TX History Ch 23.3
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The oil boom of the late 19th/early 20th century led to the rapid growth of boomtowns as thousands of people moved to new oil fields. This dramatically increased the populations of places like Beaumont and Sour Lake. The automobile industry grew successful using gasoline from oil in internal combustion engines. Petrochemical industries also emerged producing rubber, plastics, and carbon black from oil. Texas passed laws regulating the oil industry and collecting taxes on oil to support education. The permanent university fund was established using land designated for education, supported by oil royalties and philanthropy which continues to benefit the University of Texas and Texas A&M systems.
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TX History Ch 23.1
The document summarizes the birth of the oil industry in Texas. It details early attempts at drilling for oil in the 1860s and successful strikes in the 1880s and 1890s. On January 10, 1901, a major strike occurred at Spindletop Hill near Beaumont, Texas, where the Lucas Gusher erupted and shot 70,000 barrels of oil per day for 9 days, launching the modern oil industry. However, increased production from Spindletop caused oil prices to plummet, leading to an economic boom and bust around the new oil fields.
TX History Ch 19.3
During the administration of Governor Edmund J. Davis, a Republican, Texas underwent Reconstruction from 1869-1873. Davis established a state police force to curb violence by the KKK against African Americans and created the state's first public school system. The Republican legislature also improved transportation infrastructure and raised taxes to fund these initiatives. However, opposition grew from Democrats and white Southerners, who derided the new laws and government. In 1873, Davis lost re-election to Richard Coke as Democrats regained control of the legislature, bringing Reconstruction in Texas to an end.
TX History Ch 15.1
The document discusses the annexation of Texas to the United States between 1836-1845. It describes how Texans approved annexation in 1836 after gaining independence from Mexico. The US was divided on the issue regionally over the expansion of slavery. Several presidents and politicians supported annexation while others opposed it. James K. Polk, a supporter of annexation and manifest destiny, was elected president in 1844 on a platform of annexing Texas. The Texas annexation resolution was finally passed in 1845, making Texas the 28th state.
TX History Ch 11.4
The document summarizes the Convention of 1836 in which Texas declared its independence from Mexico. 59 delegates met in March in a small, unfurnished building in muddy conditions. They voted to declare independence and drafted the Texas Declaration of Independence, listing Texans' complaints against Mexico. They also drafted the Constitution of 1836, modeling it after the U.S. Constitution and establishing the branches of government and a bill of rights. David G. Burnet was named the first president of independent Texas.
TX History Ch 8.2
Stephen F. Austin went to Texas after his father Moses Austin's death to carry out plans to settle Texas. He received permission from Mexican authorities to establish an American colony in Texas. Austin offered attractive land grants and terms to attract settlers, allowing people to own large tracts of land in exchange for small fees. He established strict guidelines requiring settlers to become Mexican citizens and convert to Catholicism. The first group of settlers arrived in Texas in 1821 on Austin's ship the Lively, bringing supplies to establish the colony.
TX History Ch 11.1
The document summarizes key events in the Texas Revolution that led to the capture of San Antonio in 1835. Tensions rose between Texans and the Mexican government as Santa Anna became president and abolished the 1824 constitution. At Gonzales, Texans refused to hand over a cannon to Mexican officials, raising their flag with the words "Come and Take It". They later defeated Mexican forces at Goliad. The Texans then marched on San Antonio led by Stephen F. Austin and laid siege to the city, but were forced to withdraw after being attacked. They later captured San Antonio on December 9th after Benjamin Milam led 300 rebels in an assault on the city.
TX History Ch 10.3
Texans held two conventions in 1832 and 1833 to discuss grievances and reforms regarding Mexican policies. The Convention of 1832 sought to allow more U.S. immigration, separate Texas from Coahuila, end customs duties, and establish land for public schools. It sent resolutions to Mexico City but saw no results. The Convention of 1833 drafted a proposed state constitution for Texas and sent Stephen F. Austin to negotiate, but he was arrested in Mexico in 1833 and imprisoned for a year.
TX History Ch 11.2
The Consultation of 1835 was a meeting called by William H. Wharton to discuss Texas' future within Mexico. At the meeting, Branch T. Archer was elected president. Delegates debated between declaring immediate independence from Mexico or remaining loyal in hopes Mexico would restore the Constitution of 1824. The Consultation ultimately created a provisional government and pledged loyalty to Mexico while warning of independence if reforms did not occur. Sam Houston was named commander-in-chief of the Texas army.
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TX History Ch 23.1
The document summarizes the birth of the oil industry in Texas. It details early attempts at drilling for oil in the 1860s and successful strikes in the 1880s and 1890s. On January 10, 1901, a major strike occurred at Spindletop Hill near Beaumont, Texas, where the Lucas Gusher erupted and shot 70,000 barrels of oil per day for 9 days, launching the modern oil industry. However, increased production from Spindletop caused oil prices to plummet, leading to an economic boom and bust around the new oil fields.
TX History Ch 19.3
During the administration of Governor Edmund J. Davis, a Republican, Texas underwent Reconstruction from 1869-1873. Davis established a state police force to curb violence by the KKK against African Americans and created the state's first public school system. The Republican legislature also improved transportation infrastructure and raised taxes to fund these initiatives. However, opposition grew from Democrats and white Southerners, who derided the new laws and government. In 1873, Davis lost re-election to Richard Coke as Democrats regained control of the legislature, bringing Reconstruction in Texas to an end.
TX History Ch 15.1
The document discusses the annexation of Texas to the United States between 1836-1845. It describes how Texans approved annexation in 1836 after gaining independence from Mexico. The US was divided on the issue regionally over the expansion of slavery. Several presidents and politicians supported annexation while others opposed it. James K. Polk, a supporter of annexation and manifest destiny, was elected president in 1844 on a platform of annexing Texas. The Texas annexation resolution was finally passed in 1845, making Texas the 28th state.
TX History Ch 11.4
The document summarizes the Convention of 1836 in which Texas declared its independence from Mexico. 59 delegates met in March in a small, unfurnished building in muddy conditions. They voted to declare independence and drafted the Texas Declaration of Independence, listing Texans' complaints against Mexico. They also drafted the Constitution of 1836, modeling it after the U.S. Constitution and establishing the branches of government and a bill of rights. David G. Burnet was named the first president of independent Texas.
TX History Ch 8.2
Stephen F. Austin went to Texas after his father Moses Austin's death to carry out plans to settle Texas. He received permission from Mexican authorities to establish an American colony in Texas. Austin offered attractive land grants and terms to attract settlers, allowing people to own large tracts of land in exchange for small fees. He established strict guidelines requiring settlers to become Mexican citizens and convert to Catholicism. The first group of settlers arrived in Texas in 1821 on Austin's ship the Lively, bringing supplies to establish the colony.
