TX History Ch 10.2
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Tensions grew between Mexican troops and Texas settlers in the 1830s. In 1831, Colonel Juan Bradburn arrested several settlers in Anahuac, including William Travis, angering Texans. Settlers demanded the prisoners' release, but Bradburn refused. John Austin organized settlers and marched on Anahuac with a cannon, though they withdrew when Bradburn agreed to release prisoners. This led to the Turtle Bayou Resolutions where settlers declared they were not in rebellion against Mexico but defending their rights. Conflict continued until Colonel Piedras removed Bradburn from his post and released the prisoners.
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TX History Ch 10.4
Mexico tightened control over Texas by sending more troops and customs collectors. This upset Texans, who were already unhappy with previous increases in troops. Tensions further increased when taxes began being collected again at Anahuac, and a Texan named Andrew Briscoe was arrested there. William Travis then led an attack on Anahuac, disturbing some Texans. The Mexican general Martin Perfecto de Cos ordered Travis' arrest and more troop increases in Texas. In response, William Wharton called for a convention to discuss the issues, and Texans debated whether to respond with war or peace. Stephen Austin, who had previously urged patience with Mexico, now believed war was inevitable due to Santa Anna's crackdowns.
TX History Ch 10.1
The Fredonian Rebellion of 1826 occurred when Haden Edwards' empresario contract to settle 800 families near Nacogdoches was cancelled by the Mexican government. In response, Haden's brother Benjamin Edwards declared part of East Texas to be an independent Republic called the Fredonian Republic. However, the rebellion was short-lived as Stephen F. Austin led a militia and Mexican army to confront the Fredonians, who then fled. The rebellion worried the Mexican government and prompted an investigation by General Manuel de Mier y Teran, who warned that growing American influence in Texas could threaten Mexican control of the region.
TX History Ch 9.2
Life on the early Texas frontier was self-sufficient as settlers had to rely on local materials and skills to survive. They lived in homes made from materials available locally like log cabins, jacales, or dogtrot cabins. Settlers grew their own food like corn, which was used for meals, livestock feed, fuel, and other tools. Clothing was often made from deer hides or homespun cotton since ready-made clothing was expensive and difficult to import. Religion and education were also limited, with some private schools and activities like camp meetings replacing organized churches under Mexican rule.
TX History Ch 9.4
The document summarizes the government and society of Texas under Mexican rule after Mexico became a republic in 1824. It adopted a constitution that gave limited powers to the central government and broad authority to states, similar to the US Constitution. However, state lawmakers rather than citizens elected the president, and there was no separation of church and state. The constitution united Texas and Coahuila as a single state, but most Texans disliked this due to lack of local control and the distant capital. Tensions increased over slavery as US settlers brought slaves despite Mexican laws restricting and then banning the practice.
TX History Ch 8.2
Stephen F. Austin went to Texas after his father Moses Austin's death to carry out plans to settle Texas. He received permission from Mexican authorities to establish an American colony in Texas. Austin offered attractive land grants and terms to attract settlers, allowing people to own large tracts of land in exchange for small fees. He established strict guidelines requiring settlers to become Mexican citizens and convert to Catholicism. The first group of settlers arrived in Texas in 1821 on Austin's ship the Lively, bringing supplies to establish the colony.
TX History Ch 11.4
The document summarizes the Convention of 1836 in which Texas declared its independence from Mexico. 59 delegates met in March in a small, unfurnished building in muddy conditions. They voted to declare independence and drafted the Texas Declaration of Independence, listing Texans' complaints against Mexico. They also drafted the Constitution of 1836, modeling it after the U.S. Constitution and establishing the branches of government and a bill of rights. David G. Burnet was named the first president of independent Texas.
Tx history-ch-11.5
The document summarizes key events during the Texas Revolution that led to Texas independence. It describes how Sam Houston took command of the Texas army after the fall of the Alamo weakened morale. Houston ordered retreat to avoid confronting Santa Anna's larger force. Many Texans fled east in the "Runaway Scrape". At Goliad, over 400 Texan soldiers were executed after surrendering. Houston continued training his growing army. On April 21, Houston launched a surprise attack at San Jacinto, defeating Santa Anna's army in 18 minutes and capturing Santa Anna, securing Texas' independence.
TX History Ch 10.3
Texans held two conventions in 1832 and 1833 to discuss grievances and reforms regarding Mexican policies. The Convention of 1832 sought to allow more U.S. immigration, separate Texas from Coahuila, end customs duties, and establish land for public schools. It sent resolutions to Mexico City but saw no results. The Convention of 1833 drafted a proposed state constitution for Texas and sent Stephen F. Austin to negotiate, but he was arrested in Mexico in 1833 and imprisoned for a year.
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TX History Ch 10.4
Mexico tightened control over Texas by sending more troops and customs collectors. This upset Texans, who were already unhappy with previous increases in troops. Tensions further increased when taxes began being collected again at Anahuac, and a Texan named Andrew Briscoe was arrested there. William Travis then led an attack on Anahuac, disturbing some Texans. The Mexican general Martin Perfecto de Cos ordered Travis' arrest and more troop increases in Texas. In response, William Wharton called for a convention to discuss the issues, and Texans debated whether to respond with war or peace. Stephen Austin, who had previously urged patience with Mexico, now believed war was inevitable due to Santa Anna's crackdowns.
TX History Ch 10.1
The Fredonian Rebellion of 1826 occurred when Haden Edwards' empresario contract to settle 800 families near Nacogdoches was cancelled by the Mexican government. In response, Haden's brother Benjamin Edwards declared part of East Texas to be an independent Republic called the Fredonian Republic. However, the rebellion was short-lived as Stephen F. Austin led a militia and Mexican army to confront the Fredonians, who then fled. The rebellion worried the Mexican government and prompted an investigation by General Manuel de Mier y Teran, who warned that growing American influence in Texas could threaten Mexican control of the region.
