3. THE TREATIES OF VELASCO
Public Terms
1. The war between Mexico and Texas was officially
ended, and Texas was declared independent.
2. Santa Anna would not take up arms against Texas.
3. All Mexican forces would withdraw beyond the Rio
Grande.
4. Prisoners would be exchanged.
5. Mexico would return all captured property.
6. Texas leaders would promptly return Santa Anna to
Mexico.
4. THE TREATIES OF VELASCO
Secret Terms
1. Provided for Santa Anna’s immediate
release
2. Santa Anna would try to persuade
Mexican leaders to recognize the
independence of Texas.
3. Santa Anna would push for the Rio
Grande to be Mexico’s border with
Texas.
5. RESPONSE TO THE
TREATIES OF VELASCO
Texans Respond:
1. A small force stopped Santa Anna
2. David G. Burnet imprisoned him
Mexican Response:
1. Leaders did not recognize treaties or
Texas independence
8. Texans took these steps in building
their new nation:
•Sam Houston was elected president of
the Republic of Texas.
•Mirabeau B. Lamar was elected vice-
president.
•A constitution was adopted.
9. The Early Republic
Results of the Election of 1836
President: Vice President: Congress:
Sam Houston Mirabeau B. elected senators
Lamar and
representatives
Constitution: Annexation:
approved the Texas voted to seek U.S.
Constitution of annexation of
1836 Texas
10. Sam Houston’s “I am perfectly aware of the
Inaugural Address difficulties that surround
- 1836 me... Had it been my
destiny, I would have
prefered the toils,
privations, and perlis of a
soilder, to the duties of my
present station. ”
http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/d_h/houston.htm
11. Problems in the New Republic
• The Mexican government refused to recognize Texas’s
independence.
– Mexico and Texas were still at war.
• Other nations also needed to be persuaded that Texas
is independent.
• The new government was in debt from the Texas
revolution.
• Indians are now way out numbered and Anglo
Americans are taking over their territory.
– Indians threaten to declare war on the Texans.
12. • Houston was cautious.
• He tried to prevent another war with Mexico or with
Native Texans.
• Houston limited government spending.
Houston thought the best solution to
Texas’s problems was annexation to the
United States.
Houston’s well appointed cabinet helped him with
these problems. (Stephen F. Austin served as
secretary of state.) Cabinet – council that advises the
chief executive
13. • After serving as secretary of state for only three
months, Stephen F. Austin dies at the age of 43.
•Texas’s first empresario
•served as leader for all American colonists in
Texas
•led the first major military conflict in the
Revolution
•traveled to the United States to raise money for
the war.
14. • Initially, Columbia, a small town in Brazoria County,
was declared the capital city.
• Two brothers, John and Augustus Allen, planned on
building a new town near Harrisburg, which had
been burned during the Revolution.
– They named this town Houston, after Sam.
• Houston remained the capital of Texas throughout
Houston’s first administration, even though people
complained about the conditions in this town.
– It was muddy, hot, and had simple log structures, etc.
15. • The addition of Texas to the United States made
sense to many.
• Texan Anson Jones went to the U.S. Congress and
tried to get them to accept Texas into the Union.
• Texas would have been considered a slave state,
and many members of the U.S. congress opposed
slavery.
• This decision was delayed, and Houston ordered
Jones to withdraw the request.
– Houston didn’t want Texas to be embarrassed by having
its request delayed any longer.
16. • One of the biggest problems in the new Republic
was the lack of money.
• When Sam Houston began his presidency, Texas
was in debt over $1 million.
• Houston held government expenses to a minimum
and tried to raise revenue only for items that were
absolutely necessary.
Revenue – annual or current income of the
government
17. • In 1837 the Texas Congress authorized Houston to
issue about $600,000 in promissory notes.
• These notes made a promise that the government
would pay the specified amount to the holder of the
note at a future date.
• This was called “star money” because these “notes”
had a star on the front of them.
promissory notes – written promise to pay a
sum of money at a future time
18. • When Texas’s financial situation did not improve,
some feared that the promise of future payment
might not be kept.
• As a result, people started refusing to accept the
promissory notes.
19. •In the Treaties of Velasco, Santa Anna
agreed to the independence of Texas.
Mexico refused to accept the treaties.