TX History Ch 11.1
The document summarizes key events in the Texas Revolution that led to the capture of San Antonio in 1835. Tensions rose between Texans and the Mexican government as Santa Anna became president and abolished the 1824 constitution. At Gonzales, Texans refused to hand over a cannon to Mexican officials, raising their flag with the words "Come and Take It". They later defeated Mexican forces at Goliad. The Texans then marched on San Antonio led by Stephen F. Austin and laid siege to the city, but were forced to withdraw after being attacked. They later captured San Antonio on December 9th after Benjamin Milam led 300 rebels in an assault on the city.
TX History Ch 10.3
Texans held two conventions in 1832 and 1833 to discuss grievances and reforms regarding Mexican policies. The Convention of 1832 sought to allow more U.S. immigration, separate Texas from Coahuila, end customs duties, and establish land for public schools. It sent resolutions to Mexico City but saw no results. The Convention of 1833 drafted a proposed state constitution for Texas and sent Stephen F. Austin to negotiate, but he was arrested in Mexico in 1833 and imprisoned for a year.
TX History Ch 11.2
The Consultation of 1835 was a meeting called by William H. Wharton to discuss Texas' future within Mexico. At the meeting, Branch T. Archer was elected president. Delegates debated between declaring immediate independence from Mexico or remaining loyal in hopes Mexico would restore the Constitution of 1824. The Consultation ultimately created a provisional government and pledged loyalty to Mexico while warning of independence if reforms did not occur. Sam Houston was named commander-in-chief of the Texas army.
TX History Ch 6.1
The document discusses the Spanish mission system in North America. The Spanish established missions along their northern border to convert Native Americans to Catholicism, develop the borderlands, and represent Spanish rule. Missions included religious communities located near water with amenities. They taught Indians agriculture and religion, though some resisted. Presidios were military bases, while civilians lived in towns and ranchos near the missions and presidios. Missions were also established in New Mexico and Texas, though the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 forced the Spanish out of New Mexico temporarily.
TX History Ch 10.2
Tensions grew between Mexican troops and Texas settlers in the 1830s. In 1831, Colonel Juan Bradburn arrested several settlers in Anahuac, including William Travis, angering Texans. Settlers demanded the prisoners' release, but Bradburn refused. John Austin organized settlers and marched on Anahuac with a cannon, though they withdrew when Bradburn agreed to release prisoners. This led to the Turtle Bayou Resolutions where settlers declared they were not in rebellion against Mexico but defending their rights. Conflict continued until Colonel Piedras removed Bradburn from his post and released the prisoners.
TX History Ch 8.1
Moses Austin had a plan to establish a colony of American families in Texas after going bankrupt in 1819. In December 1820, he traveled to San Antonio to get approval from Governor Martinez. Although initially suspicious, Governor Martinez was convinced by Baron de Bastrop to allow Austin to make his case. In 1821, Austin received approval to settle 300 Catholic families from Louisiana, but then fell ill, asking his son Stephen to carry out the plan.
TX History Ch 3.3
The Central Plains region of Texas includes the Grand Prairie and Cross Timbers subregions. The Grand Prairie has thin soil better suited for livestock grazing than farming, with Fort Worth as the largest city. The Cross Timbers is divided into eastern and western belts by different tree species and separates the Grand Prairie from the Rolling Plains further west, where cattle ranching and farming of cotton and grains are important economic activities.
TX History Ch 16.2
The document summarizes the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the Mexican-American War. Key terms of the treaty included Mexico's recognition of Texas annexation and ceding of territory that became parts of western United States. Mexico was paid $15 million and its citizens in the ceded territory received U.S. citizenship. Disputes later arose over the boundaries of Texas that were resolved in the Compromise of 1850.
TX History Ch 12.1
The Treaties of Velasco established terms for the end of the war between Texas and Mexico in 1836. The public treaty stated that the war was over and Texas was independent, while Mexican forces would withdraw. The secret treaty provided for Santa Anna's release and his agreement to persuade Mexico to recognize Texas in exchange for his freedom. However, many Texans distrusted Santa Anna and wanted him imprisoned or executed. When he was released, Mexico refused to recognize the treaties, considering Texas still in rebellion.
TX History Ch 16.3
The document summarizes conflicts between settlers moving westward into American Indian lands, and the various policies and groups that attempted to deal with these conflicts. It describes how the Texas Rangers were effective in battles against tribes like the Comanche and Kiowa. It also discusses the establishment of frontier forts by the US government to protect settlers, but these forts were often too far apart and had too few troops to be effective. Finally, it outlines the reservation policy and removal of some Texas Indian tribes to Indian Territory in Oklahoma.
TX History Ch 3.2
The Gulf Coastal Plain region of Texas is divided into 5 subregions. The Piney Woods subregion is heavily forested and located in eastern Texas. It contains the Big Thicket National Preserve. The Gulf Coastal Plain subregion near the coast contains many bayous and includes the cities of Houston and Corpus Christi. Houston is the largest city in Texas. The South Texas Plains subregion includes the Rio Grande Valley and its largest city is San Antonio. The Post Oak Belt subregion contains lignite and its largest city is Bryan-College Station. The Blackland Prairie subregion has rich black soil suitable for farming and contains the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area.
TX History Ch 6.5
Life in the Spanish missions in Texas consisted of daily prayer and work from dawn to dusk under the direction of priests and soldiers. Men tended crops while women did tasks like making pottery, weaving, and cooking. The Spanish hoped the native Indians would adopt Catholicism and European ways of life, but they often maintained their traditional celebrations and customs. Overall, life was harsh with dirt floors, open windows, and occasional food shortages, though some missions had better conditions than others. Nearby presidios provided protection for the missions and supervised the Indians, and towns developed diverse populations and the beginnings of local government.
TX History Ch 15.3
This document summarizes political parties and early governors in Texas after it joined the United States. It discusses that Texas did not have political parties when it was the Republic of Texas, but joined the Democratic and Whig parties after annexation. It then briefly outlines six early governors of Texas between 1846 to 1859, including their terms and key issues or accomplishments. Finally, it discusses debts and land issues, noting Texas took on a large debt at annexation and gave up land to reduce it while also using land to attract settlers.
TX History Ch 10.1
The Fredonian Rebellion of 1826 occurred when Haden Edwards' empresario contract to settle 800 families near Nacogdoches was cancelled by the Mexican government. In response, Haden's brother Benjamin Edwards declared part of East Texas to be an independent Republic called the Fredonian Republic. However, the rebellion was short-lived as Stephen F. Austin led a militia and Mexican army to confront the Fredonians, who then fled. The rebellion worried the Mexican government and prompted an investigation by General Manuel de Mier y Teran, who warned that growing American influence in Texas could threaten Mexican control of the region.