TX History Ch 9.2
Life on the early Texas frontier was self-sufficient as settlers had to rely on local materials and skills to survive. They lived in homes made from materials available locally like log cabins, jacales, or dogtrot cabins. Settlers grew their own food like corn, which was used for meals, livestock feed, fuel, and other tools. Clothing was often made from deer hides or homespun cotton since ready-made clothing was expensive and difficult to import. Religion and education were also limited, with some private schools and activities like camp meetings replacing organized churches under Mexican rule.
TX History Ch 9.4
The document summarizes the government and society of Texas under Mexican rule after Mexico became a republic in 1824. It adopted a constitution that gave limited powers to the central government and broad authority to states, similar to the US Constitution. However, state lawmakers rather than citizens elected the president, and there was no separation of church and state. The constitution united Texas and Coahuila as a single state, but most Texans disliked this due to lack of local control and the distant capital. Tensions increased over slavery as US settlers brought slaves despite Mexican laws restricting and then banning the practice.
TX History Ch 8.2
Stephen F. Austin went to Texas after his father Moses Austin's death to carry out plans to settle Texas. He received permission from Mexican authorities to establish an American colony in Texas. Austin offered attractive land grants and terms to attract settlers, allowing people to own large tracts of land in exchange for small fees. He established strict guidelines requiring settlers to become Mexican citizens and convert to Catholicism. The first group of settlers arrived in Texas in 1821 on Austin's ship the Lively, bringing supplies to establish the colony.
TX History Ch 11.4
The document summarizes the Convention of 1836 in which Texas declared its independence from Mexico. 59 delegates met in March in a small, unfurnished building in muddy conditions. They voted to declare independence and drafted the Texas Declaration of Independence, listing Texans' complaints against Mexico. They also drafted the Constitution of 1836, modeling it after the U.S. Constitution and establishing the branches of government and a bill of rights. David G. Burnet was named the first president of independent Texas.
Tx history-ch-11.5
The document summarizes key events during the Texas Revolution that led to Texas independence. It describes how Sam Houston took command of the Texas army after the fall of the Alamo weakened morale. Houston ordered retreat to avoid confronting Santa Anna's larger force. Many Texans fled east in the "Runaway Scrape". At Goliad, over 400 Texan soldiers were executed after surrendering. Houston continued training his growing army. On April 21, Houston launched a surprise attack at San Jacinto, defeating Santa Anna's army in 18 minutes and capturing Santa Anna, securing Texas' independence.
TX History Ch 10.3
Texans held two conventions in 1832 and 1833 to discuss grievances and reforms regarding Mexican policies. The Convention of 1832 sought to allow more U.S. immigration, separate Texas from Coahuila, end customs duties, and establish land for public schools. It sent resolutions to Mexico City but saw no results. The Convention of 1833 drafted a proposed state constitution for Texas and sent Stephen F. Austin to negotiate, but he was arrested in Mexico in 1833 and imprisoned for a year.
TX History Ch 9.3
Early Texas had an economy dominated by farming and ranching during the 1820s and 1830s. Large plantations specialized in growing cotton and other crops with slave labor. Ranching also grew as a key economic activity, with Tejanos and later settlers raising cattle on the prairies and in river valleys. Trade and business developed, with merchants and other businessmen operating under a largely free enterprise system with minimal government control. However, poor transportation infrastructure, especially roads, posed challenges for economic growth.
TX History Ch 6.2
Rene-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle led an expedition in 1684 to establish a French colony at the mouth of the Mississippi River. However, they missed the river's mouth and settled instead at Matagorda Bay, building a settlement called Fort Saint Louis. Disease and attacks from local Native Americans caused many deaths among the colonists. La Salle attempted to get help but was killed by his own men. The few remaining colonists were later killed in an Indian attack, ending France's colony in the region. This challenged Spain's dominance as the sole European power in North America.
TX History Ch 11.1
The document summarizes key events in the Texas Revolution that led to the capture of San Antonio in 1835. Tensions rose between Texans and the Mexican government as Santa Anna became president and abolished the 1824 constitution. At Gonzales, Texans refused to hand over a cannon to Mexican officials, raising their flag with the words "Come and Take It". They later defeated Mexican forces at Goliad. The Texans then marched on San Antonio led by Stephen F. Austin and laid siege to the city, but were forced to withdraw after being attacked. They later captured San Antonio on December 9th after Benjamin Milam led 300 rebels in an assault on the city.
TX History Ch 9.1
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TX History Ch 12.4
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TX History Ch 6.1
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TX History Ch 6.4
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TX History Ch 8.1
Moses Austin had a plan to establish a colony of American families in Texas after going bankrupt in 1819. In December 1820, he traveled to San Antonio to get approval from Governor Martinez. Although initially suspicious, Governor Martinez was convinced by Baron de Bastrop to allow Austin to make his case. In 1821, Austin received approval to settle 300 Catholic families from Louisiana, but then fell ill, asking his son Stephen to carry out the plan.
TX History Ch 12.2
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TX History Ch 3.1
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TX History Ch 3.2
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TX History Ch 11.2
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TX History Ch 15.3
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TX History Ch 6.3
1) The Spanish missions in East Texas originally failed in the early 1700s, causing the Spanish to ignore Texas for over 20 years.
2) In 1713, a French trader named Louis Juchereau de St. Denis traveled through East Texas, alarming the Spanish and causing them to fear French influence in the region.
3) In 1716, the Spanish led a new expedition to East Texas to establish missions, with St. Denis serving as a guide. They successfully established the Mission San Francisco de los Tejas and five other missions.
TX History Ch 11.5
The fall of the Alamo and the massacre at Goliad greatly angered Texas soldiers. General Sam Houston was put in command of the Texas army but faced many challenges as his troops were poorly supplied and untrained. After learning of the defeat at Goliad, Houston ordered civilians to flee eastward in what became known as the "Runaway Scrape". At San Jacinto, Houston defeated Santa Anna's Mexican army in just 18 minutes, securing Texas' independence from Mexico.