•Mexico refused to acknowledge that
Texas was independent.
20. • Thousands of citizens arrived in Texas too late to fight in
the Revolution.
• Felix Huston raised an army of 500 to 700 volunteers to
fight in the Texas Revolution.
• The war was over when Huston’s army;
therefore, their eagerness to fight made them try to renew
the war with Mexico!
• Houston sent Huston’s soldiers home.
– This helped financially because now
Houston didn’t have to pay these soldiers.
21. •Texas not only had conflicts with Mexico but
also the Native Texans.
•Remember, the Native Texans were promised
by Houston the title to their land they
occupied in East Texas.
•The Texas Congress refused to
uphold this treaty (promise)
Houston had agreed upon.
http://images.amazon.com/images/P/0306805863.01.MZZZZZZZ.jpg
22. • Many Texans wanted the Native Texans out
because the land they occupied was the
richest farmland in Texas.
• Houston, unlike most Texans, was
sympathetic to the Native Texans.
• The Texas Rangers had to be called in to
patrol the frontier.
• Attacks on both sides continued.
23. ELECTION Texan Constitution did
• Since the
OF 1838
not have back to back terms,
President Houston had to hand
over the government in 1838.
• Vice-President Lamar remained
popular by the Texas people and
was elected as the second
president of the Republic of Texas.
http://dl.tamu.edu/Projects/sodct/images/mlamar.jpg
25. LAMAR
HOUSTON
• was bold • liked quiet reading
• liked flashy clothing • did not shy away from
• worked on keeping peace conflicts with Mexico and the
with Mexico and the Native Native Texans.
Texans. • wanted to get rid Texas of ALL
• spent little money Native Texans
• promoted annexation of • spent LARGE sums of
Texas to the U.S. borrowed money on military
expeditions
• wanted Texas to remain
independent and expand its
borders
26. • Lamar’s aggressive
approach to Texas’s
policies was obvious in
his 1838 inaugural
address:
– “If peace can be obtained
only by the sword, let the
sword do its work.”
http://dl.tamu.edu/Projects/sodct/images/mlamar.jpg
27. • Unlike Houston, Lamar wanted to kill or force all
of the Native Texans out of Texas.
• Lamar’s generals forced the Cherokees out of
East Texas.
– The Cherokees went to live in present-day
Oklahoma.
28. • Lamar also wanted the Comanches out of
Southwest Texas.
– Many skirmishes took place Texas troops vs Comanches.
• Finally the Comanches agreed to meet in San
Antonio (March - 1840) to discuss peace.
• The Comanches promised to release all Anglo
captives.
– One Anglo girl released looked as though she had been
tortured.
29. •The Texans refused to let the Comanche leaders
leave without having all the Texas captives
released from all Comanche bands.
•When the Comanche leaders tried to leave, they
were attacked. This fight was known as the
Council House Fight.
– 7 Texans were killed.
– MANY Comanche leaders were killed.
– The Comaches were outnumbered and unarmed.
30. • When news of the Council House Fight reached the
Comanche villagers, they were FURIOUS!
• They thought their leaders should have been safe
while attending the PEACE talks.
• The Comanches killed the rest of the Texas
prisoners and raided the towns of Linnville and
Victoria (South Texas.)
• The Texans fought back killing more than 100
Comanches in a battle called
BATTLE OF PLUM CREEK
31. •Lamar thought that sending rebels to revolt in
Mexico would help Texas.
•Lamar’s actions only increased tension
between Mexico and Texas.
•Lamar also upset New Mexico by assuming
that the land west of Texas, along the Rio
Grande, was Texas’s.
– Lamar felt he was entitled to this land under the
Treaties of Velasco that was signed by Santa
Anna in 1836.
http://images.google.com/images?q=schoolhouse+rock&hl=en&lr=&start=80&sa=N
32. • In 1841 Lamar asked permission from congress to send
troops to New Mexico. Congress said, “NO!”
– Lamar sent General Hugh McLoed and a force of 270 men to
Santa Fe (1,300 miles away) to convince those in New Mexico
they were Texans.
• The people in New Mexico refused to become part of Texas.
– Without the necessary supplies to return home, the Texans
surrendered to Mexican authorities and were imprisoned in
Mexico for about a year.