TX History Ch 11.3
The Mexican army under Santa Anna advanced on San Antonio with 6,000 troops in February 1836. There were only around 100 Texan troops defending the Alamo under Colonel James Neill. Jim Bowie arrived and convinced them not to abandon the fort, saying "we will rather die in these ditches than give them up." William Travis gathered 30 volunteers and took command as Neill left sick. Davy Crockett also arrived with Tennessee volunteers. Over two weeks, the Texans prepared defenses but were vastly outnumbered against Santa Anna's force of over 1,800. On March 6th, Mexican forces launched an all-out assault and overwhelmed the Texan defenders, killing nearly all of them after intense fighting,
TX History Ch 9.1
During the 1820s-1830s, the population of Texas surged as settlers arrived from Europe, Mexico, and the United States. Most early settlers were farmers from the US, drawn by cheap land and easy payment terms. Many US settlers were escaping debts or legal troubles. By 1834, the population was estimated at 21,000, with 15,000 from the US of mostly English, Irish, or Scottish descent. Settlers traveled to Texas by wagon train, horseback, walking, water, or flatboat, and usually settled along rivers due to fertile soil and mild climate.
TX History Ch 12.4
Sam Houston was elected president of the Republic of Texas in 1841 for his second term. He aimed to balance the budget by cutting government jobs and spending, but was unable to do so as debt rose to $12 million by 1845. Houston pursued peaceful relations with Indian tribes, establishing frontier trading posts and signing treaties, including with the Comanche in 1844. However, tensions with the Comanche later resurfaced. Houston also had to send troops in 1844 to end the Regulator-Moderator War, a violent feud between two settler groups in East Texas over land certificates that local officials could not stop.
TX History Ch 14.3
Anson Jones was elected president of the Republic of Texas in 1844. As president, he inherited economic problems and debt from previous administrations. He continued the policy of reduced government spending. The most serious issue facing his administration was whether Texas should pursue annexation by the United States. Most Texans approved of annexation after independence, though the US did not initially offer it. By 1845, few Texans were interested in negotiating with Mexico for recognition and there was debate among Texans on the issue of annexation.
Tx history-ch-16.1
Tensions rose between the United States and Mexico in the 1840s following the annexation of Texas by the US. The US claimed the border of Texas was the Rio Grande river, while Mexico claimed it was the Nueces river further north. In 1846, Mexican forces attacked US troops along the Rio Grande, which President Polk used to convince Congress to declare war, seeking to expand US territory. Under the leadership of generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott, US forces defeated Mexican armies and captured key cities like Mexico City. The Mexican War ended in 1848 with the US gaining control of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Utah, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming.
TX History Ch 18.5
1) The war draws to a close as Union forces gain victories over Confederate forces under Lee and Grant takes command of the Union army.
2) Sherman's march through Georgia and the Carolinas helps turn the tide further against the Confederacy.
3) Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox, but fighting continues in Texas until the last battle at Palmito Ranch in May after word of the surrender spreads.
TX History Ch 11.5
The fall of the Alamo and the massacre at Goliad greatly angered Texas soldiers. General Sam Houston was put in command of the Texas army but faced many challenges as his troops were poorly supplied and untrained. After learning of the defeat at Goliad, Houston ordered civilians to flee eastward in what became known as the "Runaway Scrape". At San Jacinto, Houston defeated Santa Anna's Mexican army in just 18 minutes, securing Texas' independence from Mexico.
Tx history-ch-15.2
The document summarizes key aspects of the Texas Constitution of 1845 that was drafted at the Convention of 1845 when Texas joined the United States. The constitution established the executive, legislative, and judicial branches and set terms for elected offices. It only allowed white men over 21 to vote and hold office, protected slavery, and included some economic regulations and protections for property rights and prohibiting dueling.
TX History Ch 6.4
War broke out between France and Spain in Europe in 1719. This affected their colonies in North America as French soldiers from Louisiana attacked and raided the Spanish mission of San Miguel de Linares. In response, the Spanish temporarily abandoned the East Texas region. However, in 1721 the Viceroy ordered the Marques de San Miguel de Aguyayo to reoccupy the missions. Aguayo negotiated an agreement with the French commander to separate control of French Louisiana and Spanish Texas. He expanded Spanish settlements by establishing Los Adaes as the capital and building the mission and presidio of La Bahia near Matagorda Bay.
TX History Ch 22.1
The document discusses the growth of railroads in Texas in the late 19th century. Railroads helped accelerate Texas' economic development by providing a more reliable and cheaper way to ship goods compared to rivers and roads. To encourage railroad expansion, the state enacted land grant laws that gave railroad companies land to sell in order to finance new track construction. This led to over 30 million acres of public land and 6,000 miles of new track being laid between 1876-1889, connecting more cities and regions across Texas.
US History Ch 13.4
Technological advances in the early to mid-1800s revolutionized communication and transportation. Samuel Morse combined existing technologies to invent the telegraph, allowing messages to be sent quickly over wires. The first transcontinental telegraph line was completed in 1861. In farming, John Deere invented the steel-bladed plow and Cyrus McCormick designed an efficient mechanical reaper. In the home, Elias Howe invented the sewing machine, later improved by Isaac Singer, making clothing production more efficient.
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TX History Ch 6.1
The document discusses the Spanish mission system in North America. The Spanish established missions along their northern border to convert Native Americans to Catholicism, develop the borderlands, and represent Spanish rule. Missions included religious communities located near water with amenities. They taught Indians agriculture and religion, though some resisted. Presidios were military bases, while civilians lived in towns and ranchos near the missions and presidios. Missions were also established in New Mexico and Texas, though the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 forced the Spanish out of New Mexico temporarily.
TX History Ch 10.2
Tensions grew between Mexican troops and Texas settlers in the 1830s. In 1831, Colonel Juan Bradburn arrested several settlers in Anahuac, including William Travis, angering Texans. Settlers demanded the prisoners' release, but Bradburn refused. John Austin organized settlers and marched on Anahuac with a cannon, though they withdrew when Bradburn agreed to release prisoners. This led to the Turtle Bayou Resolutions where settlers declared they were not in rebellion against Mexico but defending their rights. Conflict continued until Colonel Piedras removed Bradburn from his post and released the prisoners.
