer.
REMEDIES
 Sub grade drainage should be improved.
 Fog seal or slurry seal may be applied to limit water infiltration.

37. TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID
PAVEMENTS
37
Fig11.1 Enlarge Similar conditions. Picture taken in Washington State.
Source:google images

38. TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID
PAVEMENTS
38
Fig11.2 Water bleeding through a
pavement surface.
source:civilblog.org

39. TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID
PAVEMENTS
39
Fig.11.3: Pumping Effect
Source: pavementinteractive

40. THANK YOU
TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID
PAVEMENTS40
For more…. Mail to aglaiaconnect2018@gma