TX History Ch 6.5
Life in the Spanish missions in Texas consisted of daily prayer and work from dawn to dusk under the direction of priests and soldiers. Men tended crops while women did tasks like making pottery, weaving, and cooking. The Spanish hoped the native Indians would adopt Catholicism and European ways of life, but they often maintained their traditional celebrations and customs. Overall, life was harsh with dirt floors, open windows, and occasional food shortages, though some missions had better conditions than others. Nearby presidios provided protection for the missions and supervised the Indians, and towns developed diverse populations and the beginnings of local government.
TX History Ch 8.3
Stephen F. Austin established the first colony in Texas and helped settle hundreds of families there despite facing many challenges. Early problems included drought that ruined crops, forcing settlers to hunt wild game, and attacks from Native Americans. Austin set up defenses by establishing militias and a headquarters. By 1824, his colony contained 297 families known as the "Old Three Hundred," mostly farmers from the southern U.S., including slaveholders. The colony grew to over 1,790 people with more than 400 slaves by 1825.
TX History Ch 8.4
The document discusses Mexico's colonization laws in Texas in the 1820s and 1830s, which allowed empresarios like Stephen F. Austin, Green Dewitt, and Martin de León to bring settlers to Texas. The empresarios would receive large grants of land for every family they settled in Texas. Austin was the most important empresario, bringing over 1,500 families and is known as the "Father of Texas." By 1834 over 21,000 settlers lived in Texas due to the work of empresarios like Austin.
TX History Ch 16.1
Tensions rose between the United States and Mexico in the 1840s following the annexation of Texas by the US. The US claimed the border of Texas was the Rio Grande river, while Mexico claimed it was the Nueces river further north. In 1846, Mexican forces attacked US troops along the Rio Grande, which President Polk used to convince Congress to declare war, seeking to expand US territory. Under the leadership of generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott, US forces defeated Mexican armies and captured key cities like Mexico City. The Mexican War ended in 1848 with the US gaining control of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Utah, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming.
TX History Ch 14.2
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TX History Ch 9.3
Early Texas had an economy dominated by farming and ranching during the 1820s and 1830s. Large plantations specialized in growing cotton and other crops with slave labor. Ranching also grew as a key economic activity, with Tejanos and later settlers raising cattle on the prairies and in river valleys. Trade and business developed, with merchants and other businessmen operating under a largely free enterprise system with minimal government control. However, poor transportation infrastructure, especially roads, posed challenges for economic growth.
TX History Ch 6.2
Rene-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle led an expedition in 1684 to establish a French colony at the mouth of the Mississippi River. However, they missed the river's mouth and settled instead at Matagorda Bay, building a settlement called Fort Saint Louis. Disease and attacks from local Native Americans caused many deaths among the colonists. La Salle attempted to get help but was killed by his own men. The few remaining colonists were later killed in an Indian attack, ending France's colony in the region. This challenged Spain's dominance as the sole European power in North America.
TX History Ch 11.1
The document summarizes key events in the Texas Revolution that led to the capture of San Antonio in 1835. Tensions rose between Texans and the Mexican government as Santa Anna became president and abolished the 1824 constitution. At Gonzales, Texans refused to hand over a cannon to Mexican officials, raising their flag with the words "Come and Take It". They later defeated Mexican forces at Goliad. The Texans then marched on San Antonio led by Stephen F. Austin and laid siege to the city, but were forced to withdraw after being attacked. They later captured San Antonio on December 9th after Benjamin Milam led 300 rebels in an assault on the city.
TX History Ch 9.1
During the 1820s-1830s, the population of Texas surged as settlers arrived from Europe, Mexico, and the United States. Most early settlers were farmers from the US, drawn by cheap land and easy payment terms. Many US settlers were escaping debts or legal troubles. By 1834, the population was estimated at 21,000, with 15,000 from the US of mostly English, Irish, or Scottish descent. Settlers traveled to Texas by wagon train, horseback, walking, water, or flatboat, and usually settled along rivers due to fertile soil and mild climate.
TX History Ch 12.4
Sam Houston was elected president of the Republic of Texas in 1841 for his second term. He aimed to balance the budget by cutting government jobs and spending, but was unable to do so as debt rose to $12 million by 1845. Houston pursued peaceful relations with Indian tribes, establishing frontier trading posts and signing treaties, including with the Comanche in 1844. However, tensions with the Comanche later resurfaced. Houston also had to send troops in 1844 to end the Regulator-Moderator War, a violent feud between two settler groups in East Texas over land certificates that local officials could not stop.
TX History Ch 6.1
The document discusses the Spanish mission system in North America. The Spanish established missions along their northern border to convert Native Americans to Catholicism, develop the borderlands, and represent Spanish rule. Missions included religious communities located near water with amenities. They taught Indians agriculture and religion, though some resisted. Presidios were military bases, while civilians lived in towns and ranchos near the missions and presidios. Missions were also established in New Mexico and Texas, though the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 forced the Spanish out of New Mexico temporarily.
TX History Ch 6.4
War broke out between France and Spain in Europe in 1719. This affected their colonies in North America as French soldiers from Louisiana attacked and raided the Spanish mission of San Miguel de Linares. In response, the Spanish temporarily abandoned the East Texas region. However, in 1721 the Viceroy ordered the Marques de San Miguel de Aguyayo to reoccupy the missions. Aguayo negotiated an agreement with the French commander to separate control of French Louisiana and Spanish Texas. He expanded Spanish settlements by establishing Los Adaes as the capital and building the mission and presidio of La Bahia near Matagorda Bay.
TX History Ch 8.1
Moses Austin had a plan to establish a colony of American families in Texas after going bankrupt in 1819. In December 1820, he traveled to San Antonio to get approval from Governor Martinez. Although initially suspicious, Governor Martinez was convinced by Baron de Bastrop to allow Austin to make his case. In 1821, Austin received approval to settle 300 Catholic families from Louisiana, but then fell ill, asking his son Stephen to carry out the plan.
TX History Ch 12.2
Sam Houston was elected the first president of the Republic of Texas in 1835. His goals were to maintain peace with American Indian tribes, keep Mexico at bay, and seek annexation by the United States. He reduced the size of the unrestful Texas army and relied on the Texas Rangers for frontier defense. Houston also negotiated treaties with American Indian tribes to maintain peace and assigned land to tribes, but many Texans still viewed the tribes as obstacles.