TX History Ch 8.1
Moses Austin had a plan to establish a colony of American families in Texas after going bankrupt in 1819. In December 1820, he traveled to San Antonio to get approval from Governor Martinez. Although initially suspicious, Governor Martinez was convinced by Baron de Bastrop to allow Austin to make his case. In 1821, Austin received approval to settle 300 Catholic families from Louisiana, but then fell ill, asking his son Stephen to carry out the plan.
TX History Ch 3.3
The Central Plains region of Texas includes the Grand Prairie and Cross Timbers subregions. The Grand Prairie has thin soil better suited for livestock grazing than farming, with Fort Worth as the largest city. The Cross Timbers is divided into eastern and western belts by different tree species and separates the Grand Prairie from the Rolling Plains further west, where cattle ranching and farming of cotton and grains are important economic activities.
TX History Ch 16.2
The document summarizes the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the Mexican-American War. Key terms of the treaty included Mexico's recognition of Texas annexation and ceding of territory that became parts of western United States. Mexico was paid $15 million and its citizens in the ceded territory received U.S. citizenship. Disputes later arose over the boundaries of Texas that were resolved in the Compromise of 1850.
TX History Ch 12.1
The Treaties of Velasco established terms for the end of the war between Texas and Mexico in 1836. The public treaty stated that the war was over and Texas was independent, while Mexican forces would withdraw. The secret treaty provided for Santa Anna's release and his agreement to persuade Mexico to recognize Texas in exchange for his freedom. However, many Texans distrusted Santa Anna and wanted him imprisoned or executed. When he was released, Mexico refused to recognize the treaties, considering Texas still in rebellion.
TX History Ch 16.3
The document summarizes conflicts between settlers moving westward into American Indian lands, and the various policies and groups that attempted to deal with these conflicts. It describes how the Texas Rangers were effective in battles against tribes like the Comanche and Kiowa. It also discusses the establishment of frontier forts by the US government to protect settlers, but these forts were often too far apart and had too few troops to be effective. Finally, it outlines the reservation policy and removal of some Texas Indian tribes to Indian Territory in Oklahoma.
TX History Ch 3.2
The Gulf Coastal Plain region of Texas is divided into 5 subregions. The Piney Woods subregion is heavily forested and located in eastern Texas. It contains the Big Thicket National Preserve. The Gulf Coastal Plain subregion near the coast contains many bayous and includes the cities of Houston and Corpus Christi. Houston is the largest city in Texas. The South Texas Plains subregion includes the Rio Grande Valley and its largest city is San Antonio. The Post Oak Belt subregion contains lignite and its largest city is Bryan-College Station. The Blackland Prairie subregion has rich black soil suitable for farming and contains the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area.
TX History Ch 6.5
Life in the Spanish missions in Texas consisted of daily prayer and work from dawn to dusk under the direction of priests and soldiers. Men tended crops while women did tasks like making pottery, weaving, and cooking. The Spanish hoped the native Indians would adopt Catholicism and European ways of life, but they often maintained their traditional celebrations and customs. Overall, life was harsh with dirt floors, open windows, and occasional food shortages, though some missions had better conditions than others. Nearby presidios provided protection for the missions and supervised the Indians, and towns developed diverse populations and the beginnings of local government.
TX History Ch 15.3
This document summarizes political parties and early governors in Texas after it joined the United States. It discusses that Texas did not have political parties when it was the Republic of Texas, but joined the Democratic and Whig parties after annexation. It then briefly outlines six early governors of Texas between 1846 to 1859, including their terms and key issues or accomplishments. Finally, it discusses debts and land issues, noting Texas took on a large debt at annexation and gave up land to reduce it while also using land to attract settlers.
TX History Ch 10.1
The Fredonian Rebellion of 1826 occurred when Haden Edwards' empresario contract to settle 800 families near Nacogdoches was cancelled by the Mexican government. In response, Haden's brother Benjamin Edwards declared part of East Texas to be an independent Republic called the Fredonian Republic. However, the rebellion was short-lived as Stephen F. Austin led a militia and Mexican army to confront the Fredonians, who then fled. The rebellion worried the Mexican government and prompted an investigation by General Manuel de Mier y Teran, who warned that growing American influence in Texas could threaten Mexican control of the region.
TX History Ch 11.3
The Mexican army under Santa Anna advanced on San Antonio with 6,000 troops in February 1836. There were only around 100 Texan troops defending the Alamo under Colonel James Neill. Jim Bowie arrived and convinced them not to abandon the fort, saying "we will rather die in these ditches than give them up." William Travis gathered 30 volunteers and took command as Neill left sick. Davy Crockett also arrived with Tennessee volunteers. Over two weeks, the Texans prepared defenses but were vastly outnumbered against Santa Anna's force of over 1,800. On March 6th, Mexican forces launched an all-out assault and overwhelmed the Texan defenders, killing nearly all of them after intense fighting,
TX History Ch 9.1
During the 1820s-1830s, the population of Texas surged as settlers arrived from Europe, Mexico, and the United States. Most early settlers were farmers from the US, drawn by cheap land and easy payment terms. Many US settlers were escaping debts or legal troubles. By 1834, the population was estimated at 21,000, with 15,000 from the US of mostly English, Irish, or Scottish descent. Settlers traveled to Texas by wagon train, horseback, walking, water, or flatboat, and usually settled along rivers due to fertile soil and mild climate.
TX History Ch 12.4
Sam Houston was elected president of the Republic of Texas in 1841 for his second term. He aimed to balance the budget by cutting government jobs and spending, but was unable to do so as debt rose to $12 million by 1845. Houston pursued peaceful relations with Indian tribes, establishing frontier trading posts and signing treaties, including with the Comanche in 1844. However, tensions with the Comanche later resurfaced. Houston also had to send troops in 1844 to end the Regulator-Moderator War, a violent feud between two settler groups in East Texas over land certificates that local officials could not stop.
TX History Ch 14.3
Anson Jones was elected president of the Republic of Texas in 1844. As president, he inherited economic problems and debt from previous administrations. He continued the policy of reduced government spending. The most serious issue facing his administration was whether Texas should pursue annexation by the United States. Most Texans approved of annexation after independence, though the US did not initially offer it. By 1845, few Texans were interested in negotiating with Mexico for recognition and there was debate among Texans on the issue of annexation.
Tx history-ch-16.1
Tensions rose between the United States and Mexico in the 1840s following the annexation of Texas by the US. The US claimed the border of Texas was the Rio Grande river, while Mexico claimed it was the Nueces river further north. In 1846, Mexican forces attacked US troops along the Rio Grande, which President Polk used to convince Congress to declare war, seeking to expand US territory. Under the leadership of generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott, US forces defeated Mexican armies and captured key cities like Mexico City. The Mexican War ended in 1848 with the US gaining control of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Utah, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming.
