This document discusses tuberculosis (TB), including its classification, transmission, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment using DOTS and STOP TB strategies, monitoring of patients, prevention challenges, and conclusions. TB is caused by bacteria that spreads through inhaling droplets from an infected person when they cough or sneeze. It affects mainly the lungs but can affect other parts of the body. Diagnosis involves skin tests, x-rays, and other exams. Treatment requires taking antibiotics for at least six months.

1. STUDENT NAME-PRANALI
HEDO.
CLASS-11
ROLL NO- 1112
SUBJECT –BIOLOGY

2. CONTENT
• INTRODUCTION
• CLASSIFICATION OF
TUBERCULOSIS
• MODE OF TRANSMISSION
• PATHOGENESIS
• SYMPHOMS AND SIGNS
• DIAGNOSIS
• TREATMENT
• DOTS STRATEGY
• STOP TB STRATEGY
• MONITORING OF TB PATIENTS
• TB
prevention
• Challenges
• Conclusion

3. INTRODUCTION
• TUBERCULOSIS (TB) IS A
BACTERIAL INFECTION
SPREAD THROUGH
INHALING TINY DROPLETS
FROM THE COUGHS OR
SNEEZES OF AN INFECTED
PERSON.
• IT MAINLY AFFECTS THE
LUNGS, BUT IT CAN AFFECT
ANY PART OF THE BODY,
INCLUDING THE TUMMY

4. CLASSIFICATION OF TUBERCULOSIS
Active TB Disease. Active TB is an illness in which the TB bacteria are
rapidly multiplying and invading different organs of the body. ...
Miliary TB. Miliary TB is a rare form of active disease that occurs when
TB bacteria find their way into the bloodstream. ...
Latent TB Infection.
TB—exposure, latent, and active disease. A TB skin test or a TB blood
test can diagnose the disease. Treatment exactly as recommended is
necessary to cure the disease and prevent its spread to other people.

5. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
• TUBERCULOSIS IS
TRANSMITTED THROUGH THE
AIR, NOT BY SURFACE
CONTACT.
• TRANSMISSION OCCURS
WHEN A PERSON INHALES
DROPLET NUCLEI
CONTAINING M.
TUBERCULOSIS.
• AND THE DROPLET NUCLEI
TRAVERSE THE MOUTH OR

6. PATHOGENESIS
• TRANSMISSION OF TB IS BY
INHALATION OF INFECTIOUS
DROPLET NUCLEI CONTAINING
VIABLE BACILLI (AEROSOL
SPREAD).
• MYCOBACTERIA-LADEN
DROPLET NUCLEI ARE FORMED
WHEN A PATIENT WITH ACTIVE
PULMONARY TB COUGHS AND
CAN REMAIN SUSPENDED IN THE
AIR FOR SEVERAL HOURS.

7. SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS
• PAIN AREAS: IN THE CHEST
PAIN CIRCUMSTANCES: CAN OCCUR
WHILE BREATHING
COUGH: CAN BE CHRONIC OR WITH
BLOOD
WHOLE BODY: FATIGUE, FEVER, LOSS
OF APPETITE, MALAISE, NIGHT SWEATS,
OR SWEATING
ALSO COMMON: LOSS OF MUSCLE,
PHLEGM, SEVERE UNINTENTIONAL
WEIGHT LOSS, SHORTNESS OF BREATH,
OR SWOLLEN LYMPH NODES

8. DIAGNOSIS
• THERE ARE TWO KINDS OF TESTS USED TO DETECT TB BACTERIA IN THE BODY:
• THE TB SKIN TEST (TST) AND TB BLOOD TESTS.
• A POSITIVE TB SKIN TEST OR TB BLOOD TEST ONLY TELLS THAT A PERSON HAS BEEN
INFECTED WITH TB BACTERIA.
• IT DOES NOT TELL WHETHER THE PERSON HAS LATENT TB INFECTION (LTBI) OR HAS
PROGRESSED TO TB DISEASE.
• HOW IS TUBERCULOSIS DIAGNOSED?
TB DISEASE CAN BE DIAGNOSED BY MEDICAL HISTORY, PHYSICAL EXAMINATION, CHEST
X-RAY, AND OTHER LABORATORY TESTS.
• TB DISEASE IS TREATED BY TAKING SEVERAL DRUGS AS RECOMMENDED BY A HEALTH
CARE PROVIDER.
• IF A PERSON DOES NOT HAVE TB DISEASE, BUT HAS TB BACTERIA IN THE BODY, THEN
LATENT TB INFECTION IS DIAGNOSED.