TX History Ch 3.1
Texas has several regions with different landforms and climates. The state is often divided into northern, southern, eastern, and western regions based on location, but some areas like Ft. Worth are considered part of the west due to cultural ties. Parts of Texas fall into four natural regions: the Gulf Coastal Plain, Central Plains, Great Plains, and Intermountain Basins and Plateaus.
TX History Ch 3.2
The Gulf Coastal Plain region of Texas is divided into 5 subregions. The Piney Woods subregion is heavily forested and located in eastern Texas. It contains the Big Thicket National Preserve. The Gulf Coastal Plain subregion near the coast contains many bayous and includes the cities of Houston and Corpus Christi. Houston is the largest city in Texas. The South Texas Plains subregion includes the Rio Grande Valley and its largest city is San Antonio. The Post Oak Belt subregion contains lignite and its largest city is Bryan-College Station. The Blackland Prairie subregion has rich black soil suitable for farming and contains the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area.
TX History Ch 11.2
The Consultation of 1835 was a meeting called by William H. Wharton to discuss Texas' future within Mexico. At the meeting, Branch T. Archer was elected president. Delegates debated between declaring immediate independence from Mexico or remaining loyal in hopes Mexico would restore the Constitution of 1824. The Consultation ultimately created a provisional government and pledged loyalty to Mexico while warning of independence if reforms did not occur. Sam Houston was named commander-in-chief of the Texas army.
TX History Ch 15.3
This document summarizes political parties and early governors in Texas after it joined the United States. It discusses that Texas did not have political parties when it was the Republic of Texas, but joined the Democratic and Whig parties after annexation. It then briefly outlines six early governors of Texas between 1846 to 1859, including their terms and key issues or accomplishments. Finally, it discusses debts and land issues, noting Texas took on a large debt at annexation and gave up land to reduce it while also using land to attract settlers.
TX History Ch 6.3
1) The Spanish missions in East Texas originally failed in the early 1700s, causing the Spanish to ignore Texas for over 20 years.
2) In 1713, a French trader named Louis Juchereau de St. Denis traveled through East Texas, alarming the Spanish and causing them to fear French influence in the region.
3) In 1716, the Spanish led a new expedition to East Texas to establish missions, with St. Denis serving as a guide. They successfully established the Mission San Francisco de los Tejas and five other missions.
TX History Ch 11.5
The fall of the Alamo and the massacre at Goliad greatly angered Texas soldiers. General Sam Houston was put in command of the Texas army but faced many challenges as his troops were poorly supplied and untrained. After learning of the defeat at Goliad, Houston ordered civilians to flee eastward in what became known as the "Runaway Scrape". At San Jacinto, Houston defeated Santa Anna's Mexican army in just 18 minutes, securing Texas' independence from Mexico.
TX History Ch 6.5
Life in the Spanish missions in Texas consisted of daily prayer and work from dawn to dusk under the direction of priests and soldiers. Men tended crops while women did tasks like making pottery, weaving, and cooking. The Spanish hoped the native Indians would adopt Catholicism and European ways of life, but they often maintained their traditional celebrations and customs. Overall, life was harsh with dirt floors, open windows, and occasional food shortages, though some missions had better conditions than others. Nearby presidios provided protection for the missions and supervised the Indians, and towns developed diverse populations and the beginnings of local government.
TX History Ch 8.3
Stephen F. Austin established the first colony in Texas and helped settle hundreds of families there despite facing many challenges. Early problems included drought that ruined crops, forcing settlers to hunt wild game, and attacks from Native Americans. Austin set up defenses by establishing militias and a headquarters. By 1824, his colony contained 297 families known as the "Old Three Hundred," mostly farmers from the southern U.S., including slaveholders. The colony grew to over 1,790 people with more than 400 slaves by 1825.
TX History Ch 8.4
The document discusses Mexico's colonization laws in Texas in the 1820s and 1830s, which allowed empresarios like Stephen F. Austin, Green Dewitt, and Martin de León to bring settlers to Texas. The empresarios would receive large grants of land for every family they settled in Texas. Austin was the most important empresario, bringing over 1,500 families and is known as the "Father of Texas." By 1834 over 21,000 settlers lived in Texas due to the work of empresarios like Austin.
TX History Ch 16.1
Tensions rose between the United States and Mexico in the 1840s following the annexation of Texas by the US. The US claimed the border of Texas was the Rio Grande river, while Mexico claimed it was the Nueces river further north. In 1846, Mexican forces attacked US troops along the Rio Grande, which President Polk used to convince Congress to declare war, seeking to expand US territory. Under the leadership of generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott, US forces defeated Mexican armies and captured key cities like Mexico City. The Mexican War ended in 1848 with the US gaining control of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Utah, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming.
TX History Ch 14.2
Texas faced ongoing conflicts with Mexico during this period. Mexico contested Texas' claim that the Rio Grande was its southern border. In 1841, Lamar sent 320 Texans on the Santa Fe Expedition to expand Texas' control, but they were captured by Mexican forces and imprisoned. In 1842, Mexican general Rafael Vasquez attacked several Texas towns in what became known as the Archives War. Later that year, 300 rebellious Texas troops invaded Mexico on the ill-fated Mier Expedition, where 100 Mexicans and 30 Texans were killed in battle and the Texan survivors were executed or imprisoned by Santa Anna's order.
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TX History Ch 5.1
Christopher Columbus sailed from Spain in 1492 hoping to find a western route to Asia but instead landed in the Caribbean, establishing the first European presence in the Americas. Spanish conquistadors then sought to expand Spain's control and wealth by conquering native populations, with Hernan Cortes conquering the powerful Aztec Empire after forming alliances with neighboring tribes and defeating the Aztecs in 1521. The Spanish conquest had major impacts through the spread of Christianity, introduction of new technologies and livestock, and the establishment of Mexico City.