TX History Ch 18.5
1) The war draws to a close as Union forces gain victories over Confederate forces under Lee and Grant takes command of the Union army.
2) Sherman's march through Georgia and the Carolinas helps turn the tide further against the Confederacy.
3) Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox, but fighting continues in Texas until the last battle at Palmito Ranch in May after word of the surrender spreads.
TX History Ch 11.5
The fall of the Alamo and the massacre at Goliad greatly angered Texas soldiers. General Sam Houston was put in command of the Texas army but faced many challenges as his troops were poorly supplied and untrained. After learning of the defeat at Goliad, Houston ordered civilians to flee eastward in what became known as the "Runaway Scrape". At San Jacinto, Houston defeated Santa Anna's Mexican army in just 18 minutes, securing Texas' independence from Mexico.
Tx history-ch-15.2
The document summarizes key aspects of the Texas Constitution of 1845 that was drafted at the Convention of 1845 when Texas joined the United States. The constitution established the executive, legislative, and judicial branches and set terms for elected offices. It only allowed white men over 21 to vote and hold office, protected slavery, and included some economic regulations and protections for property rights and prohibiting dueling.
TX History Ch 6.4
War broke out between France and Spain in Europe in 1719. This affected their colonies in North America as French soldiers from Louisiana attacked and raided the Spanish mission of San Miguel de Linares. In response, the Spanish temporarily abandoned the East Texas region. However, in 1721 the Viceroy ordered the Marques de San Miguel de Aguyayo to reoccupy the missions. Aguayo negotiated an agreement with the French commander to separate control of French Louisiana and Spanish Texas. He expanded Spanish settlements by establishing Los Adaes as the capital and building the mission and presidio of La Bahia near Matagorda Bay.
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TX History Ch 22.1
The document discusses the growth of railroads in Texas in the late 19th century. Railroads helped accelerate Texas' economic development by providing a more reliable and cheaper way to ship goods compared to rivers and roads. To encourage railroad expansion, the state enacted land grant laws that gave railroad companies land to sell in order to finance new track construction. This led to over 30 million acres of public land and 6,000 miles of new track being laid between 1876-1889, connecting more cities and regions across Texas.
US History Ch 13.4
Technological advances in the early to mid-1800s revolutionized communication and transportation. Samuel Morse combined existing technologies to invent the telegraph, allowing messages to be sent quickly over wires. The first transcontinental telegraph line was completed in 1861. In farming, John Deere invented the steel-bladed plow and Cyrus McCormick designed an efficient mechanical reaper. In the home, Elias Howe invented the sewing machine, later improved by Isaac Singer, making clothing production more efficient.
US History Ch 19.4
The document discusses life during the American Civil War. It describes Lincoln's issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 that freed slaves in Confederate states and encouraged slaves to escape to Union lines. Over 180,000 African Americans served in the Union army, though they received less pay and served under white officers. Both the North and South struggled with problems during the war such as shortages, inflation, and medical issues.
TX History Ch 20.3
The document summarizes key battles between Plains Indians and the US Army in the Red River War of 1874. It describes the Battle of Adobe Walls in June 1874, where 700 Indians attacked a trading post but were defeated by 30 whites. It also discusses the Battle of Palo Duro Canyon in September 1874, where Colonel Ranald Mackenzie launched a surprise attack against Comanche villages, killing three Comanche and destroying their supplies, villages, and 1400 horses. The Battle of Palo Duro Canyon was a decisive victory that forced the Plains Indians to accept life on reservations.
TX History Ch 19.1
The document summarizes Presidential Reconstruction after the Civil War in Texas. It describes how the Freedmen's Bureau was established to help former slaves, but it was ineffective in Texas with few agents. President Johnson laid out a plan for readmitting Confederate states, but it allowed former secessionists to regain power and not protect the rights of African Americans. As a result, the Texas legislature passed Black Codes that restricted freedoms.
US History Ch 15.3
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US History Ch 15.4
The document summarizes key aspects of the abolitionist movement in the United States, including the establishment of organizations that opposed slavery and advocated for emancipation like the American Colonization Society and American Anti-Slavery Society. It discusses important abolitionist figures such as William Lloyd Garrison, the Grimke sisters, and Frederick Douglass who spread the message against slavery through publications, speeches, and activism. The Underground Railroad network helped slaves escape to the North, led by conductors like Harriet Tubman. However, the movement faced opposition from those who felt abolition threatened the Southern economy or racial hierarchy.
TX History Ch 2.1
Texas has a variety of landforms including plains, hills, plateaus, and mountain ranges. The plains are flat or gently rolling land while the plateaus are flat elevated land that drop sharply on one or more sides. Texas' rivers and streams eventually flow into the Gulf of Mexico, with most located in East Texas. The major river systems include the Rio Grande, Colorado, Brazos, and Nueces. Texas has few natural lakes but many artificial reservoirs used for water storage and irrigation. Underground aquifers like the Ogallala and Edwards aquifers provide water for homes, farms, and industry across much of the state.
TX History Ch 21.1
Early cattle ranching in Texas began with Spanish settlers in the 1500s who established ranches in Mexico and moved cattle northward into the Rio Grande and San Antonio River Valleys. Spanish ranchers used brands to identify cattle ownership and drove cattle to market in New Orleans and to supply Spanish outposts, facing problems of rustling, low demand, and limited access to markets. Texas longhorns thrived on native grasses, weathered hot and cold temperatures, could eat prickly pear, and were resistant to Texas Fever, with their large horns providing protection.
TX History Ch 20.1
During the 1860s, American Indian raids increased as soldiers were occupied in the Civil War. This pushed the frontier line in Texas further east at times. In 1865, the Treaty of Little Arkansas was negotiated but the promised reservation was never created. The Treaty of Medicine Lodge in 1867 required Plains Indians to move to a reservation in Indian Territory in exchange for supplies, but some Indians refused to accept reservation life. The Peace Policy of 1869 aimed to prevent war by appointing Quakers as Indian agents, but reservation life was difficult due to poor soil and insufficient supplies from the government.
