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Growing tensions in Texas History 1824
1. With the number of new American settlers moving into Texas, things are
getting tense. Students should be able to recognize the reasons for the
tensions between the Mexican Government and the new Texans (mostly
former Americans) that eventually lead to the Texas Revolution.
The key events to focus on –
Constitution of 1824
Fredonian Rebellion
Meir y Teran’s Report
Law of April 6, 1830
Affair at Anahuac
Arrest and Imprisonment of Stephen F. Austin
2. THE CONSTITUTION OF 1824
Federalists wrote a constitution in 1824 that:
Federalists – power should be
shared between the states and
the national government
• Divided Mexico into 19 states and 4
territories
• Combined Coahuila and Tejas as one
state---Coahuila y Tejas.
• Texas could become a single Mexican
state after it’s population grew large
enough
R
WE
PO
POWE
R
• Out of the 12 members of the state
legislature that met in Saltillo, Texas
could have only 1
Federalists mostly left the American settlers in Texas
alone
Mexico
City
Ch. 7 Review
R
EW
O
P
3.
4. Chapter 8; Section 1
The Difficulties Begin
(1826-1830)
Republic of Fredonia
Mier y Teran
Law of April 6, 1830
5. Fredonian Revolt
1825 - Haden Edwards was awarded a large piece of land as an
empresario -•He was allowed to settle 800 families near Nacogdoches
•When Edwards arrived at his land (in September) he discovered that
there were already people living there (many had been there for
generations)
•MINE! No, it’s MINE!!
•The Political chief in the area sided with the settlers (against Edwards)
•Edward’s brother, Benjamin, thought the only way to solve the
problem was to declare his colony independent from Mexico…
so both he AND his brother did! Ack!
Well, darnit… if
Mexico won’t give
it to us… we can
just TAKE IT!!!!
6. So . . .
Independenc
eLiberty
Justice
- The brothers got 15 -30 armed settlers
and took the Old Stone Fort (Dec. 16)
- They raised a red and white flag that said,
“Independence, Liberty and Justice”
- Called it the Republic of Fredonia
- The Mexican government (with the help of Stephen F.
Austin) sent troops to Nacogdoches to stop the revolt.
(January)
- Some Fredonians were captured but most of them ran
across the Sabine River (border) into the United States
… the revolt was over
7. Effects of the Fredonian Revolt
•The Mexican government wanted to know what
the heck was going on in Texas so the sent
General Mier y Teran to investigate.
• Teran told the Mexican government that
Texans outnumbered Mexicans in East
Texas at least 5 to 1.
• Worried about the growing American
influence in Texas.
If you don’t do
something that Texas
will be lost
FOREVER!!!!!!!
8. CENTRALISTS CAME INTO POWER IN 1829
•LAW OF APRIL 6, 1830
Centralists – power should be
concentrated in the central
government of Mexico City
• Stopped all immigration from the
UNITED STATES
• Issued a decree (law) abolishing slavery in
Mexico (including Texas)
• Suspended empresario contracts
• Encouraged immigration from MEXICO
AND EUROPE
P
O
W
REEW
R OP
• Placed customs duties (taxes) on goods
made in foreign countries (the United
States)
Mexico
City
Texans DID NOT like the new laws the Centralists
were putting in place.
PW
O
E
R
THEY SAID IT VIOLATED THEIR
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS
(The Constitution of 1824)
9. Chapter 8; Section 2
Rebellions!!!!!
1831-1832
Anahuac protest
Turtle Bayou Resolutions
Conventions of 1832 and 1833
10. 1st Anahuac Conflict
Anahuac was a port where the Mexicans would
collect taxes on imported goods
The taxes were meant to raise money for
Mexico and to encourage INTERNAL trade
within Mexico (and not always with the US)
Juan (John) Bradburn was the Mexican
commander at Anahuac
Bradburn did not always treat the Texans
well… they had several disagreements
Finally, in May 1832, after Bradburn arrested
William Travis and Patrick Jack for interfering
with his efforts to enforce the laws, the settlers
had had it
The Texans demanded Travis’ and Jack’s
release… when Bradburn refused, there was a
small battle (skirmish)
The colonists realized they needed more fire-power so they sent one of the settlers (JOHN
Austin) to get a cannon from Brazoria
While he was gone…
11. Turtle Bayou Resolutions
(June 13, 1832)
– The Texans said they were still
loyal citizens of Mexico (they
were NOT rebelling against
Mexican authority)
– Supported Santa Anna’s revolt
against the Centralists in
Mexico (President Bustamante)
because they were ignoring the
Constitution of 1824
– Santa Anna had said that HE
supported the Constitution of
1824
12. While the colonists at Turtle Bayou (Anahuac) were making nice…
John Austin (the guy who went to get the cannon)
was having problems getting the cannon through
the port at Velasco (a different port on the TX
coast)
Colonel Ugartechea (the Mexican commander at
Velasco) thought they were rebels and wouldn’t
let them through the port
Fighting followed and there were casualties on both sides
Eventually, the Mexicans ran out of
ammunition and surrendered
John Austin made it back to Anahuac
(Turtle Bayou) with the cannon only to find
out that Travis and Jack had already been
set free! Oh well.