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The document summarizes westward expansion in the late 19th century United States. The Homestead Act of 1862 gave settlers 160 acres of land if they developed it for 5 years, encouraging migration west. Railroads transported thousands of families, many European immigrants, seeking new opportunities in farming. Groups like African Americans fleeing the post-Civil War South, called "Exodusters", also migrated west. While life on the frontier was difficult due to weather and lack of resources, it provided new prospects for women's suffrage and independence. Rapid settlement led to clashes with Native Americans over hunting lands and the destruction of the buffalo, reducing Indian holdings to small reservations by 1890.
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The document discusses Texas establishing diplomatic relations with other nations after gaining independence from Mexico in 1836. It notes that Texas wanted recognition from Mexico the most to help with issues like immigration, trade, and loans. While the US initially had doubts about Texas due to its small population and debt, it was the first to recognize Texas in 1837. Texas then sent diplomats to Europe and gained recognition from France, Britain, Belgium, and the Netherlands later that year, though Mexico still refused to recognize Texas' independence.
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TX History Ch 11.3
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TX History Ch 12.1
The Treaties of Velasco established terms for the end of the war between Texas and Mexico in 1836. The public treaty stated that the war was over and Texas was independent, while Mexican forces would withdraw. The secret treaty provided for Santa Anna's release and his agreement to persuade Mexico to recognize Texas in exchange for his freedom. However, many Texans distrusted Santa Anna and wanted him imprisoned or executed. When he was released, Mexico refused to recognize the treaties, considering Texas still in rebellion.
TX History Ch 15.3
The document summarizes key aspects of the Texas Constitution of 1845 that was drafted at the Convention of 1845 to establish Texas as a state. The constitution established the executive, legislative, and judicial branches and set terms for elected offices. It only allowed white men over 21 to vote and hold office, protected slavery, and included some property protections for married women. The first state election was held in December 1845.
Westward Expansion
This document provides an overview of lessons from a 2014-2015 curriculum at Bryson Elementary School about westward expansion. Lesson 1 discusses how the natural environment affected travel to the West. Lesson 2 examines how railroads influenced western development. Lesson 3 explores the lives of different groups that lived in the West, including homesteaders on the Great Plains who faced challenges in harsh conditions. Lesson 4 considers how westward expansion impacted Native Americans.
TX History Ch 22.1
The document discusses the growth of railroads in Texas in the late 19th century. Railroads helped accelerate Texas' economic development by providing a more reliable and cheaper way to ship goods compared to rivers and roads. To encourage railroad expansion, the state enacted land grant laws that gave railroad companies land to sell in order to finance new track construction. This led to over 30 million acres of public land and 6,000 miles of new track being laid between 1876-1889, connecting more cities and regions across Texas.
US History Ch 13.4
Technological advances in the early to mid-1800s revolutionized communication and transportation. Samuel Morse combined existing technologies to invent the telegraph, allowing messages to be sent quickly over wires. The first transcontinental telegraph line was completed in 1861. In farming, John Deere invented the steel-bladed plow and Cyrus McCormick designed an efficient mechanical reaper. In the home, Elias Howe invented the sewing machine, later improved by Isaac Singer, making clothing production more efficient.
TX History Ch 19.3
During the administration of Governor Edmund J. Davis, a Republican, Texas underwent Reconstruction from 1869-1873. Davis established a state police force to curb violence by the KKK against African Americans and created the state's first public school system. The Republican legislature also improved transportation infrastructure and raised taxes to fund these initiatives. However, opposition grew from Democrats and white Southerners, who derided the new laws and government. In 1873, Davis lost re-election to Richard Coke as Democrats regained control of the legislature, bringing Reconstruction in Texas to an end.
Westward Expansion and Sectionalism
Westward expansion between 1803-1853 led to the acquisition of new territories across North America through treaties, purchases, and war. This included the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, Florida in 1819, Texas in 1845, Oregon Country in 1846, Mexican Cession in 1848, and Gadsden Purchase in 1853. The expansion heightened regional tensions between the North, South, and West over the issues of slavery, states' rights, and the power of the federal government.
Westward expansion
Westward expansion from 1865 to 1914 led to significant changes across the United States. The discovery of gold in California in 1849 sparked the Gold Rush, drawing thousands of prospectors West in search of wealth. This period also saw the expansion of the cattle industry, growth of the railroad system, and an influx of homesteaders and immigrants seeking land and opportunity. However, westward settlement increasingly came into conflict with Native American tribes, leading to broken treaties, warfare, and the eventual confinement of most tribes to reservations by the late 19th century.
Social studiesstaar review_comprehensive
The document provides an overview of key eras in American history from exploration through the early republic. It includes timelines and descriptions of events such as European exploration of North America in search of gold, glory, and spreading religion; the 13 original colonies and reasons for their establishment; conflicts like the French and Indian War; and documents like the Declaration of Independence and Articles of Confederation. The information is presented through timelines, maps, and explanations of political, economic and social factors during different periods of early American history.
TX History Ch 23.3
The oil boom of the late 19th/early 20th century led to the rapid growth of boomtowns as thousands of people moved to new oil fields. This dramatically increased the populations of places like Beaumont and Sour Lake. The automobile industry grew successful using gasoline from oil in internal combustion engines. Petrochemical industries also emerged producing rubber, plastics, and carbon black from oil. Texas passed laws regulating the oil industry and collecting taxes on oil to support education. The permanent university fund was established using land designated for education, supported by oil royalties and philanthropy which continues to benefit the University of Texas and Texas A&M systems.
Chapter 18: Americans Move West
The document provides an overview of how mining, ranching, and railroads transformed the American West in the late 1800s. It describes how the discovery of minerals like gold and silver led to mining booms and the growth of boomtowns. Meanwhile, the cattle industry expanded across the Great Plains, relying on cowboys to drive cattle to markets. To facilitate transportation, the first transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869, connecting the eastern and western United States by rail. Western expansion put pressure on Plains Indian tribes, leading to conflicts as settlers encroached on their lands.
Westward Expansion
In this powerpoint it will give a general overview about Westward Expansion and the belief that America was destined to expan from coast to coast.
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Road to the Texas Revolution Test Review Answer Key
1) The document provides background information on important people involved in the road to the Texas Revolution such as empresarios, Mexican generals, and Texan leaders.