9. 1. The TB skin test is performed
by injecting a small amount
of fluid (called tuberculin) into
the skin on the lower part of
the arm.
2. A person given the tuberculin
skin test must return within
48 to 72 hours to have a
trained health care worker
look for a reaction on the
arm.
1. A posterior-anterior chest radiograph
is used to detect chest abnormalities.
2. Lesions may appear anywhere in the
lungs and may differ in size, shape,
density, and cavitation. These
abnormalities may suggest TB, but
cannot be used to definitively
diagnose TB.
Radigraph

10. REATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS
• IF YOU HAVE LATENT TB,
YOUR DOCTOR MIGHT
RECOMMEND
TREATMENT WITH
MEDICATION IF YOU’RE
AT HIGH RISK OF
DEVELOPING ACTIVE TB.
• FOR ACTIVE
TUBERCULOSIS, YOU
MUST TAKE ANTIBIOTICS
FOR AT LEAST SIX TO
NINE MONTHS.

11. DOTS STRATEGY
• DOT MEANS THAT A
TRAINED HEALTH CARE
WORKER OR OTHER
DESIGNATED
INDIVIDUAL (EXCLUDING
A FAMILY MEMBER)
PROVIDES THE
PRESCRIBED TB DRUGS
AND WATCHES THE
PATIENT SWALLOW
EVERY DOSE.

12. STOP TB STRATEGY
• WHAT IS THE STOP TB STRATEGY?
THE WHO’S END TB STRATEGY WAS ADOPTED
BY THE WORLD HEALTH ASSEMBLY IN 2014 AS
PART OF THE NEWLY ESTABLISHED
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGS).
• THESE GOALS AIM FOR A 90% REDUCTION IN
DEATHS CAUSED BY TUBERCULOSIS DEATHS BY
2030, COMPARED WITH 2015 LEVELS.05-SEPT-
2022

15. • COMPONENTS OF THE STOP TB STRATEGY
PURSUE HIGH-QUALITY DOTS EXPANSION AND
ENHANCEMENT
• POLITICAL COMMITMENT WITH INCREASED AND SUSTAINED FINANCING
CASE DETECTION THROUGH QUALITY-ASSURED BACTERIOLOGY
• STANDARDIZED TREATMENT WITH SUPERVISION AND PATIENT
SUPPORT
AN EFFECTIVE DRUG SUPPLY AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
• MONITORING AND EVALUATION SYSTEM, AND IMPACT MEASUREMENT

16. MONITORING OF TB PATIENTS
• MONITORING RESPONSE TO TREATMENT IS DONE
THROUGH REGULAR HISTORY TAKING, PHYSICAL
EXAMINATION, CHEST RADIOGRAPH AND LABORATORY
MONITORING.
• THE CLASSIC SYMPTOMS OF TB – COUGH, SPUTUM
PRODUCTION, FEVER AND WEIGHT LOSS – GENERALLY
IMPROVE WITHIN THE FIRST FEW WEEKS.

17. TB PREVENTION & CHALLENGES
• THE RISK OF INFECTION CAN BE REDUCED BY USING A FEW
SIMPLE PRECAUTIONS: GOOD VENTILATION: AS TB CAN REMAIN
SUSPENDED IN THE AIR FOR SEVERAL HOURS WITH NO
VENTILATION.
• NATURAL LIGHT: UV LIGHT KILLS OFF TB BACTERIA. GOOD
HYGIENE: COVERING THE MOUTH AND NOSE WHEN COUGHING
OR SNEEZING REDUCES THE SPREAD OF TB BACTERIA.
• WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES OF TUBERCULOSIS?
THE CONTINUING CHALLENGES OF TB CONTROL CAN BE
DISTRIBUTED INTO 5 KEY AREAS: INADEQUATE DIAGNOSTICS
AND TREATMENT; THE NEED FOR EXPANSION OF THE WORLD
HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO) DIRECTLY OBSERVED THERAPY,

19. CONCLUSION
• CONCLUSIONS TUBERCULOSIS CAN BE
CONTROLLED IF APPROPRIATE POLICIES ARE
FOLLOWED, EFFECTIVE CLINICAL AND PUBLIC
HEALTH MANAGEMENT IS ENSURED, AND THERE
ARE COMMITTED AND CO-ORDINATED EFFORTS
FROM WITHIN AND OUTSIDE THE HEALTH
SECTOR.