13. Finally in 1833, Santa
Anna became president of
Mexico… most Texans
were happy… because he
had declared himself to be
a FEDERALIST… he had
promised to support the
Constitution of 1824…
which is what the Texans
wanted…
I am a
Federalist.
NO, I am a
Centralist
14. CONVENTIONS OF 1832 (October 1)
and 1833 (April 1)
a meeting or formal assembly, as of representatives or delegates, for
discussion of and action on particular matters of common concern
• Stephen F. Austin was elected president of these conventions
• Some guy named Sam Houston shows up at the second one
• Texas should be made a separate state (no more Coahuila!)
• Immigration from the U.S. should be allowed again
• Texans be exempt from certain import taxes
• They would receive better educational facilities
• Better protection from the Native Americans
15. WHO’S GOING TO TELL SANTA ANNA?
The delegates decided to send Stephen F. Austin to Mexico to present
their resolutions to Mexico City
He left right after the convention, in April 1833
16. Chapter 8; Section 3
Increased Tensions
1833-1835
Cholera epidemic
Stephen F. Austin imprisoned
General Cos
Consultation of 1835
17. Cholera Epidemic in Mexico City
In July 1833, Austin arrives in
Mexico City as a cholera epidemic
is sweeping through the city
Austin’s meeting with Santa Anna
is delayed because Santa Anna had
left Mexico City… he did not want
to be in the city while so many
people were dying of cholera
Austin gets frustrated (he had been waiting for 3 months) and writes
a letter to the delegates in San Antonio telling them to go ahead and
form their own government
In November, Santa Anna finally meets with Austin and agrees to
some of the resolutions… mainly doing away with the law
restricting immigration
18. Austin gets thrown in prison
Austin leaves Mexico City in December 1833 to
head back to Texas
In the meanwhile, the Mexican authorities in Saltillo
had read Austin’s letter to the delegates in
Texas… they weren’t too happy…
Austin is arrested in January 1834 and sent BACK
to Mexico City
Texans were appalled… they asked for Austin’s
release…
19. • After being imprisoned for
1 ½ years, Austin was
finally given his freedom
in July of 1835…
• he got back to Texas that
September –
over 2 years since
leaving!!!
20. While Austin was in Prison
• The cholera epidemic also killed colonists; including 8
members of Austin’s family
• In the Fall of 1833, malaria also hit the colonists due to
heavy rains in East Texas
• 1834 was better because reforms Santa Anna promised
began –
–
–
–
–
English became official language
Immigrants from U.S. were allowed in
Improved courts
Increased number of Texas representatives in the state legislature
of Coahuila
– Religious tolerance was granted
21. In early 1835, trouble began again in Anahuac!
The Texans were complaining about how the taxes at Anahuac
were being collected unfairly. Several Texans were thrown in
jail. ANOTHER battle was started and the Mexican official at
Anahuac was forced to surrender and leave Texas!
Some Texans disagreed with what the Texans
had done and wrote a letter of apology to
General Martin Perfecto de Cos,
Santa Anna’s brother-in-law and
commander of the Mexican forces in Coahuila.
“Apology NOT accepted!”
He arrested the offending Texans (including Lorenzo de Zavala)
Oh yeah… BTW Santa Anna has become an evil Centralist
22. Consultation of 1835
August 15, 1835, leaders in the town of Columbia issued a call
for a convention so people could discuss the situation with Cos
and Santa Anna.
This convention was known as the CONSULTATION and was
held at Washington-on-the-Brazos on October 15.
Colonists had mixed opinions --
Peace Party
Thought war should be avoided
at all costs and war should be
avoided at all costs
War Party
Thought Santa Anna had
become a dictator
(not good) and war
was their only
option
23. “War is our only recourse. There
is not other remedy. We must
defend our rights, ourselves, and
our country by force of arms.”
Stephen F. Austin
Editor's Notes
Myehr ee the RAHN
Two-minute Lesson Launcher – bottom of page 184
What differences between Mexicans and Anglo Americans Texans in the 1820s and 1830s might have led to misunderstandings and conflict?
Different languages
Different religions
Disagreed on issue of slavery
Mexicans lived geographically closer to Mexico City (central government) and Settlers lived geographically closer to United States and a different government.