2) It discusses events that increased tensions between Mexican authorities and Texan colonists such as the Fredonian Rebellion, the Law of April 6, 1830, and protests in Anahuac led by William Travis.
3) The document also answers review questions about these events, the different between the Peace Party and War Party in Texas, and how Stephen F. Austin's views changed after being imprisoned in Mexico.
Texas revolution
This document provides background information on primary sources by outlining the SOAPS framework for analyzing primary sources:
S- Subject (topic and ideas discussed)
O- Occasion (time and place of source)
A- Audience (who the source was intended for)
P- Purpose (reason the source was created)
S- Speaker (person or group behind the source)
It explains that using this framework helps provide context and understand the significance and perspective of a primary source.
Texas Revolution Begins and Early Battles
The document summarizes key events leading up to the Texas Revolution. Settlers in Texas increasingly felt their rights were being violated under Mexican rule, such as requirements to convert to Catholicism. Stephen F. Austin traveled to Mexico City to petition for Texan rights but was imprisoned without cause for over a year. The battles of Gonzales and San Antonio marked the beginning of armed conflict, with Texans defeating Mexican forces in both battles in late 1835.
Indian Removal, Texas Revolution, and Mexican-American War Events
The document summarizes several key events in the history of Native American relations with the United States and expansionism in the early-mid 19th century:
1) Several treaties were signed between Native American groups and the U.S., often resulting in Native lands being seized by American settlers against their will. 2) The Cherokee attempted to adopt Anglo-American culture but were ultimately forced off their lands during the Trail of Tears removal. 3) Texas gained independence from Mexico and was later annexed by the U.S., angering Mexico and leading to the Mexican-American War.
Texas Independence
The document summarizes the key events of the Texas War of Independence from Mexico between 1835 and 1836. It describes the tensions between Texians (American settlers in Texas) and the Mexican government under Santa Anna, including restrictions on immigration and liberties. This led to conventions seeking reforms and the eventual declaration of independence in 1836. It then outlines major battles like the Alamo and Goliad Massacre, culminating in the decisive Texian victory at San Jacinto where Santa Anna was captured, securing Texas' independence.
Tx history-ch-14.2
Texas faced ongoing conflicts with Mexico following its revolution for independence. Mexico contested Texas' claim that its southern border was the Rio Grande river. In 1841, President Lamar of Texas sent 320 troops on the Santa Fe expedition to expand Texas' control into western lands, but they were captured by Mexican forces and imprisoned. Texas also used its small navy to put pressure on Mexico for recognition of Texas' independence, though this further strained relations between the two countries.
Chapter 10.1 notes
The Fredonian Rebellion of 1826 occurred when Haden Edwards' empresario contract to settle 800 families near Nacogdoches was cancelled by the Mexican government. In response, Haden's brother Benjamin Edwards declared part of East Texas to be an independent republic called the Fredonian Republic. Stephen F. Austin led a militia that forced the Fredonians to flee in 1827. The rebellion worried Mexico and prompted General Manuel de Mier y Teran to investigate American influence in Texas, especially in East Texas. He warned Mexico about the growing conditions and recommended increasing trade, soldiers, and European/Mexican settlement in Texas.
Sam Houston #2 and Anson Jones
1) Houston regained the presidency of Texas in 1841 and pursued fiscal responsibility by cutting government spending and debt.
2) In 1842, a Mexican army invaded Texas and occupied several cities, sparking the Archives War when Houston tried to move government documents to Houston for safekeeping.
3) Also in 1842, General Adrian Woll led another Mexican invasion into Texas but was driven out by Texas militias and Rangers after battles.
The Texas Revolution
The document summarizes key events in the Texas Revolution. It describes the Battle of Gonzales in October 1835, where Texan forces defended a cannon from Mexican troops, marking the start of the revolution. It then discusses the Convention of 1836 where Texan delegates declared independence from Mexico and established a constitution. Finally, it outlines the 13-day siege of the Alamo in February-March 1836 and the massacre of Texan forces at Goliad later that month, which inspired Texans to continue fighting for independence.
Manifest destiny map
Manifest Destiny was the belief in the 1800s that the United States was destined to expand across North America to the Pacific Ocean. From 1803 to 1853, the U.S. more than doubled in size through various territorial acquisitions like the Louisiana Purchase, annexation of Texas, and war with Mexico, gaining control of land stretching from coast to coast. This westward expansion was driven by both the desire to spread democracy and economic opportunities like the California Gold Rush of 1849.
Manifest destiny
Manifest Destiny was the belief in the 1800s that the United States was destined to expand across North America to the Pacific Ocean. From 1803 to 1853, the U.S. more than doubled in size through various territorial acquisitions like the Louisiana Purchase, annexation of Texas, and war with Mexico, gaining control of land stretching from coast to coast. This westward expansion was driven by both the desire to spread democracy and economic opportunities like the California Gold Rush of 1849.
Chapter 13 section 2 notes
American settlers in Texas came into conflict with Mexico in the 1830s over issues like religion, slavery, and self-government. This led Texians to declare independence from Mexico and form the Republic of Texas in 1836. The battle of the Alamo became a rallying cry, where around 180 Texians were killed after a 13-day siege by Santa Anna's army. Sam Houston then defeated Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto, leading to Texas independence. However, the new Republic faced challenges like threats from Native American tribes, bankruptcy, and Mexico refusing to recognize its sovereignty.
Remember the Alamo Webquest
The Spanish opened Texas to Anglo-American settlers in 1820 to populate the remote region, granting land to those who became Mexican citizens and adopted Catholicism. By 1830, about 20,000 American settlers lived in Texas. However, tensions grew as Mexican laws restricted slavery and required Catholic worship, angering the mostly Protestant settlers. The rise of dictator Santa Anna in 1833 further alarmed Texans, leading to the Texas Revolution for independence.