• The Santa Fe expedition was a waste of money that
Texas did not have.
• Lives were also unnecessarily lost on this expedition as
well.
35. A New
Capital
• Lamar did not like Houston
being the capital of Texas.
• Lamar wanted a more
centrally located capital. http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/02/25/mardi.gras.melee/map.texas.austin.jpg
• He choose 100 miles north of San Antonio.
• He named this site Austin, in honor of Stephen F.
Austin.
36. • Lamar is best known for his contributions to
public education.
• Lamar believed that a strong educational
system would make Texas a great nation.
• The Texas Congress set aside almost 18,000
acres of land in each county for public
schools.
• Although few schools were actually build
during Lamar’s administration, he became
known as the “FATHER EDUCATION IN
TEXAS”.
37. • Texas’s financial problem got worse during Lamar’s
presidency.
• Lamar expanded the use of bills known as “redbacks”.
– They were called “redbacks” because of the color of ink that
was used.
• The redbacks went down in value.
• Lamar spent money on battles that he didn’t have.
• Public debt increased to almost $7 million by the end
of Lamar’s term.
Public debt – amount of money a national government owes
38. • During Lamar’s presidency, the empresarial system
returned.
• The Texas Constitution promised:
– 4,605 acres to every Anglo family already living in Texas.
– 640 acres were given to immigrants
– 320 acres were given for 3 months in the army
Texas’s population increased from 34,000 when
the Republic was first formed to more than
100,000.
39. Mexico not
recognizing Raids by
Texas as DEBT
Indians
independent
Reduce Promissory
military (ie: notes
Felix Huston Texas Rangers
Cut Spending
who wanted to
start war)
40. Lamar’s Presidency
ECONOMY LAND POLICY TEXAS INDIANS
Action Action Action
issued passed declared war on
red backs homestead law American Indians
Result Result Result
worthless within protected Texans’ removed Cherokee
three years, in part homes and up to from East Texas,
because of rising 50 acres from pushed Comanche
national debt seizure for debts north & west,
increased debt
42. Sam Houston as President
Again
• Since the Texas constitution stated that you
could not be president for two consecutive
terms, Lamar was not eligible to run for
president….BUT Sam Houston was.
• Although not everyone agreed with Houston’s
plan and ideas for Texas, he was reelected in
1841.
43. Once in office, Houston put his plan
back into action.
–reduced government spending
–pulled Texas military out of Mexico
44. •Moore was the Texas Navy Commander in
Mexico.
•Moore defied Houston’s orders to leave
Mexico and went to New Orleans to repair
his ships and re-supply his crew.
•Houston declared Moore a pirate and invited
other countries to sink his ships!
•Moore eventually returned back to Texas.
45. •On March 5, 1842, Mexican’s General
Vasquez and about 700 soldiers took
control of San Antonio.
•Vasquez raised the Mexican flag, declaring
Mexican control.
•Two days later, Vasquez returned to Mexico.
46. • In September of that same year, Mexican soldiers
invaded Texas again.
• General Woll led 1,400 Mexican soldiers to San
Antonio where they captured San Antonio again and
took 67 Texas hostages with them.
• Houston sent a group of 300 militia to pursue Woll and
his men.
– This Texas militia was led by General Alexander Somervell.
47. • Before Somervell’s forces could reach the Mexican troops, they
had already crossed the Rio Grande into Mexico.
• Somervell stopped the chase because he thought his orders
prohibited him to cross into Mexico.
• Many members of the militia were upset.
– They didn’t want to leave without a fight.
– They thought they didn’t have enough supplies to return across South
Texas.
• In revolt, the militia elected William Fisher to lead them into
Mexico.
– They crossed the Rio Grande on December 23, 1842.
48. •Once in Mexico, the Texans demanded that the
citizens of Mier (a small town) provide them
with needed supplies.
•While the Texans waited, Mexican general
Pedro de Ampudía and his troops arrived and
captured them.
•Santa Anna ordered one of every ten prisoners
to be put to death. (The others would be
imprisoned for LIFE!)
49. Thomas Green, a member of the expedition, explained how the
Mexican leaders decided which men would be killed:
“…by the drawing of black and white beans from a small
earthen mug. The white ones signified exemption, and the
black death. One hundred and fifty-nine white beans were
placed in the bottom of the mug, and seventeen black ones
were placed upon the top of them.”