Anglos were not familiar with Mexican laws.
This first slide is a quick review of where Chapter 7 left us.
Empresarios included–
Austin is given 5 contracts to bring in a total of over 2000 settlers to Texas, Father of Texas
Dewitt (400),
de Leon (100-200),
Power and Hewetson,
McMullen and McGloin
For many years life was good for the settlers, but then . . . Tensions increase and difficulties begin.
Edwards told them they had to leave because they did not have any legal titles for their land and he had a contract from the Mexican government to sell their land – they would have to PAY him to stay!
Myehr ee te-RAHN
Although the Fredonian Revolt was a minor event and most colonists had refused to support the Edwards brothers, Mexican officials became worried. They thought this small revolt was part of an American scheme to acquire Texas.
Teran was in Nacogdoches during the U.S. Presidential election in which Andrew Jackson was elected. He was the first president NOT from the Northeast. He was from Tennessee.
Teran realized that this proved the U.S. was looking westward---- which worried him more the U.S. taking Texas.
The decree to abolish slavery in Texas never went into effect but WORRIED the slaveholders greatly and they feared the decree would soon apply to them.
The Law of April 6, 1830 was issued based on many of Teran’s recommendations.
Also built forts to prevent smuggling of goods from United States; introduction of more slaves; illegal land speculation.
Texas settlers were alarmed because their prosperity depended upon continued growth and trade with U.S.
Settlers also had friends and family who could no longer come to Texas.
Law of April 6, 1830 was an early turning point in relations between the colonists and the Mexican government—
Each side began to distrust the other!
Stephen F. Austin tried to negotiate with Mexican leaders but to much had already happened to
Reverse tensions.
END OF SECTION 1
Section 2 begins on page 190
We ended section 1 with the Centralists taking control of the Mexican government with the Law of April 6, 1830.
Recall freedoms being taken away, etc.
This is the beginning of Section 2; page 190.
Anahuac was the site of a small Mexican garrison established to CONTROL commerce.
Bradburn had fought against Spain for Mexican independence.
The tax collector attempted to collect customs duties on imported goods from U.S.. Texas merchants were angered because this meant they would have to travel long distances to process paperwork giving permission for this import.
Final blow May 1832 –
160 settlers marched to Anahuac demanding Travis and Jack’s release
At first, Bradburn agreed to release both IF the colonists retreated. They did but instead of releasing the prisoners, Bradburn reinforced the garrison.
A second skirmish also ended with the colonists having to retreat. They needed a CANNON!
While the colonist made camp at Turle Bayou (between Anahuac and Liberty) John Austin went to Brazoria to bring back a cannon.
While they waited for the cannon, they adopted a number of statements known as the Turle Bayou Resolutions …
The Texans wrote up a list of things they wanted the Mexican government to know. These statements became known as the Turtle Bayou Resolutions.
The Constitution of 1824 favored the Texans… so they wanted it to stay in place. They thought Santa Anna supported this as a Fereralist.
With the Centralists gone… 58 delegates to the convention assembled in San Felipe to discuss what changes they wanted from the new government (Federalist Santa Anna was coming into power in a few months)
Stephen F. Austin was elected president of the convention.
William H. Wharton and Rafael Manchola were elected to present these resolutions to officials in Mexico City.
Why do you think Austin was elected as the president of the 1832 convention?
They were never presented though ----
6 months later . . .
Another group of Anglo American colonists called another convention at San Felipe.
Most of these delegates had NOT attended the previous one.
Sam Houston was elected as the new representative from Nacogdoches. (Remember his name because he plays a huge part in what comes NEXT in Texas History)
Stephen F. Austin, Dr. James B. Miller and Erasmo Seguin were chosen to carry the resolutions to Mexico City. Miller and Seguin were unable to go so Austin went alone.
End of Secion 2
Section 3 begins on page194
Santa Anna did not agree to separate statehood but agreed to repeal the law restricting immigration from the U.S. and improve the court and postal systems.
Austin was pleased and left the capital on December 10 to return home.
Cos announced he was taking many soldiers to Texas to arrest those he considered disloyal.
Zavala had moved to Texas because he was already worried about his safety in Mexico.
Remember this man – you’ll hear more of him later in Texas History.
Cos’s actions caused GREAT concern in Texas. Texans were NOT willing to turn over their friends to Mexican Military Court.
Members of the Peace Party feared the Consultation would cause trouble.
Those in favor of an immediate declaration of independence from Mexico were members of the War Party. This included, Travis.
Members of the Peace Party HOPED Stephen F. Austin would oppose the Consultation but he did not. Austin had become convinced that Santa Anna was becoming a dictator (ruler with absolute power)
Austin urges the colonists to unite – (next slide)