TX History Ch 21.4
The document discusses the closing of the open range in the American West. It describes how barbed wire, invented by Joseph Glidden in the 1870s, made large-scale fencing inexpensive and easy, allowing farmers and ranchers to fence off their land. This led to the disappearance of the open range cattle kingdom as lands became enclosed by fences. It also caused conflicts known as range wars between small landowners and large cattle outfits over issues like blocked roads and fenced water sources. By the 1880s, many states had passed laws against fence cutting and regulating fencing rights in an attempt to resolve range disputes. Overgrazing, expanded farming and ranching, railroads, and other factors also contributed to the end of
TX History Ch 19.2
Congressional Reconstruction began after the election of 1866 gave Republican majorities in Congress. Congress passed Reconstruction Acts that divided the South into military districts and required the former Confederate states to write new constitutions guaranteeing African American rights and suffrage, and ratify the 14th Amendment. This marked the beginning of Congressional Reconstruction, where the terms for rejoining the Union were made more difficult under military control. In Texas, Congressional Reconstruction led to the development of the Republican Party, dominated by Unionists, African Americans, and Mexican Americans.
Chapter 27.1 world war ii
World War II began in 1939 when Germany invaded Poland. The US joined the war in 1941 after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. Texas contributed greatly to the war effort through training soldiers at military bases, producing goods for the war, and Texans enlisting to fight. Key Allied leaders like Eisenhower and Nimitz led the forces. Germany surrendered in 1945, but the war continued in the Pacific until the US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, leading Japan to surrender and end World War II.
US History Ch 13.1
The document summarizes the Industrial Revolution and its impact on manufacturing in the United States. It discusses key breakthroughs like the spinning jenny and water frame that increased textile production. Samuel Slater helped establish the first successful textile mill in Rhode Island by bringing British secrets to America. The development of interchangeable parts by Eli Whitney helped enable mass production. While manufacturing grew slowly at first due to a lack of labor and capital, the War of 1812 boosted American manufacturing as ports were blockaded and consumers purchased more domestic goods.
US History Ch 15.1
The document summarizes the Second Great Awakening in America and the rise of new spiritual movements between the 1790s-1830s. It describes how the Second Great Awakening promoted Christian renewal and was led by figures like Charles Finney who preached about individual responsibility and demonstrating faith through good deeds. During this time, church membership increased and minorities were drawn to the movement. The document also discusses the rise of Transcendentalism and utopian communities, with Transcendentalists like Emerson, Fuller, and Thoreau encouraging self-reliance and living simply. While most utopian communities failed, the Shakers founded a community led by Ann Lee. The American Romantics focused on landscapes and
TX History Ch 18.2
The document summarizes key events at the beginning of the Civil War, including Texas' involvement. It discusses how Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter in April 1861, prompting Lincoln to call for volunteers. In response, many Texans rushed to join Confederate regiments. The document then outlines some of the major battles of the Civil War, including Bull Run, Antietam, Gettysburg, Shiloh, and Vicksburg. It also notes the Union's strategy was to blockade southern ports and control the Mississippi River, while the Confederacy sought to wage a defensive war.
US History Ch 18.4
John Brown led a raid on the federal arsenal in Harper's Ferry in 1859 hoping to arm slaves and start an uprising. He was captured, convicted of treason, and hanged. His actions increased tensions between northern abolitionists and southern slaveholders. In 1860, Abraham Lincoln was elected president, despite not being on the ballot in many southern states. As southern states increasingly feared the potential end of slavery, seven states seceded from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America, with Jefferson Davis as its president.
US History Ch 19.3
The document discusses life during the American Civil War. It describes Lincoln's issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 that freed slaves in Confederate states and encouraged slaves to escape to Union lines. Over 180,000 African Americans served in the Union army, though they received less pay and served under white officers. Both the North and South struggled with problems during the war such as shortages, inflation, and medical issues.
US History Ch 19.2
The document summarizes key battles and events in the Eastern theater of the American Civil War between 1861-1862. It describes the First Battle of Bull Run in July 1861, where Confederate troops halted the Union advance. In November 1861, George McClellan took command of the Union army. The document then outlines several battles in Virginia in 1862, including the Seven Days Battle where Robert E. Lee forced McClellan to retreat from Richmond. It also discusses the bloody Battle of Antietam in Maryland in September 1862, which halted the Confederate invasion of the North. Finally, it briefly summarizes the naval war, including the famous duel between the C.S.S. Virginia and U.S.S. Monitor at Hampton Roads in
TX History Ch 14.1
The document discusses Texas establishing diplomatic relations with other nations after gaining independence from Mexico in 1836. It notes that Texas wanted recognition from Mexico the most to help with issues like immigration, trade, and loans. While the US initially had doubts about Texas due to its small population and debt, it was the first to recognize Texas in 1837. Texas then sent diplomats to Europe and gained recognition from France, Britain, Belgium, and the Netherlands later that year, though Mexico still refused to recognize Texas' independence.
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The oil boom in Texas in the early 1900s led to the rapid growth of boomtowns as thousands of people moved to oil fields and nearby towns in search of work. This caused towns like Beaumont and Sour Lake to become crowded, dirty, and rough very quickly. The development of the automobile, which used gasoline-powered internal combustion engines, helped ensure the success of the growing oil industry. The oil industry also led to new petrochemical industries that produced synthetic rubber, plastics, and carbon black. The Texas legislature began regulating the oil industry to protect groundwater and prevent waste. Revenue from taxes on oil have benefited education in Texas through the Permanent University Fund, which provides funding for the University of Texas
Congressman Blunt - Looking Out for Big Oil
Elected to Congress in 1996, Congressman Roy Blunt has consistently supported policies benefiting the oil industry through his career. He has voted against increasing liability caps for oil spills and supported bills easing offshore drilling restrictions. Blunt has also opposed eliminating tax subsidies for oil companies. Big oil companies like BP and ExxonMobil have been among his top campaign contributors, with Blunt receiving over $1 million from oil and energy interests during his time in Congress.
A short history of biofuels
The history of biofuels can be divided into four stages:
1) 1820s-1906: Lamp fuels like ethanol were popular until the US imposed a tax on ethanol but not kerosene, creating the oil industry.
2) 1906-1940s: Ethanol and other additives helped increase gasoline's octane rating to allow for more powerful car engines.
3) 1970s-1980s: The oil embargoes led to increased focus on ethanol to reduce dependence on foreign oil.
4) 1990s-present: Issues around carbon footprint and impacts on food and biodiversity have been recognized, leading to new certification standards in the EU and US.
The age of oi l2
The document summarizes the rise of the oil industry in Texas and its effects. It describes how Pattillo Higgins' discovery of oil at Spindletop Hill in 1901 sparked the Texas Oil Boom. This led to enormous population and economic growth, transforming Texas from an agricultural to an industrial economy dominated by oil and gas. New boomtowns emerged and the government implemented an oil production tax, using the new revenues to develop the state without other taxes.
Latin america enviromental concerns
Mexico City has very high levels of air pollution due to its large population and location in a valley surrounded by mountains. The pollution is caused by vehicle emissions and trapped air. Solutions being tried include improved public transportation, restrictions on car use, and education programs.
