During the 1860s, American Indian raids increased as soldiers were occupied in the Civil War. This pushed the frontier line in Texas further east at times. In 1865, the Treaty of Little Arkansas was negotiated but the promised reservation was never created. The Treaty of Medicine Lodge in 1867 required Plains Indians to move to a reservation in Indian Territory in exchange for supplies, but some Indians refused to accept reservation life. The Peace Policy of 1869 aimed to prevent war by appointing Quakers as Indian agents, but reservation life was difficult due to poor soil and insufficient supplies from the government.

1. Chapter 20: The Indian Wars Section 1: Changes in Indian Policy

2. American Indian Relations Early 1860s: Indian raids common Frontier open to attack as men and soldiers fight in Civil War Plains Indians see opportunity to westward expansion

3. American Indian Relations Federal troops arrive at end of war Not enough troops to go around October 1865: Federal commissioners negotiate peace treaty

4. American Indian Relations Treaty of the Little Arkansas —treaty under which Comanche & Kiowa leaders agreed to settle on a Panhandle reservation Reservation never created

5. American Indian Relations Kiowa & Comanche renew attacks People move to safer areas Frontier line pushed back east

6. American Indian Relations During the 1860s the frontier in Texas sometimes fell back under pressure from American Indian raids

7. The Treaty of Medicine Lodge 1867: federal government attempts to negotiate a new treaty Treaty of Medicine Lodge —agreement of 1867 that required the Plains Indians to move onto a reservation in the Indian Territory

8. The Treaty of Medicine Lodge Terms: Gifts of blankets, clothing, & weapons 3 million acres for reservation in Indian Territory Buildings, tools, & money

9. The Treaty of Medicine Lodge Terms: Stop raiding Stay on reservations Take up farming

10. The Treaty of Medicine Lodge Satanta —Kiowa leader who refused to accept reservation life and died in prison Satanta

11. The Treaty of Medicine Lodge Some Indians honored the treaty, others remained determined to roam the plains

12. The Peace Policy 1869: President Grant established Board of Indian Commissioners Quakers —members of the Society of Friends, some of whom became Indian agents to help prevent war

13. The Peace Policy Government hoped Indians would make living by farming Reservation life was difficult and food was often scarce. Poor soil

14. The Peace Policy Government food supplies insufficient Goods sent by government were illegally sold and never arrived Buffalo hunters entered reservations

15. Civil War Reconstruction Treaty of Little Arkansas Treaty of Medicine Lodge Effects Effects Effects Effects