•If the prisoner drew a black bean, they were shot by a firing
squad. The ones drawing a white bean were imprisoned.
•Many of the Texans died in prison and the others were
released in 1844.
50.
51. • Houston wanted to move the capital of Texas.
– Houston said that Austin was too approachable, making it a
target for raids by Mexican troops and attacks of the Native
Texans.
• Many of Houston’s opponents said that Houston just
didn’t want to serve in “Lamar’s Capital”.
• Houston set up the government in Washington-on-the
Brazos.
• The archives remained in Austin because the people in
Austin know that the archives were their last claim to the
capital.
archives – public records, papers, or documents
52. • After the raid by Woll, Houston sent men to remove
the archives from Austin.
• As Houston’s men loaded the archives onto the
wagons, Angelina Eberly sounded the alarm by
setting off the cannon.
• Houston’s men were chased and caught as they rode
away in their wagons with the archives.
• The Austin citizens returned the archives to Austin,
where they remained throughout Houston’s
presidency.
53. •Houston had to deal with conflicts among
the Texans.
•There was a long-standing feud between
two groups in East Texas.
•This feud became known as the
Regulator-Moderator War.
•In August, 1844, Houston sent 600
troops to stop the violence.
•Due to the presence of the troops, the
violence ended.
54. Houston’s Efforts to Gain
Annexation
• Since his first administration, Houston had
urged the U.S. to annex Texas.
• John Tyler, the current U.S. president, agreed
to annex Texas; however, the Senate rejected
the ballot by one vote.
• Many Texans were very disappointed.
• This failure will make annexation a key issue
in the presidential campaigns to come.
55. • The Texans elected Dr. Anson Jones
as president.
• Edward Burleson was elected vice-
president.
•CANDIDTATES:
•Martin Van Buren – Free Soil Party
•Henry Clay – Whig Party
•James K. Polk – Democratic Party
Polk, who among his party favored the annexation
of Texas, won the election.
56. • On February 26, 1845, the U.S. Congress
approved a joint resolution, agreeing to accept
Texas as the 28th state.
Joint resolution – formal ruling passed by both
houses of the legislature and intended to
become a law
• On February 19, 1846, President Jones
announced the annexation of Texas.
58. LAMAR, HOUSTON AND THE
ELECTION OF 1844
• Republic was divided in the election of 1844 and
voters either supported or opposed Houston, who
supported Anson Jones
• Many Texans associated the problems of the Republic
with Lamar so his support hurt Edward Burleson
• Jones wins the election
59. ISSUES FACING TEXAS DURING
JONES’S PRESIDENCY
• Faced the problem of the debt of the Republic of
Texas
• Making peace with the Indians
• Debate over annexation to the U.S.
60. The Last Years of the Republic
Presidential Election of 1844
Candidate Candidate
Anson Jones Edward Burleson
Supporter: Houston Supporter: Lamar
during second term: unpopular because
helped Texas avoid many Texans associated
war with Mexico; saw the Republic’s problems
Texas economy with his presidency
improve
positive OR negative positive OR negative
Winner
Anson Jones
61. Elected Presidents of the Republic of Texas
1836–1845
David Burnet Sam Houston
Term: Terms: 1836–1838,
March 16, 1836– 1841–1844
October 22, 1836 Policies: Limited
Selected as interim government spending,
president of Texas established peaceful
during the Texas relations with Mexico
Revolution. and Native Americans,
Mirabeau B. Lamar encouraged annexation.
Term: 1838–1841
Policies: Used military Anson Jones
force against Mexico Term: 1844–1845
and Native Americans, Policies:
wanted Texas to remain Supported
independent, promoted annexation.
education in Texas.
62. • increased government
• limited government spending • announced the
spending • faced financial annexation of Texas
• faced financial problems
problems • “Redbacks” issued
• promissory notes • encouraged war with
Mexico and Indians • supported annexation
• was peaceful with
Mexico and the Indians • supported military
expeditions
• reduced the army
• established public
• eliminated the navy education
• supported annexation • wanted TX to be • served as president of
• served as president of independent the Republic of Texas
the Republic of Texas • served as president of
• served 2 terms the Republic of Texas • served 1 term
• served 1 term