The Amazon rainforest is being destroyed for agriculture and logging, harming biodiversity and increasing carbon emissions. Deforestation is a major problem for Brazil.
Oil production in Venezuela generates air and water pollution and oil spills that damage the environment and people's livelihoods. Communities and groups are calling for cleaner energy alternatives and pollution prevention and cleanup efforts.
Examining the Factors Affecting Preparation and Responses to the Deepwater Ho...
The document discusses the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. It notes that 4.9 million barrels of oil spilled over 87 days, with 30% ending up on the seafloor and damaging coral reefs and plantlife. This was the worst oil spill in U.S. history. The U.S. consumes around 6.87 billion barrels of oil per year and receives 13% of its foreign oil from Saudi Arabia. In response to the spill, BP spent $40 billion on cleanup efforts and new U.S. legislation implemented stricter drilling practices.
Oil and gas and the texas railroad commission
The document discusses the role and responsibilities of the Texas Railroad Commission (TRRC). It notes that while called the Railroad Commission, the TRRC no longer regulates railroads and instead regulates the oil and gas industry, gas utilities, pipeline safety, liquefied petroleum gas, and surface coal and uranium mining in Texas. It oversees divisions related to oil and gas production, pipeline safety, liquefied petroleum gas transportation and storage, and surface mining. The TRRC is an elected body that aims to prevent waste of natural resources and protect property rights related to oil and gas production in Texas.
Chapter 19 Growth Of Industry
The document provides an overview of the growth of industry and industrialization in the United States from the late 1800s to early 1900s. It describes how the expansion of railroads connected the country and stimulated economic growth. New technologies like the telegraph, telephone, and electric power transformed communication and manufacturing. Large corporations like Standard Oil and U.S. Steel dominated industries through consolidation and vertical integration. Industrialization led to population growth in cities and poor working conditions that spurred the rise of labor unions fighting for workers' rights.
Lecture on Industrial america
By 1900, the U.S. had emerged as the world's leading industrial power due to its abundant natural resources, growing labor supply through immigration, capital investments, technological innovations, and business-friendly government policies. Wealthy industrialists and entrepreneurs like Carnegie, Rockefeller, Morgan, and Ford built vast industrial empires in steel, oil, banking, and automobiles through practices like vertical integration and trusts that eliminated competition. New technologies revolutionized areas like transportation, communication, manufacturing, and daily life. However, concerns grew about the power of large trusts and monopolies as well as wealth inequality between the rich industrialists and the working class.
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The Economics of Oil
- John D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil in 1870 and by 1877 it controlled over 90% of the American oil refining industry. The invention of the combustion engine in 1895 drove increased oil demand and exploration.
- Major oil discoveries were made in the 1930s-40s in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, shifting oil production away from the US. This started America's growing reliance on foreign oil. OPEC was formed in 1960 to give oil exporting countries more leverage.
- Significant events and oil price fluctuations followed, including the 1973 Arab oil embargo against the US and price spikes in the late 1970s and 2008. The BP Gulf of Mexico oil spill in 2010 was the largest and most catastrophic oil spill in history
Latin America Environmental Concerns. new 2011ppt
The document discusses three main environmental issues in Latin America: 1) air pollution in Mexico City due to its large population and location in a valley, 2) destruction of the Amazon rainforest through deforestation which threatens biodiversity and increases carbon emissions, and 3) oil-related pollution in Venezuela from drilling and production that contaminates water and land and contributes to climate change.
Environmental concerns of latin america
Latin America faces several major environmental issues related to pollution. Mexico City has extremely high levels of air pollution due to its large population, high elevation, and surrounding mountains that trap pollutants. The Brazilian government's development led to deforestation of the Amazon rainforest, endangering wildlife and increasing carbon dioxide emissions. Venezuela produces a large amount of oil, but this has caused toxic waste, air and water pollution, and damage to Lake Maracaibo from extraction. Groups are now calling for renewable energy and pollution prevention and clean-up efforts.
Environmental concerns of latin america
Latin America faces several major environmental issues related to pollution. Mexico City has extremely high levels of air pollution due to its large population, high elevation, and surrounding mountains that trap pollutants. The Brazilian government's development led to widespread deforestation of the Amazon rainforest, endangering plants and animals and increasing carbon dioxide levels. Venezuela is a leading oil producer, but oil production results in toxic waste, air pollution, and oil spills that damage the environment and people's livelihoods.
Lecture 6.pdf
The document appears to be lecture notes on the economic history of the United States covering the colonial period through the early 19th century. It includes topics like the products that saved Massachusetts, the Navigation Acts, countries that loaned money to the colonies, the cotton gin, tariffs, early industrialists like Samuel Slater and Oliver Evans, and manufacturing employment statistics. Key events mentioned include the founding of Jamestown in 1607, the end of the Revolutionary War in 1783, and the Tariff of Abominations and Nullification Crisis in the 1820s-1830s.
Industrialization
1) The document discusses the industrialization of America following the Civil War, including the rise of large corporations and changing working conditions.
2) It examines how farming transitioned from independent to commercial operations and how various innovations like the telephone and typewriter drove industrial growth.
3) Major industrialists like Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Morgan are profiled, as well as labor issues like the Homestead Strike and the response of early unions like the Knights of Labor.
Latin America Environmental Concerns
Mexico City has very high levels of air pollution due to its large population, location in a valley surrounded by mountains, and high elevation. The pollution is caused by vehicle emissions and trapped air pollution. The city is promoting public transportation and cleaner fuels to reduce air pollution.
The Amazon rainforest is being destroyed as land is cleared for farms and cattle grazing. This is reducing the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed and oxygen produced, endangering plants and animals.
Venezuela produces a large amount of oil, which boosts its economy but also causes toxic waste, air and water pollution, and oil spills that damage the environment and people's livelihoods. This oil production is a major source of carbon dioxide
Latin America Environmental Concerns
Latin America faces several major environmental issues related to air pollution, deforestation, and oil production. Mexico City has extremely high levels of air pollution due to its large population, high elevation, and surrounding mountains that trap pollutants. The destruction of the Amazon rainforest in Brazil for agriculture and development has endangered many species and increased carbon dioxide emissions. Venezuela is a leading oil producer but production causes toxic waste, air and water pollution, and damage to ecosystems that local communities depend on.
Latin america environmental concerns
Latin America faces several major environmental issues related to pollution. Mexico City has extremely high levels of air pollution due to its large population, high elevation, and surrounding mountains that trap pollutants. The Brazilian government's development led to widespread deforestation of the Amazon rainforest, endangering plants and animals and increasing carbon dioxide levels. Venezuela is a leading oil producer, but oil production results in toxic waste, air pollution, and oil spills that damage the environment and people's livelihoods.
