Click Here http://www.eacademy4u.com/ Online Educational Website For You

1. Internetworking
Devices

2. Introducing Network Elements
• Networking devices interconnects networks
• Manage data flow and network traffic

3. Repeaters
• Operate at Physical Layer of the OSI model
 Reshape the weak signal
 Connect two segments of the same LAN

4. Hubs - I
 Simplest and low cost device
 Also known as Multi-port Repeater
 Operates at Physical Layer like Repeater
 Data transfer to all the ports
 Hub types:
 Active hub – Provides signal regeneration
 Passive hub – No signal regeneration
 Intelligent hub – Provides management of each port

5. Operation of Hub

6. Hubs Configurations
 Hub configurations can be used to expand
networks.

7. Bridges - I
 Layer 2 devices
as it works at
Data Link Layer
of the OSI model
 Interconnect
multiple LANs
and manages
data flow

8. Bridges - II
Working of a bridge

9. Bridges - III
• Capable of passing a frame
• Check Physical address
• Pass frame to the specified segment
• Perform error checking on the frame

10. Types of Bridge
• Transparent Bridge – common in ethernet
network
• Translational bridge – used to connect two
different network such as ethernet and token
ring
• Source-route Bridge – found in token ring
technology

11. Bridges - IV
• Features
– Easy to use as just plug in device
– Helps in network expansion
– Divides large network into small segments
– Used for increasing network reliability
Disadvantages
– Frames are buffered so provides network delay
– During high traffic may overload network
– Does not filter broadcast packets
– Expensive than Repeaters

12. Switches
 Provide signal flow management
 Replace slower hub
 Being a Data Link Layer device uses MAC address
for data transfer
 Data transfer to specific port

13. Multispeed Switches
• Having number of ports such as 100 Base T
and one or two gigabit ports
• Port detects the speed of NIC and runs at that
speed is called auto sensing
• Port runs at 10, 100 or gigabit is referred to as
10/100/1000 port

14. Routers - I
 Operate at Network Layer of the OSI model
 Can connect nearer or far network segments

15. Routers - II
• Works in LAN, MAN and WAN environments
• Having LAN and WAN ports
• WAN port connects to regular phone line or
more advanced telephone connection like
ISDN, ADSL, T1 or may be a cable modem
• Route the packets seeing the IP address
stored in the packet
• Comes in variety shapes, sizes and functions

16. Routers - III
 Decide the best route with the help of network layer
address
 Responsible for Source to Destination delivery of
packet
 For routing decisions routers use routing algoritm
 Router types:
 Static router – Routing tables are manually configured
 Dynamic router – Routing tables are automatically
configured

17. Routing Protocols - I
Router considers number of hops, time delay and link cost to
find the best path
An autonomous system (AS) consists of network groups and
routers which are managed by a single organisation

18. Gateways - I
 Operate at all layers of the OSI model
 Act as gate to other networks
 A default gateway is on the same subnet as your
computer

19. Gateways - II
 Address Gateway – Interconnects same protocol
networks
 Protocol Gateway – Interconnects different protocol
networks
 Application Gateway – Connects two parts of
applications
 Transport Gateway – Connects networks at
transport layer

20. Other Devices - I
 Multi-protocol router supports multiple
communication protocols
 Like router, it operates at Network Layer

21. Other Devices - II
 Brouter provides combined functions of Bridge and
Router
 Works at two layers, Data Link and Network
 Can operate only as bridge or only as router
 High performance switch operating at network layer
is Layer 3 Switch