Texas
The War of Texas Independence began as Mexico gained independence from Spain and began restricting American immigration into Texas, causing tensions to rise. In 1836, Texans declared independence from Mexico after Santa Anna abolished the Mexican constitution and raised an army. The Texans were defeated at the Alamo and Goliad but achieved victory at the Battle of San Jacinto, capturing Santa Anna. Santa Anna was forced to sign treaties recognizing Texas independence and withdrawing Mexican troops south of the Rio Grande River.
Tx history-ch-11.1
Tensions between Texans and the Mexican government increased as events unfolded in 1835. In October, Texans refused to hand over a cannon to Mexican officials in Gonzales, launching the Texas Revolution. They later defeated Mexican forces at Gonzales and Goliad. Texan volunteers then organized under Stephen F. Austin and began their march on San Antonio. In early December, their forces captured San Antonio after house-to-house fighting, accepting the surrender of General Cos and removing remaining Mexican troops from Texas.
Mirabeau Lamar
Mirabeau Lamar became president of the Republic of Texas in 1836. He opposed annexation by the United States and wanted to expand Texas west to the Pacific Ocean. As president, Lamar reversed Houston's policy of protecting settlers from Native American attacks. He forcibly removed the Cherokee from Texas and ordered attacks on the Comanche, leading to conflict and deaths. Lamar also pursued an unsuccessful expedition to Santa Fe that cost lives and money. By the end of his term in 1840, Texas faced a large public debt and its currency had declined significantly in value due to Lamar's financial policies.
My Westward expansion
This is how the east met the west with it's blood sweat and tears of the people seeking wealth and a better way of life.
Westward expansion(1)
Westward expansion in the United States between 1790-1850 was driven by the availability of fertile land in Oregon, the suitability of Texas for ranching and cotton farming, and the belief in Manifest Destiny. This led to key events like the annexation of Texas, the Oregon Treaty dividing Oregon with Britain, gains from the Mexican-American War, and the Gadsden Purchase. Gold discoveries in California also stimulated westward migration.
Texas
1) The Mission system established by Spain in Texas tried to convert Native Americans to Catholicism through missions protected by soldiers in nearby forts. This system declined after Mexican independence.
2) Tensions grew between American settlers in Texas and Mexican inhabitants over cultural differences like slavery. This led to rebellions against Mexican rule.
3) Sam Houston led Texan forces to victory over Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto, granting Texas independence from Mexico in 1836. Texas then joined the United States as a slave state in 1845, angering Mexico and leading to war between the two countries.
Civil war and texas
The document provides background on Texas during the Civil War and Reconstruction era from 1861 to 1876. It discusses key events like the Dred Scott decision, secession, major battles in Texas, the surrender at Appomattox, myths of Reconstruction, and the various phases of Reconstruction in Texas from the Provisional Government to Redemption. Freedmen faced Black Codes and racial discrimination as the social status of freed slaves was a divisive issue during this turbulent period of American history.
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Road to the Texas Revolution Test Review Answer Key
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Indian Removal, Texas Revolution, and Mexican-American War Events
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TX History Ch 23.2
The document summarizes the growth of the oil industry in Texas in the early 1900s. Wildcatters, or independent explorers, searched for new oil fields through risky drilling ventures. Many went bankrupt but key discoveries were made, including the large East Texas oil field in the 1930s. As the industry grew, companies integrated vertically by controlling each step of production, and horizontally by acquiring other businesses in the oil sector. Natural gas was also discovered but initially had little value since transport and distribution infrastructure did not yet exist.
TX History Ch 23.1
The document summarizes the birth of the oil industry in Texas. It details early attempts at drilling for oil in the 1860s and successful strikes in the 1880s and 1890s. On January 10, 1901, a major strike occurred at Spindletop Hill near Beaumont, Texas, where the Lucas Gusher erupted and shot 70,000 barrels of oil per day for 9 days, launching the modern oil industry. However, increased production from Spindletop caused oil prices to plummet, leading to an economic boom and bust around the new oil fields.
US History Ch 19.4
The document discusses life during the American Civil War. It describes Lincoln's issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 that freed slaves in Confederate states and encouraged slaves to escape to Union lines. Over 180,000 African Americans served in the Union army, though they received less pay and served under white officers. Both the North and South struggled with problems during the war such as shortages, inflation, and medical issues.
US History Ch 19.3
The document discusses life during the American Civil War. It describes Lincoln's issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 that freed slaves in Confederate states and encouraged slaves to escape to Union lines. Over 180,000 African Americans served in the Union army, though they received less pay and served under white officers. Both the North and South struggled with problems during the war such as shortages, inflation, and medical issues.
US History Ch 19.2
The document summarizes key battles and events in the Eastern theater of the American Civil War between 1861-1862. It describes the First Battle of Bull Run in July 1861, where Confederate troops halted the Union advance. In November 1861, George McClellan took command of the Union army. The document then outlines several battles in Virginia in 1862, including the Seven Days Battle where Robert E. Lee forced McClellan to retreat from Richmond. It also discusses the bloody Battle of Antietam in Maryland in September 1862, which halted the Confederate invasion of the North. Finally, it briefly summarizes the naval war, including the famous duel between the C.S.S. Virginia and U.S.S. Monitor at Hampton Roads in
US History Ch 19.1
The document summarizes key events at the beginning of the American Civil War. It describes Lincoln facing crisis as southern states seceded. When the Confederate army bombarded Fort Sumter in South Carolina for 34 hours, it marked the start of the Civil War. In response, Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to join the Union army, further dividing families as brothers fought on opposing sides. The summaries compares the advantages and strategies of the North and South as the war began.
TX History Ch 21.4
The document discusses the closing of the open range in the American West. It describes how barbed wire, invented by Joseph Glidden in the 1870s, made large-scale fencing inexpensive and easy, allowing farmers and ranchers to fence off their land. This led to the disappearance of the open range cattle kingdom as lands became enclosed by fences. It also caused conflicts known as range wars between small landowners and large cattle outfits over issues like blocked roads and fenced water sources. By the 1880s, many states had passed laws against fence cutting and regulating fencing rights in an attempt to resolve range disputes. Overgrazing, expanded farming and ranching, railroads, and other factors also contributed to the end of
TX History Ch 21.3
The document discusses the history of ranching in South Texas and the Panhandle region. It describes important ranches like the King Ranch, located in Kennedy County, which at its largest encompassed over 1 million acres. It also discusses pioneers of ranching in the Panhandle such as John Adair and Charles Goodnight who established the huge JA Ranch. The document also notes the role of African American trail drivers like Bose Ikard and how the cowboy lifestyle was popularized through dime novels.