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TX History Ch 23.2
The document summarizes the growth of the oil industry in Texas in the early 1900s. Wildcatters, or independent explorers, searched for new oil fields through risky drilling ventures. Many went bankrupt but key discoveries were made, including the large East Texas oil field in the 1930s. As the industry grew, companies integrated vertically by controlling each step of production, and horizontally by acquiring other businesses in the oil sector. Natural gas was also discovered but initially had little value since transport and distribution infrastructure did not yet exist.
US History Ch 19.1
The document summarizes key events at the beginning of the American Civil War. It describes Lincoln facing crisis as southern states seceded. When the Confederate army bombarded Fort Sumter in South Carolina for 34 hours, it marked the start of the Civil War. In response, Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to join the Union army, further dividing families as brothers fought on opposing sides. The summaries compares the advantages and strategies of the North and South as the war began.
TX History Ch 21.3
The document discusses the history of ranching in South Texas and the Panhandle region. It describes important ranches like the King Ranch, located in Kennedy County, which at its largest encompassed over 1 million acres. It also discusses pioneers of ranching in the Panhandle such as John Adair and Charles Goodnight who established the huge JA Ranch. The document also notes the role of African American trail drivers like Bose Ikard and how the cowboy lifestyle was popularized through dime novels.
TX History Ch 20.2
The document summarizes events surrounding the Salt Creek Raid in 1871, in which Kiowa and Comanche tribes attacked a wagon train near Salt Creek, killing 7 men. In response, General Sherman had three tribal leaders arrested. Though one was killed resisting arrest, the others were convicted of murder but later had their death sentences commuted to life in prison by the governor. The Salt Creek Raid convinced the war department that Indians needed to be forced onto reservations, leading to increased raids by Colonel Mackenzie on the Comanche and other tribes to force their surrender and movement to reservations.
TX History Ch 20.4
The document discusses the end of the Indian Wars in Texas in the late 1800s. It describes the Apache leader Victorio who raided across the Rio Grande after being forced to move to a reservation in New Mexico. The U.S. Army chased Victorio for two years with regiments including African American "Buffalo Soldier" troops. Victorio's raids stopped when he died in 1880 after Mexican troops became involved in the conflict. It also discusses the difficulties Indians faced on reservations, including being forced to farm with little experience or adequate land and having religious practices banned.
US History 18.1
The document summarizes key events around the expansion of slavery and passage of the Compromise of 1850. It discusses the debates over whether new territories gained from Mexico would allow slavery. The Compromise of 1850 admitted California as a free state while establishing popular sovereignty in Utah and New Mexico. It also included a stronger Fugitive Slave Act, which faced opposition from abolitionists and led to incidents like the failed rescue of Anthony Burns.
US History 18.2
The document summarizes events in Kansas Territory in the 1850s surrounding the issue of slavery. It discusses the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, which allowed popular sovereignty to determine slavery in the territories and repealed the Missouri Compromise banning slavery north of 36°30'. This led northern abolitionists and southern pro-slavery groups to rush into Kansas to influence elections, resulting in violence known as "Bleeding Kansas" between the factions. Key events included the Sack of Lawrence and Pottawatomie Massacre by John Brown, and the beating of Senator Charles Sumner by Congressman Preston Brooks in response to a speech criticizing slavery.
US History 18.3
The document summarizes key political divisions and events in the 1850s leading up to the Civil War. It discusses the formation of the Republican Party in opposition to the expansion of slavery. It outlines the impact of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Dred Scott decision, which ruled that African Americans could not be citizens and Congress could not regulate slavery in federal territories. The debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas on the issues of slavery and territorial expansion are also summarized.
TX History Ch 19.4
The document summarizes events in Texas after Reconstruction. It discusses how the 1876 Texas Constitution reduced gubernatorial power and funding for education while greatly expanding the document. It also discusses how Democrats reversed Republican policies and established nearly 100 years of Democratic rule. This led to increased segregation, limiting of African American civil rights and political power through Jim Crow laws. Agriculture remained important and many became tenant farmers or sharecroppers, lacking land and supplies.
TX History Ch 18.3
The document summarizes several campaigns and battles that took place in Texas and the Southwest region during the American Civil War. It describes how Confederate general Henry Sibley led an expedition from Texas into New Mexico in 1861, defeating Union forces at Valverde but then being forced to retreat due to lack of supplies. It also discusses how Confederate forces recaptured the city of Galveston, Texas from the Union in 1863 using improvised armored ships known as "cottonclads". Additionally, it outlines how Confederate artillery commander Richard Dowling defeated Union forces attempting to invade Texas at the Battle of Sabine Pass in 1863.
TX History Ch 18.4
The document summarizes the effects of the Civil War on the Texas home front. It discusses how the wartime economy caused shortages of goods and how Texans adapted by growing more crops like corn and wheat. Slaveholders from other Confederate states sent their slaves to Texas. The Confederate government enacted a draft that was unpopular. Unionists in Texas faced persecution, with some violently attacked or lynched for opposing the war or draft. Life became difficult for civilians as martial law was imposed in some Unionist areas.
TX History Ch 18.1
The document discusses Texas and the events leading up to its secession from the Union and joining the Confederacy during the Civil War era. It describes growing divisions between the North and South over issues like slavery, states' rights, and tariffs. Key people and events mentioned include the Dred Scott decision, John Brown's raid, the election of Abraham Lincoln, other southern states seceding, and Sam Houston's opposition to secession and removal from office for refusing to swear allegiance to the Confederacy.
US History Ch 15.5
The document summarizes the women's rights movement in the 19th century United States. It discusses key figures like Sojourner Truth, Sarah Grimke, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Lucretia Mott who advocated for women's rights and equality. It also outlines important events like the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, which was organized by Stanton and Mott and launched the organized women's rights movement in the US.
US History Ch 15.2
Between 1840-1860, over 4 million immigrants settled in the US, mostly Irish and German fleeing economic hardship and famine. They arrived poor and took low-skilled jobs. Nativists opposed immigration, fearing job losses. The Know-Nothing Party wanted to exclude Catholics and foreigners from office. As industry grew, cities attracted more immigrants to fill jobs, straining infrastructure and leading to overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions.
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TX History Ch 23.3
- 1. Chapter 23: The Oil Boom Section 3: Effects of the Oil Boom
- 8. The Effects of the Oil Boom Santa Rita No. 1 —oil well that struck oil and helped establish the Permanent University Fund Pictures of Santa Rita No. 1