Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and primarily affects the lungs. It is diagnosed through microscopic examination of sputum samples, culture testing, chest x-rays, and tuberculin skin tests. The BCG vaccine provides some protection against TB. Treatment involves a standard short course of multiple antibiotics over several months. Directly Observed Treatment Short course (DOTS) is the recommended global strategy for TB control and involves sustained political commitment, quality diagnosis, standardized treatment under direct observation, reliable drug supply, and standardized reporting to monitor patients and program performance.

1. TUBERCULOSIS: TYPES, DIAGNOSIS
AND PREVENTION
IIS (DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)JAIPUR
SUBMITTED TO- SUBMITTED BY –
Dr. ANUJA VAJPAYEE APARAJITA SHARMA
( ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ) MSC. BIOTECHNOLOGY

2. Tuberculosis
• An infectious bacterial disease characterized
by the growth of nodules (tubercles) in the
tissues, especially the lungs.
• Tubercle: Round nodule/Swelling ; Osis:
Condition.

3. Causative organism:
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Characteristics:
• Gram positive
• obligate aerobe
• Non spore forming
• Non motile rod
• Mesophile
• Lipid rich cell wall contains
mycolic acid- 50% cell wall dry
weight; acid fast (retains acidic
stains)

5. • Symptoms:
Persistent cough
Chest pain
Coughing with bloody sputum
Shortness of breath
Urine discoloration
Fever with chills
Fatigue

7. Diagnosis
1. Bacteriological test/Staining method:
Ziehl-Neelsen (Acid Fast) Staining:
Carbolfuchsin method.

8. Auramine-Rhodamine
Fluorochrome staining:
Fluorochrome dye, Auramine-
Rhodamine forms a complex
with mycolic acids found in the
acid fast cell wall of organisms
which resist decolorization with
acid-alcohol. The cells visualised
under ultraviolet light appear
bright yellow or reddish orange.

9. 2. Sputum culture test: A sample of sputum
is added to a substance that promotes the
growth of bacteria. If no bacteria grow, the
culture is negative. If bacteria grow, the
culture is positive. If TB bacteria grow, then
the person has tuberculosis
3. Radiography (chest X ray): On a chest x-
ray from someone with TB you can often see
the cavitation that the TB bacteria form in
the lung tissue
4. Tuberculin skin Test:
Injection of fluid tuberculin into the skin of
the lower arm.
48-72 hours later – checked for a reaction
a hard, raised area with clearly defined
margins at and around the injection site

11. • BCG Vaccine
BCG is a vaccine against tuberculosis that is
prepared from a strain of the attenuated live
bovine tuberculosis bacillus, mycobacterium
bovis.
. The BCG vaccine contains live bacteria that
have been weakened (attenuated), so that
they stimulate the immune system but do not
cause disease in healthy people.

12. • Tuberculosis is completely curable through short-
course chemotherapy. Treating TB cases who are
sputum-smear positive (and who can therefore
spread the disease to others) at the source, it is
the most effective means of eliminating TB from a
population.
• DOTS or Directly Observed Treatment Short
course is the internationally recommended
strategy for TB control that has been recognized
as a highly efficient and cost-effective strategy.

13. • DOTS comprises five components.
1. Sustained political and financial committment. TB can be
cured and the epidemic reversed if adequate resources and
administrative support for TB control are provided
2.Diagnosis by quality ensured sputum-smear microscopy.
Chest symptomatics examined this way helps to reliably find
infectious patients
3.Standardized short-course anti-TB treatment (SCC) given
under direct and supportive observation (DOT).Helps to
ensure the right drugs are taken at the right time for the full
duration of treatment.
4. A regular, uninterrupted supply of high quality anti-TB
drugs. Ensures that a credible national TB programme does
not have to turn anyone away.
5. Standardized recording and reporting. Helps to keep track
of each individual patient and to monitor overall programme
performance

14. THANK YOU!