TX History Ch 21.1
Early cattle ranching in Texas began with Spanish settlers in the 1500s who established ranches in Mexico and moved cattle northward into the Rio Grande and San Antonio River Valleys. Spanish ranchers used brands to identify cattle ownership and drove cattle to market in New Orleans and to supply Spanish outposts, facing problems of rustling, low demand, and limited access to markets. Texas longhorns thrived on native grasses, weathered hot and cold temperatures, could eat prickly pear, and were resistant to Texas Fever, with their large horns providing protection.
TX History Ch 20.3
The document summarizes key battles between Plains Indians and the US Army in the Red River War of 1874. It describes the Battle of Adobe Walls in June 1874, where 700 Indians attacked a trading post but were defeated by 30 whites. It also discusses the Battle of Palo Duro Canyon in September 1874, where Colonel Ranald Mackenzie launched a surprise attack against Comanche villages, killing three Comanche and destroying their supplies, villages, and 1400 horses. The Battle of Palo Duro Canyon was a decisive victory that forced the Plains Indians to accept life on reservations.
TX History Ch 20.2
The document summarizes events surrounding the Salt Creek Raid in 1871, in which Kiowa and Comanche tribes attacked a wagon train near Salt Creek, killing 7 men. In response, General Sherman had three tribal leaders arrested. Though one was killed resisting arrest, the others were convicted of murder but later had their death sentences commuted to life in prison by the governor. The Salt Creek Raid convinced the war department that Indians needed to be forced onto reservations, leading to increased raids by Colonel Mackenzie on the Comanche and other tribes to force their surrender and movement to reservations.
TX History Ch 20.4
The document discusses the end of the Indian Wars in Texas in the late 1800s. It describes the Apache leader Victorio who raided across the Rio Grande after being forced to move to a reservation in New Mexico. The U.S. Army chased Victorio for two years with regiments including African American "Buffalo Soldier" troops. Victorio's raids stopped when he died in 1880 after Mexican troops became involved in the conflict. It also discusses the difficulties Indians faced on reservations, including being forced to farm with little experience or adequate land and having religious practices banned.
TX History Ch 20.1
During the 1860s, American Indian raids increased as soldiers were occupied in the Civil War. This pushed the frontier line in Texas further east at times. In 1865, the Treaty of Little Arkansas was negotiated but the promised reservation was never created. The Treaty of Medicine Lodge in 1867 required Plains Indians to move to a reservation in Indian Territory in exchange for supplies, but some Indians refused to accept reservation life. The Peace Policy of 1869 aimed to prevent war by appointing Quakers as Indian agents, but reservation life was difficult due to poor soil and insufficient supplies from the government.
US History Ch 18.4
John Brown led a raid on the federal arsenal in Harper's Ferry in 1859 hoping to arm slaves and start an uprising. He was captured, convicted of treason, and hanged. His actions increased tensions between northern abolitionists and southern slaveholders. In 1860, Abraham Lincoln was elected president, despite not being on the ballot in many southern states. As southern states increasingly feared the potential end of slavery, seven states seceded from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America, with Jefferson Davis as its president.
US History 18.1
The document summarizes key events around the expansion of slavery and passage of the Compromise of 1850. It discusses the debates over whether new territories gained from Mexico would allow slavery. The Compromise of 1850 admitted California as a free state while establishing popular sovereignty in Utah and New Mexico. It also included a stronger Fugitive Slave Act, which faced opposition from abolitionists and led to incidents like the failed rescue of Anthony Burns.
US History 18.2
The document summarizes events in Kansas Territory in the 1850s surrounding the issue of slavery. It discusses the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, which allowed popular sovereignty to determine slavery in the territories and repealed the Missouri Compromise banning slavery north of 36°30'. This led northern abolitionists and southern pro-slavery groups to rush into Kansas to influence elections, resulting in violence known as "Bleeding Kansas" between the factions. Key events included the Sack of Lawrence and Pottawatomie Massacre by John Brown, and the beating of Senator Charles Sumner by Congressman Preston Brooks in response to a speech criticizing slavery.
US History 18.3
The document summarizes key political divisions and events in the 1850s leading up to the Civil War. It discusses the formation of the Republican Party in opposition to the expansion of slavery. It outlines the impact of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Dred Scott decision, which ruled that African Americans could not be citizens and Congress could not regulate slavery in federal territories. The debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas on the issues of slavery and territorial expansion are also summarized.
TX History Ch 19.1
The document summarizes Presidential Reconstruction after the Civil War in Texas. It describes how the Freedmen's Bureau was established to help former slaves, but it was ineffective in Texas with few agents. President Johnson laid out a plan for readmitting Confederate states, but it allowed former secessionists to regain power and not protect the rights of African Americans. As a result, the Texas legislature passed Black Codes that restricted freedoms.
TX History Ch 19.4
The document summarizes events in Texas after Reconstruction. It discusses how the 1876 Texas Constitution reduced gubernatorial power and funding for education while greatly expanding the document. It also discusses how Democrats reversed Republican policies and established nearly 100 years of Democratic rule. This led to increased segregation, limiting of African American civil rights and political power through Jim Crow laws. Agriculture remained important and many became tenant farmers or sharecroppers, lacking land and supplies.
TX History Ch 19.2
Congressional Reconstruction began after the election of 1866 gave Republican majorities in Congress. Congress passed Reconstruction Acts that divided the South into military districts and required the former Confederate states to write new constitutions guaranteeing African American rights and suffrage, and ratify the 14th Amendment. This marked the beginning of Congressional Reconstruction, where the terms for rejoining the Union were made more difficult under military control. In Texas, Congressional Reconstruction led to the development of the Republican Party, dominated by Unionists, African Americans, and Mexican Americans.
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